删除或更新信息,请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

Electromagnetic properties of neutron-rich Ge isotopes

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

Hui Jiang 1,,
, Xin-Lin Tang 1,
, Jia-Jie Shen 1,
, Yang Lei 2,
,
Corresponding author: Hui Jiang, huijiang@shmtu.edu.cn
1.School of Arts and Sciences, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
2.School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
Received Date:2019-09-27
Available Online:2019-12-01
Abstract:The electric quadrupole moment $Q$ and the magnetic moment $\mu$ (or the $g$ factor) of low-lying states in even-even nuclei 72-80Ge and odd-mass nuclei 75-79Ge are studied in the framework of the nucleon pair approximation (NPA) of the shell model, assuming the monopole and quadrupole pairing plus quadrupole-quadrupole interaction. Our calculations reproduce well the experimental values of $Q(2_1^{+})$ and $g(2_1^+)$ for 72,74,76Ge, as well as the yrast energy levels of these isotopes. The structure of the $2_1^+$ states and the contributions of the proton and neutron components in $Q(2_1^{+})$ and $g(2_1^+)$ are discussed in the $SD$-pair truncated shell-model subspace. The overall trend of $Q(2_1^{+})$ and $g(2_1^+)$ as a function of the mass number $A$, as well as their signs, are found to originate essentially from the proton contribution. The negative value of $Q(2^+_1)$ in 72,74Ge is suggested to be due to the enhanced quadrupole-quadrupole correlation and configuration mixing.

HTML

--> --> -->
1.Introduction
In recent years, considerable experimental and theoretical effort has been directed to the studies of the shell structure of neutron-rich nuclei near the proton number $ Z = 28 $. In this region, the germanium isotopes ($ Z = 32 $) have attracted much attention due to their complex low-lying structure [1-20]. It shows an irregular behavior when the neutron number varies from $ N<40 $ to $ N>40 $, and is accompanied with the competition between the $ N = 40 $ single-particle energy gap and the collective effects.
The low-lying states of even-even Ge nuclei were described in terms of shape transition from nearly spherical in 70Ge to weakly deformed in 72,74Ge, and even soft triaxial in 76,78Ge, with shape coexistence possibly occurring in these nuclei [1-3]. To understand the structure of these nuclei, the electric quadrupole moment $ Q $ and the magnetic moment $ \mu $ (or the $ g $ factor) have been of experimental interest [4-12]. Among these experiments, $ Q(2_1^+) $ in stable nuclei 70-76Ge was studied using multiple Coulomb excitation [4-7]. The overall trend of $ Q(2_1^+) $ is from a small positive value in 70Ge (indicating a weakly prolate shape) to negative values in 72,74,76Ge (indicating an oblate shape). $ g(2_1^{+}) $ in 70-76Ge was measured by the integral perturbed angular correlation method [8] and the transient field techniques [9-12], and the values obtained in different experiments are in agreement.
The above experimental measurements of Ge isotopes provide a challenging testing ground for theoretical calculations. Recently, shell model calculations [13, 14] of the low-lying structure of even-even nuclei 70-76Ge were carried out using two effective interactions (JUN45 and JJ4B) in the $ f_{5/2} $, $ p_{3/2} $, $ p_{1/2} $, and $ g_{9/2} $ model space. It was shown that $ E(2_1^+) $ and $ B(E2;2_1^+\rightarrow 0_1^+) $ are generally well described by these studies, but $ Q(2_1^+) $ is not. With the JUN45 interaction, the sign of the calculated and experimental $ Q(2_1^+) $ is opposite for 72,74,76Ge [13]. In the case of the JJ4B interaction, the sign of $ Q(2_1^+) $ is reproduced for 74,76Ge, but is still opposite for 72Ge [14]. It was suggested that such a discrepancy between theoretical and experimental $ Q(2_1^+) $ values is possibly due to the excitations from the $ f_{7/2} $ orbit [14]. However, further shell model studies with larger valence space, including the proton subshell $ f_{7/2} $, can not reduce this discrepancy [15]. In the case of the $ g $ factor, the shell model results (JUN45 and JJ4B) in general agree with the experimental $ g(2_2^{+}) $ values, but tend to underestimate the $ g(2_1^{+}) $ and $ g(4_1^{+}) $ values [12].
The purpose of this paper is to apply the nucleon pair approximation (NPA) [21] of the shell model to investigate the low-lying structure of even-even nuclei 72-80Ge and the neighboring odd-mass nuclei 75-79Ge, with the focus on their electromagnetic properties. NPA has proven to be a reliable and economic approximation of the shell model [22] for studying the low-lying states of transitional nuclei with medium and heavy masses. It has been successfully applied in recent years to even-even, odd-mass and odd-odd nuclei in the regions of $ A\sim 80 $ [23], 100 [24], 130 [25] and 210 [26]. In addition to the studies of realistic nuclei, this model has also been applied to study the phase transitions of collective motions [27], and regularities of low-lying states in nuclei with random interactions [28]. In the NPA calculations, a phenomenological and separable form of the shell model Hamiltonian is widely used. It would be very interesting to study whether the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values of $ Q(2_1^+) $ and $ g(2_1^{+}) $ for Ge isotopes are reduced if an appropriate phenomenological Hamiltonian is used in NPA.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. 2, a brief introduction to NPA is given, including the Hamiltonian, the transition operators, and the model space. In Sec. 3, we discuss the validity of the optimized parameters obtained in our calculations. In Sec. 4, we present our results for the electromagnetic properties of the low-lying states in even-even nuclei 72-80Ge and odd-mass nuclei 75-79Ge. A summary and conclusions are given in Sec. 5.
2.Theoretical framework
In this paper, the Hamiltonian is assumed to have the following form,
$\begin{split} H = &\sum\limits_{{j_\sigma }} {{\epsilon_{{j_\sigma }}}} C_{{j_\sigma }}^\dagger {C_{{j_\sigma }}} + \sum\limits_\sigma {\left( {{G_{0\sigma }}P_\sigma ^{(0)\dagger } \cdot P_\sigma ^{(0)} + {G_{2\sigma }}P_\sigma ^{(2)\dagger } \cdot P_\sigma ^{(2)}} \right)} \hfill \\ &+ \sum\limits_\sigma {{\kappa _\sigma }} {Q_\sigma } \cdot {Q_\sigma } + {\kappa _{\pi \nu }}{Q_\pi } \cdot {Q_\nu }, \hfill \\ \end{split} $
where $ \sigma = \pi, \nu $ corresponds to the proton and neutron degrees of freedom, respectively. The pairing and quadrupole operators are defined as follows.
$\begin{split} &P_\sigma ^{(0)\dagger } = \sum\limits_{{j_\sigma }} {\frac{{\sqrt {2{j_\sigma } + 1} }}{2}} (C_{{j_\sigma }}^\dagger \times C_{{j_\sigma }}^\dagger )_0^{(0)},\\ & P_\sigma ^{(2)\dagger } = \sum\limits_{{j_\sigma }{{j'}_\sigma }} q ({j_\sigma }{{j'}_\sigma }) \hfill \left( {C_{{j_\sigma }}^\dagger \times C_{{{j'}_\sigma }}^\dagger } \right)_M^{(2)},\\\end{split} $
$ {Q_\sigma } = \sum\limits_{{j_\sigma }{{j'}_\sigma }} q ({j_\sigma }{{j'}_\sigma })\left( {C_{{j_\sigma }}^\dagger \times {{\tilde C}_{{{j'}_\sigma }}}} \right)_M^{(2)}. \hfill \\ $
Here, $ q(jj') \,=\, \frac{\Delta_{jj'}(-)^{l+l'+1}(-)^{j-\frac{1}{2}}\hat{ j} \hat{j'}}{\sqrt{20\pi} } C_{j\frac{1}{2}, j' -\frac{1}{2}}^{2 0}\langle n l|r^2 |n l' \rangle $ with$ \Delta_{jj'} $ $= \frac{1}{2}[1+(-)^{l+l'+2}] $ , and $ C_{j\frac{1}{2}, j' -\frac{1}{2}}^{2 0} $ is the Clebsch-Gordan coefficient.
$ \epsilon_{j_{\sigma}} $ refers to the single-particle energy. Here we adopt the same values of $ \epsilon_{j_{\sigma}} $ as in our previous work for Zn ($ Z = 30 $) and Ga ($ Z = 31 $) isotopes [23], shown in Table 1. $ G_{0\sigma} $, $ G_{2\sigma} $, $ \kappa_{\sigma} $ and $ \kappa_{\pi\nu} $ are the two-body interaction strengths corresponding to the monopole, quadrupole pairing and quadrupole-quadrupole interactions between all valence nucleons. Here we use the empirical formulas [29] for the parametrization of $ G_{0\sigma} $, $ G_{2\sigma} $, $ \kappa_{\sigma} $ and $ \kappa_{\pi\nu} $ as follows. $ G^{0}_{\sigma} = -\alpha_{\sigma}\frac{27}{A}, \; G^{2}_{\sigma} = \beta_{\sigma}\frac{G^{0}_{\sigma}}{r_0^4},\; \kappa_{\sigma} = \frac{1}{2}\chi\eta_{\sigma}^{2}, \; \kappa_{\pi\nu} = \chi\eta_{\pi}\eta_{\nu},\; $ with $ \eta_{\nu} = -\gamma_{\nu}\left[\frac{2(A-Z)}{A}\right]^{\frac{2}{3}}, \eta_{\pi} = \gamma_{\pi}\left(\frac{2Z}{A}\right)^{\frac{2}{3}}, $ $ \chi = -\{242 \left[1+(\frac{2}{3A})^{\frac{1}{3}} \right] $ $-\frac{10.9}{A^{\frac{1}{3}}} [1+2(\frac{2}{3A})^{\frac{1}{3}}] (19-0.36\frac{Z^2}{A})] \}A^{-\frac{5}{3}}. $ Therefore, there are in total six parameters for the two-body interactions, i.e. $ \alpha_{\sigma} $, $ \beta_{\sigma} $ and $ \gamma_{\sigma} $ ($ \sigma = \pi, \nu $). The two sets of parameters are listed in Table 2. The parameters in NPA-1 are the same as in Ref. [23]. The optimized parameters are denoted as NPA-2. $ \alpha_{\pi} $, $ \beta_{\pi} $ and $ \gamma_{\pi} $ are the same for all nuclei in NPA-1 and NPA-2.
$j_{\nu}$$p_{1/2}$ $p_{3/2}$$f_{5/2}$$g_{9/2}$
$\epsilon_{j_{\nu}}$0.51.03.00.0
$N_\nu$$j_{\pi}$$p_{1/2}$$p_{3/2}$$f_{5/2}$$g_{9/2}$
0$\epsilon_{j_{\pi}}$1.30.50.03.3
1$\epsilon_{j_{\pi}}$1.30.40.03.3
2$\epsilon_{j_{\pi}}$1.30.00.53.3
3$\epsilon_{j_{\pi}}$1.30.00.63.3
4$\epsilon_{j_{\pi}}$1.30.00.73.3
5$\epsilon_{j_{\pi}}$1.30.00.73.3


Table1.Adopted single-particle energies (in MeV) for protons and neutron holes.

