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环境战略对环境绩效和经济绩效的影响——基于企业成长性和市场竞争性的调节效应

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王丽萍,1,2, 姚子婷2, 李创,31.集美大学财经学院,厦门 361021
2.河南理工大学财经学院,焦作 454000
3.集美大学工商管理学院,厦门 361021

Effect of environmental strategy on environmental performance and economic performance: Based on the regulating effect of enterprise growth and market competition

WANG Liping,1,2, YAO Ziting2, LI Chuang,31. Finance and Economics College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
2. School of Finance and Economics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
3. School of Business Administration, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China

通讯作者: 李创,男,辽宁辽阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事环境经济研究。E-mail: lich607@sina.com

收稿日期:2020-03-5修回日期:2020-08-1网络出版日期:2021-01-25
基金资助:国家社会科学基金项目.19BJY086
福建省社科规划一般项目.FJ2020B112
福建省中青年教师教育科研项目.JAS20151


Received:2020-03-5Revised:2020-08-1Online:2021-01-25
作者简介 About authors
王丽萍,女,山西昔阳人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事环境经济研究。E-mail: wangliping18@sina.com





摘要
环境战略能否驱动环境绩效和经济绩效的双赢直接关系到企业开展环境战略的积极性。为此,本文利用中国四大重污染行业2014—2018年的面板数据,实证检验了环境战略与环境绩效和经济绩效的关系。研究得出:①整体而言,企业实施环境战略能够显著实现环境绩效和经济绩效双赢。②进一步分组研究显示,不同成长阶段、不同市场竞争条件的企业环境战略不同,对其两绩效的调节效应也会存在差异,高成长性企业的环境战略显著正向影响环境绩效但并未带来显著的经济绩效,而低成长性企业的环境战略对环境绩效的影响不显著却能带来明显的经济绩效;市场竞争越激烈,环境战略对环境绩效和经济绩效的促进作用越明显,而弱竞争环境下的环境战略则作用效果比较有限。③从环境战略的实施内容看,企业只有重视长期的环境管理、绿色技术创新和绿色文化建设,而非满足于短期排污达标或规避环境违法,才能实现环境绩效和经济绩效的双赢。④新环保法实施后,企业环境战略对环境绩效的提升作用更加突出,但对经济绩效的影响不升反降。
关键词: 环境战略;环境绩效;经济绩效;企业成长性;市场竞争性

Abstract
Whether environmental strategy can create a win-win situation of improved environmental performance and economic performance is directly related to the enthusiasm of enterprises to develop and implement environmental strategies. Therefore, this study empirically tested the relationship between environmental strategy, environmental performance, and economic performance by using the panel data of China’s four main polluting industries in 2014-2018. The results show that: (1) Environmental strategy as a whole can significantly achieve a win-win situation of increased environmental performance and economic performance; (2) Further grouping study shows that enterprises have different environmental strategies because of their different growth stages and market competition conditions, which in turn have varied effects on the two performances. The environmental strategies of enterprises with rapid growth have a significant positive impact on environmental performance but do not bring significant economic benefits, while the environmental strategies of low growth enterprises have no significant impact on environmental performance but can bring significant economic benefits; the more fierce the market competition, the more obvious the role of environmental strategy in promoting environmental performance and economic performance, while the effect of environmental strategy in weak competition environment is relatively limited; (3) From the perspective of the content of environmental strategies, only when enterprises attach importance to long-term environmental management, green technology innovation, and green culture construction, rather than being satisfied with meeting the emission standards or avoiding environmental violations in the short term, can they achieve improved environmental performance and economic performance; (4) After the implementation of the new Environmental Protection Law, the promotional effect of enterprise environmental strategy on environmental performance is more prominent, but the impact on economic performance is falling.
Keywords:environmental strategy;environmental performance;economic performance;enterprise growth;market competition


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本文引用格式
王丽萍, 姚子婷, 李创. 环境战略对环境绩效和经济绩效的影响——基于企业成长性和市场竞争性的调节效应. 资源科学[J], 2021, 43(1): 23-39 doi:10.18402/resci.2021.01.03
WANG Liping, YAO Ziting, LI Chuang. Effect of environmental strategy on environmental performance and economic performance: Based on the regulating effect of enterprise growth and market competition. RESOURCES SCIENCE[J], 2021, 43(1): 23-39 doi:10.18402/resci.2021.01.03


