袁小钧, 崔晓霞, 曹正操, 阚红, 王晓, 汪亚珉()

首都师范大学心理学院, 北京市“学习与认知”重点实验室, 北京 100048

收稿日期:2016-11-28出版日期:2018-06-01发布日期:2018-04-28
通讯作者:汪亚珉E-mail:wangym@cnu.edu.cn

基金资助:北京市教育委员会面上项目(KM201610028018);北京市教育委员会市属高校创新能力提升计划资助项目资助(TJSH20161002801)

Attentional bias towards threatening visual stimuli in a virtual reality-based visual search task

YUAN Xiaojun, CUI Xiaoxia, CAO Zhengcao, KAN Hong, WANG Xiao, WANG Yamin()

Beijing Key Laboratory of “Learning & Cognition”, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

Received:2016-11-28Online:2018-06-01Published:2018-04-28
Contact:WANG Yamin E-mail:wangym@cnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 自?hman, Flykt和Esteves (2001)完成威胁性刺激引起注意偏向的经典实验后, 有不少实验重复了这一发现。进化心理学家据此将人对蛇与蜘蛛的注意偏向反应解释为早期人类适应野外环境的结果。然而已有实验中既没有野外环境, 也没有视觉搜索时的光流动态信息, 实验的生态效度存疑。本研究利用新近发展的虚拟现实技术, 模拟早期人类生存的丛林环境, 让被试以完全浸入式的方式来搜索丛林草地中的威胁性刺激(蛇、蜘蛛), 结果发现被试搜索威胁性刺激确实比非威胁性刺激(蘑菇、花、松鼠、蝉)要快。并且, 三维空间数据显示, 被试确认威胁性刺激的空间距离要显著远于非威胁性刺激。这是首次从时间与空间两个维度上揭示了人对威胁性刺激搜索的注意偏向加工。实验结果为威胁性刺激加工的进化心理学解释提供了新的事实依据。此外, 利用虚拟现实技术提高实验的生态效度的尝试也获得了初步进展。

图/表 14

图1视觉搜索实验中所使用的仿真丛林场景注：彩图见电子版, 下同
图1视觉搜索实验中所使用的仿真丛林场景注：彩图见电子版, 下同



图2搜索实验中所用刺激物模型及颜色对比注：依次为蛇、蜘蛛、花、蘑菇、松鼠、蝉, 其中花、蘑菇与蛇、蜘蛛匹配作为实验1的刺激材料, 松鼠、蝉与蛇、蜘蛛匹配作为实验2的材料。
图2搜索实验中所用刺激物模型及颜色对比注：依次为蛇、蜘蛛、花、蘑菇、松鼠、蝉, 其中花、蘑菇与蛇、蜘蛛匹配作为实验1的刺激材料, 松鼠、蝉与蛇、蜘蛛匹配作为实验2的材料。



图3丛林草地上的路径及对所搜索目标物(蘑菇)进行评定时的3种条件注：固定路径摄像机行走的是中间的直线, 在小径的任意行走点上, 被试看到目标物的视线与固定路径之间的夹角为α
图3丛林草地上的路径及对所搜索目标物(蘑菇)进行评定时的3种条件注：固定路径摄像机行走的是中间的直线, 在小径的任意行走点上, 被试看到目标物的视线与固定路径之间的夹角为α



图4反应距离计算示意图
图4反应距离计算示意图


表1丛林搜索场景与国外虚拟现实游戏场景IGROUP评定结果比较

因子	丛林搜索场景	Tomb Raider	Half Life
存在感	3.83	3.00	3.93
空间存在感	3.83	3.06	3.99
沉浸感	3.31	2.40	3.26
真实感体验	3.04	1.92	2.34

表1丛林搜索场景与国外虚拟现实游戏场景IGROUP评定结果比较

因子	丛林搜索场景	Tomb Raider	Half Life
存在感	3.83	3.00	3.93
空间存在感	3.83	3.06	3.99
沉浸感	3.31	2.40	3.26
真实感体验	3.04	1.92	2.34

图5刺激评定实验流程图
图5刺激评定实验流程图



图6物理显著性分析示意图
图6物理显著性分析示意图



图7实验1刺激材料评定实验反应时结果
图7实验1刺激材料评定实验反应时结果


表2不同位置反应时最小值(平均数、标准误)

位置	平均数(ms)	标准误
位置5	5306.80	122.41
位置6	5997.55	138.11
位置7	6912.65	119.33
位置15	4935.95	109.64
位置16	5983.80	101.94
位置17	6612.70	141.75

表2不同位置反应时最小值(平均数、标准误)

位置	平均数(ms)	标准误
位置5	5306.80	122.41
位置6	5997.55	138.11
位置7	6912.65	119.33
位置15	4935.95	109.64
位置16	5983.80	101.94
位置17	6612.70	141.75

图8实验1视觉搜索实验被试错误率、反应时、反应距离(平均数±标准误)结果
图8实验1视觉搜索实验被试错误率、反应时、反应距离(平均数±标准误)结果



图9实验2刺激材料评定实验反应时结果
图9实验2刺激材料评定实验反应时结果



图10实验2视觉搜索实验被试错误率、反应时、反应距离(平均数±标准误)结果
图10实验2视觉搜索实验被试错误率、反应时、反应距离(平均数±标准误)结果


表3图片物理显著性的明度值平均数(括号内为标准误)

实验	蛇	蜘蛛	花	蘑菇	松鼠	蝉
实验1	0.605 (0.002)	0.606 (0.002)	0.605 (0.002)	0.602 (0.002)
实验2	0.605 (0.002)	0.606 (0.002)			0.611 (0.002)	0.605 (0.002)

表3图片物理显著性的明度值平均数(括号内为标准误)

实验	蛇	蜘蛛	花	蘑菇	松鼠	蝉
实验1	0.605 (0.002)	0.606 (0.002)	0.605 (0.002)	0.602 (0.002)
实验2	0.605 (0.002)	0.606 (0.002)			0.611 (0.002)	0.605 (0.002)

图11实验中所用模型在搜索局部场景中的显著性上：实验1模型显著性, 下：实验2模型显著性)
图11实验中所用模型在搜索局部场景中的显著性上：实验1模型显著性, 下：实验2模型显著性)

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