NPA-1NPA-2
$\alpha_{\pi}$$\beta_{\pi}$$\gamma_{\pi}$$\alpha_{\pi}$$\beta_{\pi}$$\gamma_{\pi}$
0.703.740.900.704.981.00
$A$$N_\nu$$\alpha_{\nu}$$\beta_{\nu}$$\gamma_{\nu}$$\alpha_{\nu}$$\beta_{\nu}$$\gamma_{\nu}$
8010.604.670.900.605.320.98
7820.604.590.700.605.030.76
7630.604.510.800.604.810.74
7440.604.430.800.604.631.00
7250.604.430.800.604.431.00


Table2.Parameters $\alpha_{\sigma}$, $\beta_{\sigma}$, $\gamma_{\sigma}$ ($\sigma = \pi, \nu$) of our two-body interactions. The parameters in NPA-1 are the same as in Ref. [23]. The optimized parameters are denoted as NPA-2. The values of $\alpha_{\pi}$, $\beta_{\pi}$, $\gamma_{\pi}$ for protons are taken to be the same for all nuclei in each set of parameters. The values of $\beta_{\nu}$ and $\gamma_{\nu}$ for neutron holes are assumed to change with the valence neutron pair $N_{\nu}.$

The model space in NPA is constructed with the collective nucleon-pairs. The pairs with spin $ r = 0,2,4,6,8\cdots $ are defined as S, D, G, I and K pairs, respectively. Because our focus is on the electromagnetic properties of the $ 2_1^+ $ state in even-even nuclei, our model space is constructed by the $ S $ and $ D $ pairs of valence protons (and neutron holes) with respect to the doubly closed shell nucleus 78Ni$ _{50} $. The $ G $, $ I $ and $ K $ pairs are found not to contribute significantly to the very low states (in particular the $ 2_1^+ $ states) of the nuclei studied in this paper.
The $ E2 $ transition operator is defined by $T(E2) = $ $ e_{\pi} Q_{\pi} + e_{\nu}Q_{\nu}, $ where $ e_{\pi} $ and $ e_{\nu} $ are the effective charges of valence proton and neutron holes, respectively. Here we adopt $ e_{\pi} = 1.81e $ and $ e_{\nu} = -1.02e $, the same as in Ref. [23]. $ B(E2) $ in units of $ \rm W.u. $ is given by
$ B(E2;J_{i}\rightarrow J_{f}) = \frac{2J_{f}+1}{2J_{i}+1}\times \frac{(e_{\pi} X_{\pi}+e_{\nu} X_{\nu})^2 r_0^{4}}{5.94\times 10^{-6} \times A^{4/3}}\; \; , $
with reduced matrix element $ X_{\sigma} = \langle \zeta_{f},J_{f}||Q_{\sigma}||\zeta_{i},J_{i}\rangle $ ($ \sigma = \pi, \nu $) and $ r_0^2 = 1.012A^{1/3} $ fm2. $ |\zeta_{i},J_{i}\rangle $ is the eigenfunction of the $ J_{i} $ state, and the symbol $ \zeta_{i} $ represents all quantum numbers other than the angular momentum $ J_{i} $. The electric quadrupole moment is related to the $ E2 $ transition operator. Its value in units of $ e{\rm{b}} $ is
$ Q(J_i) = \sqrt{\frac{16\pi}{5}} C_{J_i J_i,20}^{J_i \; J_i}(e_{\pi} X_{\pi}+e_{\nu} X_{\nu})r_0^{2}. $
The magnetic moment operator is given by $\mu = g_{l\pi} L_{\pi} + $$ g_{l\nu} L_{\nu} + g_{s\pi} S_{\pi} + g_{s\nu} S_{\nu} $. Here, $ L_{\sigma} $ and $ S_{\sigma} $ are the orbital and spin angular momenta, and $ g_{l\sigma} $ and $ g_{s\sigma} $ are the orbital and spin gyromagnetic ratios. The orbital gyromagnetic ratios are taken to be $ g_{l\pi} = 1 $ and $ g_{l\nu} = 0 $. Both the free and effective spin gyromagnetic ratios are used in this paper. The free ratios are $ g_{s\pi} = 5.586 $ and $ g_{s\nu} = -3.826 $, and the effective ratios are $ g_{s\pi} = 5.586\times 0.7 $ and $ g_{s\nu} = -3.826\times $ 0.7. The $ g $ factor is defined by $ \displaystyle\frac{\mu(J_i)/\mu_N}{J_i} $, with $ \mu_N $ the nuclear magneton.
3.Validity of the NPA-2 parameters
Recently, the low-lying structures of even-even Zn and odd-mass Ga isotopes with neutron numbers between 42 and 50 were calculated using NPA [23]. As these nuclei are neighbors of Ge isotopes investigated in this paper, their two-body interaction parameters (i.e. NPA-1 in Table 2) provide a starting point (and additional restriction) for adjusting the parameters of Ge isotopes. We first make use of NPA-1 to calculate the energy levels and electromagnetic properties of the low-lying states in even-even 72-80Ge to see whether this parameter set can describe the experimental data. One can see in Fig. 1 and Table 3 that our results with NPA-1 are similar to the SM calculations, i.e. $E(2_1^+)$ and $B(E2;2_1^+\rightarrow 0_1^+)$ are in general well reproduced, but the signs of the calculated and experimental $Q(2_1^+)$ for 72,74Ge are opposite.
Figure1. (color online) Partial low-lying excitation energy (in MeV) for even-even nuclei 72-80Ge using the NPA-1 parameters. The experimental data are taken from Ref. [30]. The shell model results (JUN45 and JJ4B) [15] are shown for comparison.

nucleistate$ B(E2:J_i^{\pi}\rightarrow J_f^{\pi}) $$ Q(J_i^{\pi}) $
$ J_i^{\pi} $$ J_f^{\pi} $expt.JJ4BJUN45NPA?1NPA?2expt.JJ4BJUN45NPA?1NPA?2
72Ge$ 2^+_1 $$ 0^+_1 $$ 23.5(4) $$ 19.88/40.01 $$ 14.55/28.27 $27.35$ 33.84 $$ {-0.12(8)^{\rm a}}\\{-0.13(6)^{\rm b}} $$ +0.11/+0.19 $$ +0.13/+0.22 $$ +0.11 $$ -0.13 $
$ 4^+_1 $$ 2^+_1 $$ 37(5) $$ 27.62/56.44 $$ 25.08/49.57 $35.27$ 42.89 $$+0.03/+0.10$$+0.08/+0.08$$+0.02$?0.24
$6^+_1$$4^+_1$$37(^{+21}_{-37})$34.0441.93?0.03?0.32
$ 8^+_1 $$ 6^+_1 $$ 42(^{+11}_{-27}) $19.18$ 33.97 $?0.58?0.58
$2^+_2$$2^+_1$$62(^{+9}_{-11})$29.34/54.7824.70/42.7336.7443.28$+0.23(8)^{\rm a}$?0.11/?0.19?0.13/?0.22?0.14+0.08
$2^+_2$$0^+_1$$0.130(^{+18}_{-24})$1.37/1.481.21/1.111.980.04

74Ge$2^+_1$$0^+_1$33.0(4)19.90/38.2416.59/32.0127.1032.25${-0.19(2)^{\rm c}}\\{-0.25(6)^{\rm b}}$?0.06/?0.06+0.12/+0.20+0.01?0.16
$4^+_1$$2^+_1$41(3)27.04/53.0923.46/46.4834.1840.72?0.08/?0.09 +0.11/+0.19?0.09?0.29
$6^+_1$$4^+_1$32.2538.88?0.21?0.39
$2^+_2$$2^+_1$43(6)29.17/55.6324.88/43.2936.6039.60$+0.26(6)^{\rm c}$+0.05/+0.06?0.12/?0.19?0.07+0.10
$2^+_2$$0^+_1$0.71(11)0.12/0.091.35/1.350.990.004

76Ge$ 2^+_1 $$ 0^+_1 $$ 29(1) $$ 18.24/33.47 $$ 16.36/29.77 $25.30$ 26.17 $$ {-0.14(4)^{\rm c}}\\{-0.19(6)^{\rm b}} $$ -0.15/-0.19 $$ +0.02/+0.05 $$ -0.12 $$ -0.15 $
$ 4^+_1 $$ 2^+_1 $$ 38(9) $$ 24.15/45.15 $$ 22.04/40.93 $31.25$ 31.37 $$ -0.01(5)^{\rm c} $$ -0.14/-0.17 $$ -0.01/+0.01 $$ -0.26 $$ -0.27 $
$ 6^+_1 $$ 4^+_1 $$ 91(^{+55}_{-48}) $27.35$ 27.97 $?0.37?0.40
$2^+_2$$2^+_1$42(9)22.94/41.8025.38/44.2130.7831.76+0.28(6)c+0.15/+0.20?0.001/?0.02+0.03+0.08
$2^+_2$$0^+_1$0.90(22)0.01/0.0040.42/0.410.270.01

78Ge$2^+_1$$0^+_1$23(4)15.91/27.1814.40/24.2520.2323.11$ -0.16/-0.19 $$ -0.11/-0.13 $$ -0.19 $$ -0.27 $
$ 4^+_1 $$ 2^+_1 $$ >11 $$ 21.20 $$ 26.77 $?0.36?0.41
$6^+_1$$4^+_1$$ 23.34 $$ 24.90 $?0.48?0.50
$2^+_2$$2^+_1$19(11)17.4019.80$ -0.01 $$ +0.19 $
$ 2^+_2 $$ 0^+_1 $$ 0.53(24) $$ 0.44 $$ 0.17 $