1 引言

中国政府高度重视环境污染问题,把生态文明建设纳入中国特色社会主义事业“五位一体”总体布局,明确提出大力推进生态文明建设,要求全国各地要坚持“环境优先”的发展战略,牢固树立“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念,高度警惕和全力防范生态环境领域存在的“黑天鹅”和“灰犀牛”事件。生态文明建设的工作落实关键在于企业,作为市场经济的主体,企业要充分认识生态文明建设的重要性和紧迫性,积极主动地开展环境保护,实施前瞻型环境战略,加大环保投入、开展绿色创新、推行绿色管理等。但是,企业的根本目标是追求利益最大化,环境战略能否驱动环境绩效和经济绩效的协调发展,直接关系到企业环境战略开展的主动性和实施成效。因此,有必要多角度深入探讨企业环境战略与环境绩效和经济绩效的关系,为企业环境战略的制定和市场竞争机制的完善提供决策参考。

环境战略是企业战略的重要组成部分,旨在降低或避免企业生产经营活动对环境的负面影响,其环境战略的制定受到外部制度环境和内部组织因素的影响。学术界围绕企业环境战略的影响因素展开了深入细致的研究,概括为以下3个方面:① 从环境规制的视角看,由于环境污染具有负外部性,企业实施环境战略会受到环境规制的影响。一方面,****认为环境规制有利于企业环境战略的制定,促使企业构建主动型的环境战略,以实现经济和环境的双赢局面[1]。Jiang等[2]的研究发现,国内企业为了减少污染和遵守国家法律法规,会根据地方监管机构的决策制定有关环境战略。另一方面,由于企业面对环境规制的压力不同,导致对环境战略的选择存在差异。Chen等[3]认为低监管地区的企业并未实施合法化的环境战略,导致污染加剧;尹建华等[4]发现在环保政策压力增加时,企业更倾向选择环保型的环境战略,而监管压力越大,企业越不会选择反应型战略。②从利益相关者压力视角分析企业实行环境战略的动机。Alt等[5]基于自然资源的观点,发现企业在制定环境战略时考虑利益相关者的共同愿景,是企业实施积极环境战略以及推动企业环保工作的重要动力。潘楚林等[6]基于利益相关者理论、自然资源基础观理论和领导力理论,证实利益相关者压力对前瞻型环境战略有显著的正向影响。Earnhart[7]把利益相关者的需求与合规能力相结合,研究发现自觉的应对策略与更强的环境保护实践有关。Dai等[8]、Yang等[9]从利益相关者理论和熊彼特的竞争观、管理者认知角度入手,表明当企业感知到竞争者、商业压力时,更有可能制定积极的环境战略。③从内部因素视角看,企业内部因素如董事、管理者、创新主动性等都会影响环境战略选择。衣凤鹏等[10]认为连锁董事可以提高企业的资源获取能力和降低地区制度环境的不确定性,从而对企业采取环境战略有促进作用。和苏超等[11]研究发现当管理者意识到环境问题的重要性、认为环境战略是企业的发展机会时,更容易实施前瞻型环境战略。Perales等[12]研究认为,进行研发投资的企业在环境战略中具有更高的地位,即创新主动性是环境战略重要的驱动力。基于上述分析,企业实行的环境战略是外部条件和内部因素双重作用的结果,其中内部因素是实行环境战略的主要驱动因素,外部因素如政府的环境规制和利益相关者的压力等通过内部因素能起到催化作用。

