摘要:生态环境损害事件会破坏或者损害动植物生境与生态系统平衡，乃至对我国生态安全造成威胁。然而目前针对森林生态系统损害鉴定评估工作存在评估体系不完善、定量化评估方法不足、损害赔偿管理制度不健全等问题，且缺乏对人类活动与森林生态系统相互作用的整体受损情况进行剖析。基于此，综合考量人类活动与森林生态系统状况的受损范畴与界限，剔除其中交叉重复的内容，遵循科学性、系统性、可比性、可操作性等4项原则，构建了森林生态系统损害评估指标体系。该体系基于受损对象，涉及了人身安全损害、人类活动损害、森林生态系统功能损害和其他损害共计4项一级指标，包括身体损害、精神损害、经济林果品损失、林副产品损失、加工制造业损失、森林旅游损失、科研文史损失、土壤保持损失、水源涵养损失、防风固沙损失、固碳释氧损失、大气净化损失、应急处理费、调查评估费共14项二级指标，以及22项三级指标，并运用市场价值法、替代成本法、影子工程法、恢复成本法等方法明确了各项指标的价值量化方法。文章还从林业技术部门和司法行政部门两个方面，对森林生态系统损害管理制度进行了探讨。林业技术部门管理制度主要分为事前预防、事中响应和事后评估，包括安全规划、风险控制、损害溯源、应急救援措施、技术方案与修复标准制定等；司法行政部门管理制度主要分为监督管理、立法管理和社会机制，包括名册记录（编制）、违法违规追责、赔偿制度完善、森林损害基金和公众参与办法的建立等。旨在为森林生态系统损害评估技术的定量化、标准化，以及管理制度的健全化提供参考依据。



Abstract:Eco-environmental damage incidents can destroy or damage the habitats of animals and plants and the balance of ecosystems, and even threaten China's ecological security. However, there are some problems in the current forest ecosystem damage assessment work, such as imperfect eco-environmental damage assessment system on forest ecosystem, inadequate quantitative assessment methods, and imperfect management system of damage compensation. And most of the related researches have focused on the damage to forest natural resources and ecosystem services, but lack of analysis on the overall damage of the interaction between human activities and forest ecosystem. Based on this, an assessment index system of forest ecosystem damage was established, which followed the four principles of scientific, systematic, comparability, and operability. The damage category and boundary of human activities and status of forest ecosystems were comprehensively considered, and the possible overlapping contents of human activities damage and the provisioning service and cultural service damage of forest ecosystem function were eliminated in the index system. Based on the damaged objects, the assessment index system involved a total of 4 first-level indicators of the losses of personal safety, human activities, forest ecosystem functions and others, including 14 second-level indicators of physical damage, mental damage, economic forest fruit loss, forest by-product loss, processing and manufacturing industry loss, forest tourism loss, scientific research and history loss, soil conservation loss, water conservation loss, sand fixation loss, carbon fixation and oxygen release loss, air purification loss, emergency treatment fee, investigation and evaluation fee, and then further refined into 22 three-level indicators. Moreover, the market value method, substitution cost method, shadow engineering method and recovery cost method were used to quantify the value of each indicator. The management system of forest ecosystem damage was also discussed from two aspects of forestry technology department and judicial administration department, respectively. The management system of forestry technology department was mainly divided into pre-prevention, in-process response and post- evaluation, including safety planning, risk control, damage tracing, emergency rescue measures, the establishment of technology program and restoration standard, etc. The management system of judicial administration department was mainly divided into supervision management, legislative management and social mechanisms, including register record (compilation), illegal accountability, improvement of compensation system, establishment of forest damage funds public participation methods, etc. This study aims to provide a reference for the quantification and standardization of assessment system and the improvement of management system and legislation mechanism of forest ecosystem damage.





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