80Ge$ 2^+_1 $$ 0^+_1 $$ 13.6(27) $$ 11.18/16.99 $$ 9.38/14.70 $$ 16.81 $$ 18.70 $?0.23/-0.29?0.23/-0.29?0.29?0.34
$4^+_1$$2^+_1$$ 20.90 $$ 21.91 $?0.40?0.44
$6^+_1$$4^+_1$$ 15.07 $$ 15.56 $?0.41?0.45
$2^+_2$$2^+_1$$ 2.35 $$ 5.51 $?0.15+0.29
$2^+_2$$0^+_1$1.1(3)0.360.99


Table3.$ B(E2) $ (in units of W.u.) and the electric quadrupole moment $ Q $ (in units of $ e{\rm{b}}$) for even-even 72-80Ge. A comparison is given between the experimental data, SM results (JJ4B and JUN45) [14, 15], and the results of this work (NPA-1 and NPA-2). Most experimental values for$ B(E2) $ are taken from Ref. [30], except for $ B(E2;6_1^+\rightarrow 4_1^+) $ for 76Ge which is from Ref. [19], and $ B(E2;2_2^+\rightarrow 0_1^+) $for 80Ge from Ref. [20]. The measured $ Q $ values are from $ {\rm a:} $ Ref. [6], $ {\rm b:} $ Ref. [5], and $ {\rm c:} $ Ref. [7]. Two sets of effective charges are adopted in the SM calculations (shown separated by "/"), $ e_{\pi} = 1.5 e $ and $ e_{\nu} = 0.5 e $, and $ e_{\pi} = 1.5 e $ and $ e_{\nu} = 1.1 e $. The SM results for 72, 74, 76Ge are from Ref. [14], and for 78, 80Ge from Ref. [15].

We refine the two-body interaction parameters, starting from the parameters obtained in the NPA-1 calculations. In order to reduce the number of free parameters, we fix $\alpha_{\pi}$ and $\alpha_{\nu}$ , which correspond to the monopole pairing interaction parameters $G_{0\pi}$ and $G_{0\nu}$, respectively. We adjust the parameters $\beta_{\pi}$, $\gamma_{\pi}$, $\beta_{\nu}$, and $\gamma_{\nu}$ within reasonable ranges to get the best fit of the experimental low-lying excitation energies, $B(E2)$, electric quadrupole moments $Q$, and magnetic moments $\mu$ (or $g$ factors) for both even-even and odd-mass Ge isotopes. For nuclei with an odd number of valence neutrons, we assume the same set of parameters as the nearest even-even neighboring core. The obtained optimized parameters are denoted as NPA-2, and are listed in Table 2.
In Fig. 2, we plot the behavior of $Q(2_1^+)$ for 72,74Ge as a function of $\beta_{\pi}$, $\gamma_{\pi}$, $\beta_{\nu}$, and $\gamma_{\nu}$. In these plots, when one of the parameters is adjusted, the others are the same as in NPA-1 of Table 2. It can be seen in Fig. 2 that larger $\gamma_{\pi}$ and $\gamma_{\nu}$, i.e. larger values of the quadrupole-quadrupole interaction parameters $\kappa_{\sigma}$ and $\kappa_{\pi\nu}$, improve the agreement between the experimental and theoretical values of $Q(2_1^+)$. The calculated $Q(2_1^+)$ values are not sensitive to $\beta_{\pi}$. However, it is found that larger $\beta_{\pi}$ improves the predicted $g(2_1^+)$ . Smaller $\beta_{\nu}$ can also improve the prediction of $Q(2_1^+)$ values, but then the $B(E2;2_1^+\rightarrow 0_1^+)$ values deviate from the experimental data. One sees in Table 2 that the optimized parameters consistent with the above analysis, i.e. the NPA-2 parameters for 72,74Ge, have larger $\gamma_{\pi}$, $\gamma_{\nu}$, and $\beta_{\pi}$ than in NPA-1, while $\beta_{\nu}$ remains almost unchanged.
Figure2. (color online) The electric quadrupole moment $Q(2_1^+)$ (in ${\rm{eb}}$) for 72Ge and 74Ge as a function of the two-body interaction parameters $\beta_{\pi}$, $\gamma_{\pi}$, $\beta_{\nu}$, and $\gamma_{\nu}$. The experimental data, including Kotlinski 1990 [6] for 72Ge and Toh 2001 [7] for 74Ge, are shown for comparison.

In Fig. 3 and Tables 3-6, we present the calculated low-lying excitation energies, $B(E2)$, $Q$, and $\mu$ (or $g$ factors) for even-even and odd-mass Ge isotopes using the NPA-2 parameters. The experimental data and the shell model predictions (JUN45 and JJ4B) [12-16] are presented for comparison. One can see that our results with NPA-2 are reasonably consistent with the experimental data for both even-even and odd-mass Ge isotopes. For even-even isotopes, our calculated energy levels reproduce well the energies of the $0_1^+$, $2_1^+$, and $4_1^+$ states. The root-mean-square (RMS) deviations of the $2_1^+$, $4_1^+$, $6_1^+$ and $8_1^+$ levels of these nuclei with respect to the experimental data are 0.09 MeV, 0.17 MeV, 0.39 MeV, and 0.83 MeV, respectively. The large RMS deviations of the $6_1^+$ and $8_1^+$ levels come mainly from the results for 72,74Ge (e.g. $6_1^+$ and $8_1^+$ levels in 74Ge are about 0.65 MeV and 1.13 MeV higher than the experimental data). Such deviations are mainly due to the limitation of our model space ($SD$ nucleon-pair subspace) rather than the NPA-2 parameter set. It can be improved by the inclusion of one $K$ nucleon pair with spin eight, which is an alignment of two neutrons in the $g_{9/2}$ orbit. For example, with the same NPA-2 parameter set, our calculated $6_1^+$ and $8_1^+$ levels of 74Ge would be depressed by 0.57 MeV and 1.82 MeV if the $SDK$-pair subspace is adopted, which match better with the experimental data. For the low-lying states, in particular the $2_1^+$ states, the contribution of the $K$ nucleon-pair is negligible, and it is excluded in our calculations. The structure of the odd-mass systems in Fig. 3 is more complicated than of their even-even neighbors, and our calculations reproduce well most of the experimental levels of these odd-mass nuclei.
Figure3. The low-lying states in even-even nuclei 72-80Ge and odd-mass nuclei 75-81Ge in the NPA-2 calculations. The experimental data are taken from Refs. [19] and [30]. The experimental levels with "()" mean that the spin and/or parity of the corresponding states are not well established.

nuclei$J_i^{\pi}$expt.JJ4Beff JUN45effNPA?1freeNPA?1effNPA?2freeNPA?2eff
75Ge$9/2^+_1$$-0.823$$-0.940$$-1.73$$-1.17$$-1.66$$-1.11$
$7/2^+_1$$-0.850$$-0.885$$-1.42$$-0.98$$-1.40$$-0.96$
$5/2^+_1$$-0.626$$-0.667$$-1.09$$-0.77$$-1.20$$-0.86$
$1/2^-_1$$+0.510(5)$$+0.425$$+0.68$$+0.49$+0.69$+0.50$

77Ge$9/2^+_1$$ -0.781 $$ -0.954 $$ -1.77 $$ -1.21 $$ -1.58 $$ -1.04 $
$ 7/2^+_1 $$-0.865$$-0.939$$-1.44$$-0.99$$-1.39$$-0.95$
$5/2^+_1$$ -0.947 $$ -0.912 $$ -1.11 $$ -0.79 $?1.14$ -0.81 $
$ 1/2^-_1 $$+0.67$$+0.48$$+0.69$$+0.50$

79Ge$9/2^+_1$$ -0.938 $$ -0.978 $$ -1.71 $$ -1.14 $$ -1.42 $$ -0.88 $
$ 7/2^+_1 $$-0.831$$-0.854$$-1.39$$-0.94$$-1.29$$-0.85$
$5/2^+_1$$ -1.483 $$ -1.511 $$ -2.01 $$ -1.62 $$ -2.18 $$ -1.76 $
$ 1/2^-_1 $$ +0.67 $$ +0.48 $$ +0.69 $$ +0.50 $


Table6.The magnetic moment $\mu$ (in units of $\mu_N$) for odd-mass 75, 77, 79Ge. A comparison is given between the experimental data [30], SM results [13,16], and the NPA results obtained in this work. Here, $g_{s(\rm eff)} = 0.7 g_{s(\rm free)}$. For the orbital gyromagnetic ratios, we adopt in our calculations the values $g_{l\pi} = 1$ and $g_{l\nu} = 0$ . The SM result for the $1/2^-_1$ state in 75Ge is from Ref. [13], and the other SM results are from Ref. [16].