随着企业环境战略的转型,尤其是自愿型或前瞻型环境战略的不断涌现,围绕环境战略与企业环境绩效、经济绩效的研究开始增多,得出的结论也是多种多样。国内外文献主要从以下3个方面展开研究:①环境战略与环境绩效的关系,已有文献存在不同甚至相反的结论。一部分****认为,企业实施积极的环境战略能够改善环境绩效。Graafland等[13]发现在政府监管压力下,环境战略的有效实施是改善中小企业环境绩效的最佳途径;张兆国等[14]的研究结论同样支持正相关的观点。另一部分****认为,环境战略的实施不能提高企业的环境绩效。Boiral等[15]发现企业实行环境管理认证的目的是响应利益相关者的诉求,满足合法性管理的手段,不能提高环境绩效。②环境战略对经济绩效的影响,****们的观点也不一致。有的认为,企业实施环境战略是为了更好地提高经济绩效[16],并且有利于树立企业的绿色形象[17]。另一部分****认为,企业在压力条件下选择实施环境战略,不利于企业长久发展。如Eccles等[18]、Ren等[19]认为,企业进行强制性的环境披露会增加环境管理成本,使得强制性的环境信息披露负向影响经济绩效。③环境战略对环境绩效和经济绩效的影响。在研究视角方面,****们主要利用战略匹配、动态能力、生产者扩展责任等视角进行研究。薛求知等[20]、Yu等[21]基于战略匹配视角、权变理论和动态能力观点的实证研究,发现环境战略不仅有利于企业环境绩效的提高,而且能促进企业的经营绩效。而Peng等[22]从生产者扩展责任入手,发现积极的环境战略与环境绩效之间没有显著的关系,与经济绩效之间存在显著正相关。在研究方法方面,****们采用层次回归 法[23]、轮廓偏差分析方法[24]、元分析法[25]、多元线性回归[26]等方法进行了实证分析。从研究结论看,环境战略究竟对环境绩效和经济绩效产生怎样的影响仍然存在较大争议。

综上所述,环境战略对环境绩效、经济绩效的关系已有大量****进行研究,但由于运用的视角、理论、方法等不同,导致结果存在差异,这为本文分析三者之间的关系提供了可能。在研究内容上,现有文献对环境战略的外部因素和内部因素进行了深入研究,但往往将外部因素和内部因素相互割裂,忽略了企业实施环境战略受到内外部因素的联动影响,难以全面揭示环境战略对环境绩效和经济绩效之间的真实关系。另外,不同成长阶段的企业,其环境战略的管理重点和管理方式都是不同的,不同市场竞争环境下的企业环境战略也是存在差异的[27],因此,综合考虑企业实施环境战略的内外部条件,分析不同成长阶段、不同市场竞争条件下企业环境战略带来的环境绩效和经济绩效差异,以及新环保法前后中国企业环境战略的绩效变化,既有助于为中国企业制定适宜的环境战略提供理论指导,也便于掌握中国企业环境战略的发展趋势。

2 理论分析和研究假设

2.1 环境战略与环境绩效的关系

企业实施环境战略的目的是减少和削弱其生产经营活动对环境的污染或破坏[28]。合法性和利益相关者理论可以解释企业实施环境战略的动机。合法性理论认为企业应该遵守社会的规范约束,在经营的过程中考虑利益相关者等对环境和社会的需求,通过实施环境战略展示自身的环保行为,证明存在的合法性认同[29]。利益相关者理论认为企业实施积极的环境行为,能够让利益相关者充分了解企业对环保的态度和决心,以此获得支持[30]。换言之,利益相关者认为企业应重视环境绩效,不能单纯追求发展造成资源浪费和环境污染[31]。因此,利益相关者对合法性的认同,有利于企业协同发展,在一定程度上能够提高企业的环境绩效。因此,本文提出如下假设:

H1:企业环境战略与环境绩效存在正相关关系。

成长性是企业不断增值的能力,代表了企业的可持续发展能力,是企业全要素综合生产力的反映,体现为盈利能力的增长和无形资产的增值 等[32]。现有研究主要集中在成长性对机构投资者行为选择[33]、权益资本成本[34]的影响,对成长性与环境战略的关系探讨比较缺乏,特别是关于成长性调节作用的实证研究少有提及。实际上,成长性与企业实施环境战略紧密相连,具有高成长性的企业一方面能为环境战略的实施提供财力和技术支撑,另一方面,高成长性的企业往往能将环境战略作为企业成长的一个重要方面,并通过实施环境战略,向外界传递企业的战略规划、战略目标和战略措施,使利益相关者更好地对企业的成长潜力进行全面的评估和判断,降低因信息不对称而影响企业成长的风险。基于以上分析,提出如下假设:

