摘要:晋西北丘陵区受干旱大风气候以及人为活动的影响，土壤肥力较低，土壤质量退化严重，不同的土地利用和管理方式，因植被覆被、人为活动等不同，对土壤质量产生影响不同。为了更好地了解晋西北地区不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响，于山西省北部忻州市五寨县，研究不同管理方式对土壤肥力、土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构及多样性的影响，以及微生物与土壤环境因子的关系，为晋西北地区土地管理和生态建设提供参考。研究中设置4种土地管理方式：苜蓿样地（MX）、免耕样地（MG）、翻耕样地（FG）和荒地（HD），采用野外采集土壤样品、室内测定和分析的研究方法，其中土壤pH值利用电位法测定，土壤有机碳（OC）采用重铬酸钾氧化-分光光度法测定；土壤硝态氮、铵态氮利用全自动间断化学分析仪测定，其原理为紫外分光光度和靛酚蓝比色法。土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别采用KMnO₄滴定法、3，5-二硝基水杨酸法、苯酚钠-次氯酸钠比色法、磷酸苯二钠比色法测定，采用高通量测序测定土壤细菌和真菌的群落组成，利用统计分析软件SPSS和Canoco以及QⅡME、USEARCH和Uclust生物信息软件分析不同土地管理方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明，不同土地管理方式对土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性、细菌和真菌的群落结构及多样性均有影响。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式可显著提高表层土壤养分并增加土壤酶活性；4种土地管理方式共有9个细菌门和11个真菌门，细菌相对丰度较大的为变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门，真菌的子囊菌门相对丰度最大；苜蓿和免耕样地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度和多样性都较高，荒地土壤细菌和真菌群落丰富度较低，但多样性较高；RDA分析结果表明，土壤pH、₄NH⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量和过氧化氢酶活性对细菌群落影响较大，pH、有机碳含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性对真菌群落影响最大。苜蓿和免耕2种土地管理方式能够提高土壤质量，是晋西北地区较为适宜的管理措施。



Abstract:The arid climate and human activities affect soil qualities in hilly areas northwest of Shanxi. Variation in plant cover, human activities, and other factors are variation result from different land uses and management practices that influence the soil qualities. In order to better understand the effects of different land management practices on soil qualities, the research carried out in Wuzhai county of Xinzhou city, northwest of Shanxi studied the effects of different land management practices on soil fertility, soil enzyme activity, microbial community structures and diversities, and the relationship between microbial and soil environmental factors, which could support the union of land management and ecological construction. The four land management practices in this research include the alfalfa plot (MX), no tillage plot (MG), conventional tillage (FG), and uncultivated plot (HD). Soil sampling and laboratory analyses were used in this research. The soil organic carbon, soil pH, ₄NH⁺-N and NO₃^--N content, soil phosohatse, invertase, urease, and catalase activities, and soil microbial communities were analyzed in the laboratory. The operational taxonomic units and microbial community diversity were processed by the information software of QⅡME, USEARCH and Uclust. The soil chemical properties, soil enzyme activities and microbial communities were analyzed using statistical SPSS and Canoco to study the effects of different land management practices on the soil qualities. Different land management practices influenced soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and community structure and diversity of bacteria and fungi. Alfalfa and no tillage plots significantly improved soil nutrients and soil enzymes' activities. Nine and eleven members of Bacteriophyta and Eumycota, respectively, were found in the four land management practices. In Bacteriophyta, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria had the highest abundances, whereas within the fungi, the relative abundance of Ascomycetes was the highest. The analytical data showed that the richness and diversity of microbial communities were the highest in alfalfa and no-tillage plots, however, the richness of microbial communities was high, but the diversity of microbial communities was low, in the uncultivated plot. The result of RDA proves that the pH, ₄NH⁺-N and NO₃^--N content, and catalase activities are the main environmental factors that influenced the bacterial communities, whereas the pH, soil organic carbon content, invertase, urease, and catalase activities are the main environmental factors that influenced the fungal communities. Alfalfa and no tillage can improve soil qualities; they are the two land management practices that are most suitable for northwestern Shanxi.





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