In order to investigate whether our NPA-2 parameters provide proper interactions for the low-lying states of Ge nuclei, we have performed NPA calculations of their neighboring isotope chains Zn, Ga, As and Se. We note without details that the calculated results reproduce well the experimental ??????yrast levels of even-even nuclei (78,76,74Zn and 82,80,78Se), although for the open-shell nuclei 72Zn and 76Se (whose valence neutron-hole number is eight) our calculated $4_1^+$ and $6_1^+$ levels are higher than the corresponding experimental data. This disagreement can be easily remedied by considering the $G$ and $I$ pairs of valence neutrons, similarly to the case of 72, 74Ge. For odd-mass nuclei, the experimental ground state spins of even-$Z$-odd-$N$ nuclei (i.e. Zn and Se isotopes) are different from their odd-$Z$-even-$N$ neighbors (i.e. Ga and As isotopes), and the agreement of our calculated low-lying states for these nuclei is also reasonable. Therefore, the calculations of the electromagnetic quantities of Ge isotopes are very useful to constrain and refine the interaction parameters of the phenomenological shell model Hamiltonian in this region.
4.Discussion of the electromagnetic properties
In this section, we discuss the electromagnetic properties of the low-lying states in even-even 72-80Ge and odd-mass 75-79Ge, presented in Tables 3-6.
We first look at $ Q(2_1^+) $ for even-even nuclei. The behavior of the measured $ Q(2_1^+) $ values in 70-76Ge is from a positive value in 70Ge to negative values in 72, 74, 76Ge. One sees in Table 3 that our calculations with NPA-2 reproduce well the experimental $ Q(2_1^+) $ values in 72,74,76Ge. In order to study their structure in more detail, we calculate the major components of the $ 2^+_1 $ states with corresponding percentages, which can be calculated as $ \langle {\rm NPA \; basis}|2^+_1\rangle^2 $. The percentages less than 0.2 are omitted. We use the abbreviation $|(D_{\pi}^{\dagger})^{n_{\pi}} (S_{\pi}^{\dagger})^{N_{\pi}-n_{\pi}} (D_{\nu}^{\dagger})^{n_{\nu}} $ $ (S_{\nu}^{\dagger})^{N_{\nu}-n_{\nu}} \rangle\rightarrow|(D_{\pi})^{n_{\pi}}(D_{\nu})^{n_{\nu}} \rangle $ to label the NPA basis. For example, $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ means the NPA basis $ |(S_{\pi}^{\dagger})^{N_{\pi}}D_{\nu}^{\dagger}(S_{\nu}^{\dagger})^{N_{\nu}-1} \rangle $. It is found that the $ 2^+_1 $ states in all Ge isotopes are dominated by one-$ D $-pair excitation (i.e. $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ and $ |D_{\pi}\rangle $). In Fig. 4, we present the percentage of dominant components $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ and $ |D_{\pi}\rangle $ in the $ 2^+_1 $ wave-function of 72, 74Ge with the NPA-1 and NPA-2 parameters. We note that for 72,74Ge, the $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ contribution in the $ 2^+_1 $ states with NPA-2 decreases by 17% compared with NPA-1, while the contribution of the other major component $ |D_{\pi}\rangle $ is unchanged. This indicates that with NPA-2, the above reduced percentage (17%) might come from some minor components mixed in the $ 2^+_1 $ states, such as $ |D_{\pi}^2D_{\nu}\rangle $, $ |D_{\pi}D^2_{\nu}\rangle $ etc. The strong quadrupole-quadrupole interactions ($ \gamma_{\pi} $ and $ \gamma_{\nu} $) and the quadrupole pairing strength for protons $ \beta_{\pi} $ in NPA-2 may explain such enhancement of configuration mixing in 72,74Ge.
Figure4. (color online) Percentage of the dominant components $|D_{\nu}\rangle$ and $|D_{\pi}\rangle$ in the $2^+_1$ wave-function for 72,74Ge with the NPA-1 and NPA-2 parameters.

In Fig. 5, we present the proton and neutron contributions to the total $ Q(2_1^{+}) $ with NPA-1 and NPA-2. The structure of the $ 2^+_1 $ states is consistent with our analysis of the $ Q(2^+_1) $ results. With NPA-1, $ Q(2^+_1) $ for 72,74Ge are positive, because of the strong positive contribution of the neutron excitation (mainly the $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ component), as shown in Fig. 4. The NPA-2 parameter set quenches the $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ component for 72,74Ge, which leads to an almost zero contribution of the neutron excitation, and thus negative $ Q(2^+_1) $ values. We recall that the experiments [5-7] also suggested a negative $ Q(2^+_1) $ , contrary to the shell-model calculations [13,14]. The major difference between the NPA-2 and NPA-1 calculations is that NPA-1 introduces less configuration mixing in 72,74Ge when the $ N = 40 $ subshell is near, while NPA-2 quenches the $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $ component and introduces stronger configuration mixing, as described above. Therefore, the success of NPA-2 ?????in reproducing the sign of $ Q(2^+_1) $ in 72,74Ge may suggest that Ge isotopes actually do not loss configuration mixing or collectivity near the $ N = 40 $ subshell, and that a shell-weakening effect or deformation can be expected.
Figure5. (color online) The proton/neutron contribution to $Q(2_1^{+})$ (in units of ${\rm{eb}}$) for even-even Ge isotopes in (a) NPA-1 and (b) NPA-2. The total calculated $Q(2_1^{+})$ values are denoted by "Cal.". The experimental data include Kotlinski 1990 [6], Lecomte 1980 [5], and Toh 2001 [7].

We now turn to the $ g $ factors of even-even Ge isotopes. Our results for the $ 2_1^{+} $, $ 4_1^{+} $, $ 6_1^{+} $, and $ 2_2^{+} $ states with NPA-1 and NPA-2 are presented in Table 4. The subscripts "free" and "eff" refer to the results using the free and effective spin gyromagnetic ratio, with $ g_{s(\rm eff)} = 0.7 g_{s(\rm free)} $. One can see in this table that our results with NPA-1 generally reproduce the measured $ g(2_2^{+}) $ factors, but underestimate the $ g(2_1^{+}) $ and $ g(4_1^{+}) $ factors, similarly to the shell-model calculations [12]. Our results with NPA-2$ _{\rm eff} $ give a better description of the experimental data, especially for the $ g(2_1^{+}) $ factors.
nuclei$J_i^{\pi}$expt.JJ4BfreeJUN45freeJUN45eff NPA-1free NPA-1eff NPA-2free NPA-2eff
72Ge$2^+_1$$+0.421(16)$+0.228+0.271+0.304$+0.12$$+0.18$$+0.27$$+0.31$
$4^+_1$$+0.39(13)$+0.134+0.236+0.276$+0.05$$+0.11$$+0.18$$+0.24$
$6^+_1$$ -0.09 $$ -0.01 $$ +0.06 $$ +0.12 $
$ 2^+_2 $$ +0.42(21) $+0.472+0.636+0.627$ +0.49 $$ +0.52 $$ +0.35 $$ +0.39 $

74Ge$ 2^+_1 $$ +0.365(8) $+0.260+0.247+0.289$ +0.11 $$ +0.17 $$ +0.29 $$ +0.33 $
$ 4^+_1 $$ +0.40(12) $+0.180+0.152+0.206$ +0.03 $$ +0.10 $$ +0.23 $$ +0.28 $
$ 6^+_1 $-0.08≈0+0.13+0.18
$2^+_2$$+0.47(10)$+0.437+0.570+0.576$+0.45$$+0.48$$+0.38$$+0.42$

76Ge$2^+_1$$+0.330(7)$+0.235+0.304+0.347$+0.15$$+0.21$$+0.28$$+0.33$
$4^+_1$$+0.24(17)$+0.160+0.229+0.286$+0.06$$+0.13$$+0.11$$+0.17$
$6^+_1$$ -0.04 $$ +0.04 $$ -0.02 $$ +0.06 $
$ 2^+_2 $$ +0.39(5) $+0.480+0.513+0.497$ +0.40 $$ +0.44 $$ +0.50 $$ +0.54 $

78Ge$ 2^+_1 $$ +0.14 $$ +0.21 $$ +0.33 $$ +0.37 $
$ 4^+_1 $$ -0.04 $$ +0.04 $$ +0.17 $$ +0.23 $
$ 6^+_1 $$ +0.20 $$ +0.26 $$ +0.22 $$ +0.28 $
$ 2^+_2 $$ +0.46 $$ +0.49 $$ +0.59 $$ +0.62 $

80Ge$ 2^+_1 $+0.24+0.33+0.44+0.52
$4^+_1$$ +0.39 $$ +0.48 $$ +0.43 $$ +0.51 $
$ 6^+_1 $$+0.41$$+0.50$$+0.45$$+0.52$
$2^+_2$$ +0.23 $$ +0.33 $$ +0.78 $$ +0.81 $


Table4.$g$ factors for even-even 72-80Ge. A comparison is given between the experimental data [12], SM results [12], and the NPA results in this work. The subscripts "free" and "eff" refer to the calculations using the free and effective spin gyromagnetic ratios, with $g_{s(\rm eff)} = 0.7 g_{s(\rm free)}$. For the orbital gyromagnetic ratios, we adopt in our calculations the values $g_{l\pi} = 1$ and $g_{l\nu} = 0 $.

The $ g(2_1^+) $ factor in NPA is expressed as $ g(2^+_1) = \frac{C_{22,10}^{2 \; 2}}{2} \langle 2_1^+||g_{l\pi} L_{\pi} + g_{l\nu} L_{\nu} + g_{s\pi} S_{\pi} + g_{s\nu} S_{\nu}||2_1^+\rangle $. It can be rewritten as $ g(2^+_1) = g_{\pi}(2^+_1)+g_{\nu}(2^+_1) = g_{s}(2^+_1)+g_{l}(2^+_1) $, with
$ \begin{split} &g_{\pi}(2^+_1) = \frac{C_{22,10}^{2 \; 2}}{2} \langle 2_1^+||g_{l\pi} L_{\pi} + g_{s\pi} S_{\pi}||2_1^+\rangle, \\ & g_{\nu}(2^+_1) = \frac{C_{22,10}^{2 \; 2}}{2} \langle 2_1^+||g_{l\nu} L_{\nu} + g_{s\nu} S_{\nu}||2_1^+\rangle, \\ &g_{s}(2^+_1) = \frac{C_{22,10}^{2 \; 2}}{2} \langle 2_1^+||g_{s\pi} S_{\pi} + g_{s\nu} S_{\nu}||2_1^+\rangle, \\ &g_{l}(2^+_1) = \frac{C_{22,10}^{2 \; 2}}{2} \langle 2_1^+||g_{l\pi} L_{\pi} + g_{l\nu} L_{\nu}||2_1^+\rangle. \end{split} $
Here, $ g_{\pi}(2^+_1) $, $ g_{\nu}(2^+_1) $, $ g_{s}(2^+_1) $, and $ g_{l}(2^+_1) $ refer to the proton, neutron, spin, and orbital contributions to the total $ g(2_1^{+}) $ factor, respectively. We calculate these four contributions and present our results with the effective spin gyromagnetic ratios in Fig. 6.
Figure6. (color online) The proton, neutron, orbital and spin contributions to the total $g(2_1^{+})$ for even-even Ge isotopes with (a) NPA-1 and (b) NPA-2. Our results are obtained using the effective spin gyromagnetic ratios ($g_{s\pi} = 5.586\times 0.7 $ and $g_{s\nu} = -3.826\times 0.7 $). The total $g(2_1^{+})$ is represented by purple rhombus. The experimental data are from Ref. [12].

In Fig. 6, the positive sign of the total $ g(2_1^{+}) $ originates from the proton contribution. The neutron contribution is negative and relatively small. It is found that the proton contribution has larger positive values with NPA-2 than with NPA-1, so that the calculated total $ g(2_1^{+}) $ with NPA-2 is closer to the experimental data. As we have discussed before, the configuration mixing of $ |D_{\nu}\rangle $, $ |D_{\pi}\rangle $ and other components are stronger with NPA-2. The dominant effect of the proton contribution in Fig. 6(b), as well as the dominant proton character of $ Q(2_1^{+}) $ in Fig. 5(b), indicate the importance of collective effects in these nuclei. This is consistent with the result that the simple collective estimate of $ Z/A $ is in better agreement with the observed $ g $ factors [12].
In Table 4, we present our calculated $ g $ factors with the two kinds of spin gyromagnetic ratio, with $ g_{s(\rm eff)} = $$0.7 g_{s(\rm free)} $. Our results with the free spin gyromagnetic ratio are always smaller than with the effective spin gyromagnetic ratio. To understand better this result, we present the spin and orbital contributions to $ g(2_1^{+}) $ in Fig. 6. It is interesting that the orbital (or spin) contributions almost coincide with the proton (or neutron) contributions, except for 80Ge. This is because the spin contribution of the proton is very small (about 0.01 for 72, 74, 76, 78Ge and $ -0.08 $ for 80Ge), and in our calculations the orbital gyromagnetic ratio of the neutron is taken as $ g_{l\nu} = 0 $. Therefore, the resultant orbital contributions are due to protons, with relatively large and positive values. The spin contributions are mainly from neutrons, with relatively small and negative value. As a result, our $ g $ factors with the free spin gyromagnetic ratio are smaller than with the effective spin gyromagnetic ratio.
We finally come to our results for $ B(E2) $, the electric quadrupole moment $ Q $ and the magnetic moment $ \mu $ , corresponding to the partial yrast states for odd-mass 75, 77, 79Ge isotopes, presented in Tables 5-6. Odd-mass nuclei are more complicated than their even-even neighbors, and the experimental data for these nuclei are relatively scarce. One can see in Tables 5-6 that our results agree well with the available measurements for 75Ge.
Nuclei$ B(E2) $$ Q $
stateexpt.JJ4BJUN45NPA?1NPA?2stateexpt.JJ4BJUN45NPA?1NPA?2
75Ge$ 5/2^+_1\rightarrow 7/2^+_1 $$ 30(24) $25.7021.45$ 39.27 $$ 32.07 $$ 9/2^+_1 $+0.008?0.031$-0.09$$-0.13$
$9/2^+_1\rightarrow 5/2^+_1$ 2.66 1.42$ 0.69 $$ 2.96 $$ 7/2^+_1 $$+0.087$$-0.089$$-0.10$$-0.22$
$9/2^+_1\rightarrow 7/2^+_1$22.4719.46$ 27.63 $$ 27.48 $$ 5/2^+_1 $$+0.271$$-0.295$$+0.09$$+0.23$

77Ge$9/2^+_1\rightarrow 7/2^+_1$21.4317.71$ 20.82 $$ 27.59 $$ 9/2^+_1 $$+0.176$$+0.096$$+0.02$$+0.03$
$5/2^+_1\rightarrow 9/2^+_1$ 6.86 3.96$ 1.41 $$ 2.24 $$ 7/2^+_1 $$+0.470$$+0.237$$+0.07$$+0.15$
$5/2^+_1\rightarrow 7/2^+_1$ 5.8512.90$ 30.56 $$ 33.35 $$ 5/2^+_1 $$-0.137$$-0.179$$+0.17$$+0.22$

79Ge$9/2^+_1\rightarrow 7/2^+_1$11.9411.37$ 18.02 $$ 24.10 $$ 9/2^+_1 $$+0.285$$+0.219$$+0.26$$+0.29$
$9/2^+_1\rightarrow 5/2^+_1$ 3.76 3.79$ 8.06 $$ 5.62 $$ 7/2^+_1 $$+0.446$$+0.415$$+0.53$$+0.60$
$5/2^+_1$+0.012$-0.048$$+0.01$$-0.01$


Table5.$ B(E2) $ (in units of W.u.) and the electric quadrupole moment $ Q $ (in units of $ {\rm{eb}} $) for odd-mass 75,77,79Ge. A comparison is given between the experimental data [30], SM results (JJ4B and JUN45) [16] and the results of this work (NPA-1 and NPA-2). The effective charges in the SM results [16] are $ e_{\pi} = 1.5 e $ and $ e_{\nu} = 0.5 e $. For $ e_{\pi} = 1.5 e $ and $ e_{\nu} = 1.1 e $, $ B(E2;5/2_1^+\rightarrow 7/2_1^+) = 40.8 $ W.u. in JUN45 for 75Ge [13].

In NPA, the signs of $ \mu(5/2_1^+,7/2_1^+,9/2_1^+) $ and $ \mu(1/2_1^-) $ for 75, 77, 79Ge are negative and positive, respectively. In the dominant NPA configurations, the unpaired neutron in the $ 5/2_1^+ $, $ 7/2_1^+ $, $ 9/2_1^+ $ states is in the $ \nu g_{9/2} $ orbit, and that in the $ 1/2_1^- $ state is in the $ \nu p_{1/2} $ orbit. Therefore, the signs of $ \mu(5/2_1^+,7/2_1^+,9/2_1^+) $ and $ \mu(1/2_1^-) $ are related to the neutron single-particle motion, whose Schmidt single-particle $ \mu $ values are $ \mu(g_{9/2})\approx -1.91 $ and $ \mu(p_{1/2})\approx +0.64 $, respectively.
5.Summary
In this paper, we presented the calculations of the low-lying structure of even-even 72-80Ge and odd-mass 75-79Ge isotopes in the framework of the nucleon-pair approximation (NPA) of the shell model, with the focus on the electric quadrupole moment $ Q $ and the magnetic moment $ \mu $ (or the $ g $ factor). We employed the monopole and quadrupole pairing plus quadrupole-quadrupole interaction in the $ p_{1/2} $, $ p_{3/2} $, $ f_{5/2} $, and $ g_{9/2} $ model space with respect to the doubly closed shell nucleus 78Ni for both the valence protons and neutron holes.
We performed our calculations using two sets of two-body interaction parameters. The first one, denoted as NPA-1, is the same as for Zn and Ga isotopes [23]. The other is the optimized parameter set, denoted as NPA-2. The present calculations provide constraints for the parameters of the phenomenological shell model Hamiltonian. The optimized parameter set for 72,74Ge has a larger quadrupole-quadrupole interaction for both neutrons and protons, and a larger quadrupole pairing strength for protons, than NPA-1. Our results with NPA-2 reproduce well the experimental data, especially for $ Q(2_1^+) $ for 72,74,76Ge and $ g(2_1^+) $ for 74,76Ge.
We studied the main components of the $ 2_1^{+} $ states in 72-80Ge in terms of the NPA pair basis. It was found that configuration mixing is stronger in 72, 74Ge with NPA-2. We investigated the proton and neutron contributions to the total $ Q(2_1^{+}) $ moments and $ g(2_1^+) $ . The negative $ Q(2^+_1) $ in 72, 74Ge, as well as the systematic evolution of $ g(2_1^+) $ with the mass number $ A $, essentially originate from the proton component. The good agreement of $ Q(2^+_1) $ and $ g(2_1^+) $ with NPA-2 demonstrates that strong configuration mixing in 72, 74Ge plays an important role in these low-lying states.
We presented tabulated values of $ B(E2) $ , the electric quadrupole moment $ Q $ and the magnetic moment $ \mu $ (or the $ g $ factor) for some low-lying states in both even-even and odd-mass Ge isotopes. The experimental data for these nuclei are relatively scarce. Our results could be very useful for future studies of nuclei in this region.
婵犵數濮烽弫鎼佸磻閻愬搫鍨傞柛顐f礀缁犱即鏌熺紒銏犳灈缁炬儳顭烽弻鐔煎礈瑜忕敮娑㈡煟閹惧鈽夋い顓炴健閹虫粌顕ュΔ濠侀偗闁诡喗锕㈤幃鈺冪磼濡厧甯鹃梻浣稿閸嬪懐鎹㈤崟顖氭槬闁挎繂顦伴悡娆戔偓瑙勬礀濞层倝鍩㈤崼鈶╁亾鐟欏嫭绀冪紒顔肩Ч楠炲繘宕ㄩ弶鎴炲祶濡炪倖鎸鹃崰鎰邦敊韫囨稒鈷掗柛灞捐壘閳ь剙鍢查湁闁搞儺鐏涘☉銏犵妞ゆ劑鍊栧▓鎯ь渻閵堝棗鍧婇柛瀣尰閵囧嫰顢曢敐鍥╃杽婵犵鍓濋幃鍌炲春閳╁啯濯撮柧蹇曟嚀楠炩偓婵犵绱曢崑鎴﹀磹閺嶎厽鍋嬫俊銈呮噺閸嬶繝鏌曢崼婵囩┛濠殿喗濞婇弻鈩冨緞婵犲嫭鐨戝┑鈩冨絻閻楁捇寮婚敓鐘茬闁挎繂鎳嶆竟鏇熺節閻㈤潧袨闁搞劍妞介弫鍐閻樺灚娈鹃梺鍛婄箓鐎氼噣寮抽崱娑欑厱闁哄洢鍔屾晶顔界箾閸繄鐒告慨濠冩そ瀹曘劍绻濋崒姣挎洘绻涚€涙ḿ鐭岄柛瀣ㄥ€曢悾宄懊洪鍕紜闂佸搫鍊堕崕鏌ワ綖瀹ュ鈷戦悷娆忓閸斻倝鏌f幊閸斿孩绂嶉幖渚囨晝闁靛牆娲ㄩ敍婊冣攽鎺抽崐鏇㈠疮椤愶箑鍑犻柡鍐ㄧ墛閻撴瑥顪冪€n亪顎楅柍璇茬墛椤ㄣ儵鎮欓弶鎴犱紝濡ょ姷鍋涘ú顓€€佸▎鎾充紶闁告洦浜i崺鍛存⒒閸屾艾鈧绮堟笟鈧獮鏍敃閿曗偓绾惧湱鎲搁悧鍫濈瑲闁稿绻濆鍫曞醇濮橆厽鐝曞銈庡亝濞茬喖寮婚妸鈺傚亞闁稿本绋戦锟�
2婵犵數濮烽弫鎼佸磻閻愬搫鍨傞柛顐f礀缁犳壆绱掔€n偓绱╂繛宸簻鎯熼梺鍐叉惈椤戝洨绮欒箛娑欌拺闁革富鍘奸崝瀣亜閵娿儲顥㈢€规洜鏁婚崺鈧い鎺戝閳锋垿鏌涘☉姗堝伐濠殿噯绠戦湁婵犲﹤鎳庢禒杈┾偓瑙勬礃濡炰粙寮幘缁樺亹鐎规洖娲ら獮妤呮⒒娓氣偓濞佳呮崲閸儱纾归柡宓偓濡插牏鎲搁弮鍫濊摕闁挎繂顦悞娲煕閹板吀绨奸柛锝庡幘缁辨挻鎷呴崜鎻掑壈闂佹寧娲︽禍顏勵嚕椤愶箑纾奸柣鎰綑濞堟劙姊洪崘鍙夋儓闁哥姵鑹惧嵄闁告鍋愰弨浠嬫煃閽樺顥滃ù婊呭仜椤儻顦虫い銊ワ躬瀵偆鈧綆鍓涚壕钘壝归敐澶嬫锭濠殿喖鍊搁湁婵犲﹤妫楅悡鎰庨崶褝鍔熼柍褜鍓氱粙鎺曟懌婵犳鍨伴顓犳閹烘垟妲堟慨妤€妫楅崜杈╃磽閸屾氨孝闁挎洏鍎茬粚杈ㄧ節閸ヨ埖鏅濋梺闈涚墕閹峰寮抽銏♀拺闁告捁灏欓崢娑㈡煕閵娿儳鍩g€规洘妞介崺鈧い鎺嶉檷娴滄粓鏌熸潏鍓хɑ缁绢叀鍩栭妵鍕晜閼测晝鏆ら梺鍝勬湰缁嬫垿鍩㈡惔銈囩杸闁哄洨濯崬鍦磽閸屾瑧绐旂紓鍌涜壘铻為柛鏇ㄥ枤娴滄瑩姊绘担鍛婂暈婵炶绠撳畷銏c亹閹烘垹锛涢梺鍦劋椤ㄥ棝鍩涢幋锔界厱婵犻潧妫楅鈺呮煃瑜滈崜娆戠礊婵犲洤绠栭梺鍨儐缂嶅洭鏌嶉崫鍕簽婵炶偐鍠庨埞鎴︻敊鐟欐帞鎳撻埢鏂库槈閵忊€冲壒濠德板€愰崑鎾绘煃鐟欏嫬鐏撮柟顔规櫊楠炴捇骞掗崱妞惧闂佸綊妫跨粈渚€鏌ㄩ妶鍛斀闁绘ɑ褰冮弸銈嗙箾閸粎鐭欓柡宀嬬秮楠炲洭顢楁担鍙夌亞闂備焦鎮堕崐妤呭窗閹邦喗宕叉繝闈涱儏閻掑灚銇勯幒鎴濐仼闁绘帗妞介弻娑㈠箛椤栨稓銆婇梺娲诲幗椤ㄥ懘鍩為幋锔绘晩缂佹稑顑嗛悾鍫曟⒑缂佹﹩娈旂紒缁樺笧閸掓帡宕奸悢椋庣獮闁诲函缍嗛崜娑㈩敊閺囥垺鈷戦柣鐔煎亰閸ょ喎鈹戦鐐毈鐎殿喗濞婇崺锟犲磼濠婂拋鍟庨梺鑽ゅТ濞壯囧礋椤愵偂绱�547闂傚倸鍊搁崐椋庣矆娴i潻鑰块梺顒€绉查埀顒€鍊圭粋鎺斺偓锝庝簽閿涙盯姊洪悷鏉库挃缂侇噮鍨堕崺娑㈠箳濡や胶鍘遍梺鍝勬处椤ㄥ棗鈻嶉崨瀛樼厽闊浄绲奸柇顖炴煛瀹€瀣埌閾绘牠鎮楅敐搴′簻妞ゅ骏鎷�4婵犵數濮烽弫鎼佸磻閻愬搫鍨傞柛顐f礀缁犳壆绱掔€n偓绱╂繛宸簼閺呮煡鏌涢妷銏℃珖妞わ富鍨跺娲偡闁箑娈堕梺绋款儑閸犳牠宕洪姀銈呯睄闁逞屽墴婵$敻宕熼鍓ф澑闂佽鍎抽顓⑺囬柆宥嗏拺缂佸顑欓崕鎰版煙閻熺増鎼愰柣锝呭槻椤粓鍩€椤掑嫨鈧線寮崼婵嗚€垮┑掳鍊曢崯顐︾嵁閹扮増鈷掗柛灞剧懅椤︼箓鏌涘顒夊剰妞ゎ厼鐏濋~婊堝焵椤掆偓閻g兘顢涢悜鍡樻櫇闂侀潧绻堥崹鍝勨枔妤e啯鈷戦梻鍫熶緱濡狙冣攽閳ヨ櫕鍠橀柛鈹垮灲瀵噣宕奸悢鍝勫箥闂備胶顢婇~澶愬礉閺囥垺鍎嶆繛宸簼閻撶喖鏌i弮鍫熸暠閻犳劧绱曠槐鎺撴綇閵娿儳鐟查悗鍨緲鐎氼噣鍩€椤掑﹦绉靛ù婊呭仦缁傛帡鎮℃惔妯绘杸闂佺粯鍔樺▔娑氭閿曞倹鐓曟俊銈呭閻濐亜菐閸パ嶅姛闁逞屽墯缁嬫帟鎽繝娈垮灡閹告娊骞冨畡鎵虫瀻婵炲棙鍨甸崺灞剧箾鐎涙ḿ鐭掔紒鐘崇墵瀵鈽夐姀鐘电杸闂佺ǹ绻愰幗婊堝极閺嶎厽鈷戠紒顖涙礃濞呮梻绱掔紒妯肩疄鐎殿喛顕ч埥澶娾堪閸涱垱婢戦梻浣瑰缁诲倿骞婃惔顭掔稏闁冲搫鎳忛埛鎴︽煕濞戞﹫鍔熼柟铏礈缁辨帗娼忛妸锔绢槹濡ょ姷鍋涚换姗€骞冮埡鍐╁珰闁肩⒈鍓﹂崯瀣⒒娴e憡鍟炲〒姘殜瀹曞綊骞庨崜鍨喘閸╋繝宕ㄩ瑙勫闂佽崵鍋炵粙鍫ュ焵椤掆偓閸樻牗绔熼弴銏♀拻濞达絽鎲$拹锟犲几椤忓棛纾奸柕濞垮妼娴滃湱绱掗鍛箺鐎垫澘瀚伴獮鍥敇閻樻彃绠婚梻鍌欑閹碱偆鈧凹鍓涢幑銏ゅ箳閺冨洤小闂佸湱枪缁ㄧ儤绂嶅⿰鍫熺厸闁搞儺鐓侀鍫熷€堕柤纰卞厴閸嬫挸鈻撻崹顔界彯闂佺ǹ顑呴敃銈夘敋閿濆洦宕夐悶娑掑墲閻庡姊虹拠鈥崇€婚柛蹇庡嫎閸婃繂顫忕紒妯诲闁荤喖鍋婇崵瀣磽娴e壊鍎愰柛銊ㄥ劵濡喎顪冮妶鍡樺蔼闁搞劌缍婇幃鐐哄垂椤愮姳绨婚梺鍦劋閸╁﹪寮ㄦ繝姘€垫慨妯煎亾鐎氾拷40缂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹妞嬪海鐭嗗〒姘e亾閽樻繃銇勯弽銊х煂闁活厽鎸鹃埀顒冾潐濞叉牕煤閵娧呬笉闁哄啫鐗婇悡娆撴煙椤栧棗鑻▓鍫曟⒑瀹曞洨甯涙慨濠傜秺楠炲牓濡搁妷顔藉缓闂侀€炲苯澧版繛鎴犳暬楠炴牗鎷呴崨濠勨偓顒勬煟鎼搭垳绉靛ù婊冪埣閹垽宕卞☉娆忎化闂佹悶鍎荤徊娲磻閹捐绀傞柛娑卞弾濡粎绱撻崒姘偓宄懊归崶銊d粓闁归棿鐒﹂崑锟犳煃閸濆嫭鍣归柦鍐枔閳ь剙鍘滈崑鎾绘煕閺囥劌浜炴い鎾存そ濮婃椽骞愭惔锝囩暤濠电偠灏欐繛鈧€规洘鍨块獮妯肩磼濡鍔掗梺鑽ゅ枑閻熴儳鈧凹鍓熷畷銏c亹閹烘挴鎷洪梺鍛婄箓鐎氼厼顔忓┑瀣厱閹兼番鍨归悘鈺備繆閸欏濮囨顏冨嵆瀹曞ジ鎮㈤崫鍕闂傚倷鑳剁涵鍫曞礈濠靛枹娲冀椤愩儱小缂備緡鍋勭€殿剟姊婚崒姘偓椋庢濮橆兗缂氱憸宥堢亱闂佸搫鍟崐濠氭儗閸℃褰掓晲閸偄娈欓梺鑽ゅ枑鐎氬牓寮崼婵嗙獩濡炪倖妫侀~澶屸偓鍨墵濮婄粯鎷呴崨濠傛殘婵炴挻纰嶉〃濠傜暦閵忋倖瀵犲璺烘閻庢椽鎮楅崗澶婁壕闂佸憡娲﹂崜娑㈠储闁秵鈷戦柛婵嗗閺嗙偤鏌熺粙鍨挃濠㈣娲熼獮鎰償濞戞鐩庨梻渚€娼ф蹇曟閺団偓鈧倿鎳犻鍌滐紲闂佸搫鍟崐鎼佸几濞戞瑣浜滈柕蹇婂墲缁€瀣煙椤旇娅婃い銏℃礋閿濈偤顢橀悜鍡橆棥濠电姷鏁搁崑鐘诲箵椤忓棛绀婇柍褜鍓氶妵鍕敃閵忊晜鈻堥梺璇″櫙缁绘繈宕洪埀顒併亜閹烘垵顏柍閿嬪浮閺屾稓浠﹂幑鎰棟闂侀€炲苯鍘哥紒顔界懇閵嗕礁鈻庨幇顔剧槇闂佸憡娲﹂崜锕€岣块悢鍏尖拺闁告挻褰冩禍婵囩箾閸欏澧辩紒顔垮吹缁辨帒螣闂€鎰泿闂備浇顫夊畷妯衡枖濞戙埄鏁佺€光偓閸曨剛鍘告繛杈剧到婢瑰﹪宕曡箛鏂讳簻妞ゆ挴鍓濈涵鍫曟煙妞嬪骸鈻堥柛銊╃畺瀹曟宕ㄩ娑樼樆闂傚倸鍊风欢姘跺焵椤掑倸浠滈柤娲诲灦瀹曘垽骞栨担鍦幘闂佸憡鍔樼亸娆撳春閿濆應鏀介柨娑樺閺嗩剟鏌熼鐣屾噰鐎殿喖鐖奸獮瀣敇閻愭惌鍟屾繝鐢靛У椤旀牠宕板Δ鍛櫇闁冲搫鎳庣粈鍌涚箾閹寸偟顣叉い顐f礋閺屻劌鈹戦崱妯轰痪閻熸粎澧楃敮妤呭疾閺屻儲鐓曢柍鈺佸暟閹冲懘鏌i幘鍐测偓鎼佲€旈崘顔嘉ч柛鎰╁妿娴犲墽绱掗悙顒佺凡缂佸澧庨崚鎺楀煛閸涱喖浜滅紒鐐妞存悂寮插┑瀣拺闂傚牊绋撴晶鏇熺箾鐠囇呯暤妤犵偛妫濋弫鎰緞鐎Q勫闂備礁婀辨灙婵炲鍏橀崺銉﹀緞鐎c劋绨婚梺鎸庢椤曆冾嚕椤曗偓閺屾盯鍩為幆褌澹曞┑锛勫亼閸婃牜鏁幒妤佹櫇闁靛/鈧崑鎾愁潩閻愵剙顏�28缂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹妞嬪孩顐介柨鐔哄Т绾捐顭块懜闈涘Е闁轰礁顑囬幉鎼佸籍閸垹绁﹂梺鍛婂姦閸犳牜绮绘繝姘厱闁规崘灏欑粣鏃堟煃閻熸壆绠茬紒缁樼箞婵偓闁挎繂妫涢妴鎰斿Δ濠佺凹闁圭ǹ鍟块悾宄扳攽鐎n亜绐涢柣搴㈢⊕宀e潡宕㈤柆宥嗏拺闁告繂瀚弳濠囨煕鐎n偅灏电紒杈ㄥ笧閳ь剨缍嗛崑鍛暦瀹€鈧埀顒侇問閸n噣宕戞繝鍥х畺濞寸姴顑呴崹鍌涖亜閹扳晛鐏╂鐐村灴濮婄粯鎷呴崨濠冨創濠电偠顕滅粻鎴︼綖濠靛惟闁冲搫鍊告禒顓㈡⒑鐎圭姵銆冮悹浣瑰絻鍗遍柛顐犲劜閻撴瑩鏌i幇闈涘缂傚秵鍨块弻鐔煎礂閸忕厧鈧劙鏌$仦鐣屝ユい褌绶氶弻娑㈠箻閸楃偛顫囧Δ鐘靛仜缁绘﹢寮幘缁樻櫢闁跨噦鎷�1130缂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹妞嬪海鐭嗗〒姘e亾閽樻繃銇勯弽銊х煂闁活厽鎹囬弻娑㈠箻閼碱剦妲梺鎼炲妽缁诲牓寮婚妸鈺傚亜闁告繂瀚呴姀銏㈢<闁逞屽墴瀹曟帡鎮欑€电ǹ骞堟繝鐢靛仦閸ㄥ爼鏁冮锕€缁╃紓浣贯缚缁犻箖鏌涢锝囩畼闁绘帗鎮傞弻锛勪沪缁嬪灝鈷夐悗鍨緲鐎氼噣鍩€椤掑﹦绉靛ù婊勭矒閿濈偤宕堕浣叉嫼闂備緡鍋嗛崑娑㈡嚐椤栨稒娅犲Δ锝呭暞閻撴瑩鏌涢幋娆忊偓鏍偓姘炬嫹
相关话题/Electromagnetic properties neutron

闂傚倷娴囬褏鈧稈鏅犻、娆撳冀椤撶偟鐛ラ梺鍦劋椤ㄥ懐澹曟繝姘厵闁告挆鍛闂佹娊鏀遍崹鍫曞Φ閸曨垰绠涢柛鎾茬劍閸嬔冾渻閵堝繒鍒扮€殿喖澧庨幑銏犫攽鐎n亞鍔﹀銈嗗笒鐎氼剛绮婚妷锔轰簻闁哄啠鍋撻柛搴″暱閻g兘濡烽妷銏℃杸濡炪倖姊婚悺鏂库枔濡眹浜滈柨鏂垮⒔閵嗘姊婚崒姘偓鐑芥倿閿旈敮鍋撶粭娑樻噽閻瑩鏌熼悜姗嗘畷闁稿孩顨嗛妵鍕棘閸喒鎸冮梺鍛婎殕瀹€鎼佸箖濡も偓閳藉鈻庣€n剛绐楅梻浣哥-缁垰螞閸愵喖钃熸繛鎴欏灩鍞梺闈涚箚閸撴繈鎮甸敃鈧埞鎴︽倷閹绘帗鍊悗鍏夊亾闁归棿绀侀拑鐔兼煏閸繍妲哥紒鐙欏洦鐓曟い顓熷灥閺嬬喐绻涢崼婵堝煟婵﹨娅g槐鎺懳熼悡搴樻嫛闂備胶枪缁ㄦ椽宕愬Δ鍐ㄥ灊婵炲棙鍔曠欢鐐烘煙闁箑澧版い鏃€甯″娲嚃閳圭偓瀚涢梺鍛婃尰閻╊垶鐛繝鍌楁斀閻庯綆鍋嗛崢浠嬫⒑缂佹◤顏勵嚕閼搁潧绶為柛鏇ㄥ幐閸嬫挾鎲撮崟顒傤槰闂佹寧娲忛崹浠嬪极閹扮増鍊风痪鐗埫禍楣冩煥濠靛棝顎楀ù婊冨⒔缁辨帡骞夌€n剛袦闂佸搫鐬奸崰鎰缚韫囨柣鍋呴柛鎰ㄦ櫓閳ь剙绉撮—鍐Χ閸℃ê鏆楅梺纭呮珪閹瑰洦淇婇幘顔肩闁规惌鍘介崓鐢告⒑閹勭闁稿妫濇俊瀛樼節閸屾鏂€闂佺粯锕╅崑鍕妤e啯鈷戦柛娑橈功閳藉鏌f幊閸旀垵顕i弻銉晢闁告洦鍓欓埀顒€鐖奸弻锝夊箛椤撶偟绁烽梺鎶芥敱濮婅绌辨繝鍕勃闁稿本鑹鹃~鍥⒑閸濆嫮鐒跨紒缁樼箓閻i攱绺介崜鍙夋櫇闂侀潧绻掓慨瀵哥不閹殿喚纾介柛灞剧懅閸斿秵銇勯妸銉﹀殗閽樻繈姊婚崼鐔恒€掗柡鍡檮閹便劌顫滈崱妤€浼庣紓浣瑰敾缁蹭粙婀侀梺鎸庣箓鐎氼垶顢楅悢璁垮綊鎮℃惔銏犳灎濠殿喖锕ュ钘夌暦閵婏妇绡€闁稿本绮庨幊鍡樼節绾版ɑ顫婇柛瀣噽閹广垽宕奸妷褍绁﹂梺鍦濠㈡﹢鏌嬮崶顒佺厸闁搞儮鏅涢弸鎴炵箾閸涱喚澧紒缁樼⊕濞煎繘宕滆琚f繝鐢靛仜閹锋垹绱炴担鍝ユ殾闁炽儲鏋奸崼顏堟煕椤愩倕鏋庨柍褜鍓涢弫濠氬蓟閿濆顫呴柣妯哄悁缁敻姊洪幖鐐测偓鎰板磻閹剧粯鈷掑ù锝堫潐閸嬬娀鏌涢弬璺ㄐら柟骞垮灲瀹曠喖顢橀悙鑼喊闂佽崵濮村ú銈咁嚕椤掑嫬绫嶉柛灞绢殔娴滈箖鏌ㄥ┑鍡涱€楀褌鍗抽弻銊モ槈閾忣偄顏�
547闂傚倸鍊搁崐椋庣矆娴i潻鑰块梺顒€绉查埀顒€鍊圭粋鎺斺偓锝庝簽閿涙盯姊洪悷鏉库挃缂侇噮鍨堕崺娑㈠箳濡や胶鍘遍梺鍝勬处椤ㄥ棗鈻嶉崨瀛樼厽闊浄绲奸柇顖炴煛瀹€瀣埌閾绘牠鏌嶈閸撶喖寮绘繝鍥ㄦ櫜濠㈣泛锕﹂悿鍥⒑鐟欏嫬绀冩い鏇嗗懐鐭嗛柛鎰ㄦ杺娴滄粓鐓崶銊﹀鞍妞ゃ儲绮撻弻锝夊箻鐎靛憡鍒涘┑顔硷攻濡炶棄鐣峰Δ鍛闁兼祴鏅涢崵鎺楁⒒娴e憡鎲搁柛锝冨劦瀹曟垿宕熼娑樹患闂佺粯鍨兼慨銈夊疾閹间焦鐓ラ柣鏇炲€圭€氾拷1130缂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹妞嬪海鐭嗗〒姘e亾閽樻繃銇勯弽銊х煂闁活厽鎹囬弻锝夊閵忊晜姣岄梺绋款儐閹瑰洤鐣疯ぐ鎺濇晝闁挎繂娲﹂濠氭⒒娓氣偓閳ь剛鍋涢懟顖涙櫠閸欏浜滄い鎰╁焺濡叉椽鏌涢悩璇у伐妞ゆ挸鍚嬪鍕節閸愵厾鍙戦梻鍌欑窔閳ь剛鍋涢懟顖涙櫠閹绢喗鐓涢悘鐐登规晶鑼偓鍨緲鐎氼噣鍩€椤掑﹦绉靛ù婊勭矒閿濈偞鎯旈埦鈧弨浠嬫煟閹邦垰鐨哄褎鐩弻娑㈠Ω閵壯傝檸闂佷紮绲块崗姗€寮幘缁樺亹闁肩⒈鍓﹀Σ浼存煟閻斿摜鐭婄紒缁樺笧閸掓帒鈻庨幘宕囧€為梺鍐叉惈閸熶即鏁嶅⿰鍕瘈闁靛骏绲剧涵楣冩煥閺囶亪妾柡鍛劦濮婄粯鎷呴崨濠傛殘闁煎灕鍥ㄧ厱濠电姴鍟版晶杈╃磽閸屾稒宕岄柟绋匡攻缁旂喖鍩¢崒娑辨閻庤娲︽禍婵嬪箯閸涱垱鍠嗛柛鏇ㄥ幗琚欓梻鍌氬€风粈浣革耿闁秴鍌ㄧ憸鏃堝箖濞差亜惟闁宠桨鑳堕鍥⒑閸撴彃浜濇繛鍙夌墵閹偤宕归鐘辩盎闂佺懓顕崑娑㈩敋濠婂懐纾煎ù锝呮惈椤eジ鏌曢崶褍顏い銏℃礋婵偓闁宠桨绀佹竟澶愭⒒娴g懓顕滅紒瀣浮瀹曟繂鈻庨幘璺虹ウ闁诲函缍嗛崳顕€寮鍡欑瘈濠电姴鍊规刊鍏间繆閺屻儲鏁辩紒缁樼箞閹粙妫冨☉妤佸媰闂備焦鎮堕崝宀€绱炴繝鍌ゅ殨妞ゆ劑鍊楅惌娆愪繆椤愩倖鏆╅柛搴涘€楅幑銏犫攽鐎n亞鍊為梺闈浨归崕鏌ヮ敇濞差亝鈷戦柛婵嗗濡叉悂鏌eΔ浣虹煉鐎规洘鍨块獮鎺懳旈埀顒勫触瑜版帗鐓涢柛鎰╁妿婢ф盯鏌i幘宕囩闁哄本鐩崺鍕礃閳哄喚妲烽梻浣呵圭换鎰版儔閼测晜顫曢柟鐑橆殢閺佸﹪鏌涜箛鎿冩Ц濞存粓绠栭幃娲箳瀹ュ棛銈板銈庡亜椤︾敻鐛崱娑樻閹煎瓨鎸婚~宥夋⒑閸︻厼鍔嬮柛銊ㄦ珪缁旂喖寮撮悢铏诡啎闁哄鐗嗘晶浠嬪箖婵傚憡鐓涢柛婊€绀佹禍婊堝础闁秵鐓曟い鎰Т閸旀粓鏌i幘瀛樼闁哄瞼鍠栭幃婊兾熺拠鏌ョ€洪梻浣呵归鍥ㄧ箾閳ь剟鏌$仦鐣屝ユい褌绶氶弻娑滅疀閺冨倶鈧帗绻涢崱鎰仼妞ゎ偅绻勯幑鍕洪鍜冪船婵犲痉鏉库偓褏寰婃禒瀣柈妞ゆ牜鍋涚粻鐘虫叏濡顣抽柛瀣崌閻涱噣宕归鐓庮潛闂備礁鎽滈崰鎾寸箾閳ь剛鈧娲橀崹鍧楃嵁濡皷鍋撳☉娅亪顢撻幘缁樷拺缂備焦锚閻忥箓鏌ㄥ鑸电厓鐟滄粓宕滃☉銏犵;闁绘梻鍘ч悞鍨亜閹烘垵鏋ゆ繛鍏煎姍閺岀喖顢欓懖鈺佺厽閻庤娲樺ú鐔笺€佸☉銏″€烽柤纰卞墮婵附淇婇悙顏勨偓鏍垂婵傜ǹ纾垮┑鐘宠壘缁€鍌炴倶閻愭澘瀚庡ù婊勭矒閺岀喖骞嗚閹界娀鏌涙繝鍐ㄥ闁哄瞼鍠栭、娆撴嚃閳轰胶鍘介柣搴ゎ潐濞茬喐绂嶉崼鏇犲祦闁搞儺鍓欐儫闂侀潧顦崐鏇⑺夊顑芥斀闁绘劘鍩栬ぐ褏绱掗懠顒€浜剧紒鍌氱Ч閹崇偤濡疯濞村嫰姊洪幐搴㈢5闁稿鎹囧Λ浣瑰緞閹邦厾鍘遍棅顐㈡处濞叉牜鏁崼鏇熺厵闁稿繐鍚嬮崐鎰版煛鐏炵晫啸妞ぱ傜窔閺屾稖绠涢弮鍌楁闂傚洤顦甸弻娑㈠Ψ椤旂厧顫╃紒鐐劤閵堟悂寮婚弴鐔虹瘈闊洦娲滈弳鐘差渻閵堝棙绀夊瀛樻倐楠炲牓濡搁妷搴e枔缁瑩宕归纰辨綍闂傚倷鑳舵灙妞ゆ垵妫濋獮鎰節濮橆剛顔嗛梺鍛婁緱閸ㄩ亶宕伴崱娑欑厱闁哄洢鍔屾晶浼存煛閸℃ê鍝烘慨濠勭帛閹峰懘宕崟顐$帛闁诲孩顔栭崰妤呭磿婵傜ǹ桅闁圭増婢樼粈鍐┿亜韫囨挻顥犲璺哄娣囧﹪濡惰箛鏇炲煂闂佸摜鍣ラ崹璺虹暦閹达附鍋愮紓浣贯缚閸橀亶姊洪弬銉︽珔闁哥噥鍋呴幈銊╁焵椤掑嫭鈷戠紒瀣儥閸庢劙鏌熺粙娆剧吋妤犵偛绻樺畷銊р偓娑櫭禒鎯ь渻閵堝棛澧柤鐟板⒔缁骞嬮敂瑙f嫽婵炶揪绲介幉锟犲箚閸儲鐓曞┑鐘插閸︻厼寮查梻渚€娼х换鍫ュ磹閺囥垺鍊块柛顭戝亖娴滄粓鏌熺€电ǹ浠滄い鏇熺矌缁辨帗鎷呯憴鍕嚒濡炪値鍙€濞夋洟骞夐幘顔肩妞ゆ巻鍋撶痪鐐▕閹鈻撻崹顔界亾闂佽桨绀侀…鐑藉Υ娴g硶妲堟俊顖涚矌閸犲酣鎮鹃埄鍐跨矗濞达絽澹婂Λ婊勭節閻㈤潧浠╅柟娲讳簽缁辩偤鍩€椤掍降浜滄い鎰╁焺濡偓闂佽鍣换婵嬪春閳ь剚銇勯幒鎴濐仾闁抽攱甯¢弻娑氫沪閹规劕顥濋梺閫炲苯鍘哥紒顔界懇閵嗕礁鈻庨幇顔剧槇闂佸憡娲﹂崜锕€岣块悢鍏尖拺闁告挻褰冩禍婵囩箾閸欏澧辩紒顔垮吹缁辨帒螣闂€鎰泿闂備礁婀遍崑鎾翅缚濞嗘拲澶婎潩閼哥數鍘遍柣搴秵閸嬪懐浜告导瀛樼厵鐎瑰嫮澧楅崵鍥┾偓瑙勬礈閸忔﹢銆佸Ο琛℃敠闁诡垎鍌氼棜濠电姷鏁告慨鏉懨洪敃鍌氱9闁割煈鍋嗙粻楣冩煙鐎涙ḿ绠橀柡瀣暟缁辨帡鍩€椤掑倵鍋撻敐搴℃灍闁绘挸鍟伴幉绋库堪閸繄顦у┑鐐村灦濮樸劑鎯岄崱妞曞綊鏁愰崼鐔粹偓鍐煟閹烘埊韬柡宀€鍠庨埢鎾诲垂椤旂晫浜愰梻浣呵归鍡涘箰閹间礁鐓″璺哄閸嬫捇宕烽鐐愩儲銇勯敂鍨祮婵﹥妞介弻鍛存倷閼艰泛顏梺鍛娒幉锛勬崲濞戙垹绾ч柟瀵稿仜閺嬬姴顪冮妶鍐ㄧ仾闁挎洏鍨归悾鐑筋敃閿曗偓鍞悷婊冪灱缁厽寰勬繛鐐杸闁圭儤濞婂畷鎰板箻缂佹ê鈧潡鏌ㄩ弮鈧畷妯绘叏閾忣偅鍙忔俊顖氱仢閻撴劙鏌i幘宕囩闁哄本鐩崺鍕礃閳哄喚妲舵俊鐐€х拋锝嗕繆閸ヮ剙鐒垫い鎺嗗亾婵犫偓鏉堛劎浠氭俊鐐€ら崢濂稿床閺屻儲鍋╅柣鎴eГ閺呮煡鏌涢妷顖炴闁告洖鍟村铏圭矙閹稿孩鎷卞銈冨妼閹冲繒绮嬪澶婄畾妞ゎ兘鈧磭绉洪柡浣瑰姍瀹曘劑顢欓崗鍏肩暭闂傚倷绀侀幉鈥趁洪悢铏逛笉闁哄稁鍘奸拑鐔兼煥濠靛棭妲归柛濠勫厴閺屾稑鈻庤箛锝嗏枔濠碘槅鍋呴崹鍨潖濞差亝鐒婚柣鎰蔼鐎氫即鏌涘Ο缁樺€愰柡宀嬬秮楠炴帡鎮欓悽鍨闁诲孩顔栭崳顕€宕滈悢椋庢殾闁圭儤鍩堝ḿ鈺呮煥濠靛棙顥犻柛娆忓暞缁绘繂鈻撻崹顔界亾闂佺娅曢幐鍝ュ弲闂佺粯枪椤曆呭婵犳碍鐓欓柟顖嗗懏鎲兼繝娈垮灡閹告娊寮诲☉妯锋婵鐗婇弫楣冩⒑闂堚晝绋婚柟顔煎€垮濠氭晲閸℃ê鍔呴梺闈涚箳婵挳寮稿▎鎾寸厽闁绘ê鍟挎慨澶愭煕閻樺磭澧电€规洘妞介崺鈧い鎺嶉檷娴滄粓鏌熺€电ǹ浠滄い鏇熺矋閵囧嫰鏁冮崒銈嗩棖缂備浇椴搁幐鎼侇敇婵傜ǹ妞藉ù锝嚽规竟搴ㄦ⒒娴d警鏀版繛鍛礋閹囨偐鐠囪尙鐤囬梺缁樕戝鍧楀极閸℃稒鐓曢柟閭﹀枛娴滈箖鏌﹂幋婵愭Ш缂佽鲸鎹囧畷鎺戔枎閹存繂顬夐梻浣告啞閸旀洟鈥﹂悜鐣屽祦闊洦绋掗弲鎼佹煥閻曞倹瀚�28缂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹妞嬪孩顐介柨鐔哄Т绾捐顭块懜闈涘Е闁轰礁顑囬幉鎼佸籍閸稈鍋撴担鑲濇棃宕ㄩ闂寸盎闂備焦鍎崇换鎰耿闁秵鍋傞悗锝庡枟閳锋垿鎮峰▎蹇擃仾闁稿孩顨婇弻娑㈠Ω閵壯嶇礊婵犮垼顫夊ú鐔煎极閹剧粯鏅搁柨鐕傛嫹