H2:成长性在环境战略影响环境绩效中起到正向调节作用。

市场竞争是市场经济的基本特征,企业的产品市场竞争性反映了企业在同类或近似产品市场中的地位。市场竞争越激烈,越有利于通过外部市场对企业管理者的行为进行制衡[35],这有助于强化企业实施环境战略的积极性,并提升管理效果。一方面,基于市场竞争,利益相关者通过对比同行业竞争对手的环境绩效,能够对所在企业的环境绩效进行更加客观地研判。另一方面,激烈的产品市场竞争促使股东、管理者等自觉履行各自职能,尤其是管理者更应为提高环境战略而努力工作,外部市场和环境战略的叠加效应共同推动企业环境绩效的提高。因此本文提出如下假设:

H3:产品市场竞争在环境战略影响环境绩效中能够起正向的调节作用。

2.2 环境战略与经济绩效的关系

随着可持续发展理念的不断增强,消费市场、投资市场和政府部门也随之加强了对企业环境治理的监督和支持,这为企业经济利益的提升创造了可能。首先,积极的环境战略意味着企业会投入更多的资金、人力和时间,开展环境技术创新研发活动,通过生产环境友好型产品获得持续的消费市场支持,赢得品牌优势和竞争优势[36]。其次,积极的环境战略意味着企业不断优化内部管理,提高生产效率,减少资源浪费和降低污染治理成本等,进而提高了其经济绩效[37]。最后,积极的环境战略意味着企业积极承担社会责任,赢得政府组织、社区和机构投资者等利益相关群体对企业的认可,降低环境处罚的风险,能以较低的成本吸引更多的资金,从而改善企业的经济绩效[38]。基于以上分析,提出如下假设:

H4:环境战略对企业经济绩效是正向影响。

成长性是企业在经营、管理和发展过程中的综合能力表现[39],通过提升企业的创新能力、社会声誉等不断获得经济绩效。单春霞等[40]对深圳中小板上市企业的分析得出,成长性显著正向调节技术创新与企业绩效的关系。许照成等[41]对中国制造业上市公司研究发现,成长性能够促进创新投入对企业绩效的提升作用。此外,核心竞争力理论认为,企业实施的环境战略是核心竞争力的重要体现,能够提升企业的经济绩效。基于此,本文提出如下假设:

H5:成长性正向调节企业环境战略对经济绩效的正相关关系。

企业外部市场的变化和内部战略的调整引起的竞争环境会影响到企业绩效[42]。而且在中国市场经济体系法律制度不健全的背景下,产品市场竞争这一外部治理机制可以通过市场进入准则、市场份额等影响企业环境战略与经济绩效的关系。一方面,当产品市场竞争程度相对较低时,企业的独特性优势相对明显,如果企业考虑环境战略的复杂性、风险性和回报性[43],不愿实施更高水平的环境战略,这就导致企业无法通过环境战略进行绿色生产、扩展市场等,从而降低了经济绩效。另一方面,当市场竞争性水平相对较高时,企业间“同质化”现象严重,企业更倾向扩展已有的市场,而不愿实行不确定性程度高的环境战略,使得企业缺乏主动向市场上传递环境战略实施效果的动力[44],错失抢占市场先机的机会,这会抑制企业的经济绩效。由此,提出如下假设:

H6:环境战略与经济绩效间的正相关关系随市场竞争性程度的提高而削弱。

3 变量定义、数据来源和计量模型

3.1 变量定义

(1)因变量

环境绩效(Environmental Performance,EP)和经济绩效(Economic Performance,OEP)为本文的因变量。环境绩效的指标选择在国外和国内是不尽相同的。在国外主要有两种主流的方法衡量环境绩效,即美国《有毒物质排放清单》(Toxic Release Inventor,TRI)数据库披露企业有毒物质排放清单或者CEP(the Council on Economic Priorities)指标,但国内这种权威的数据披露较少。为此,一些****采取定量和定性的方法来衡量环境绩效。在定量方面主要包括环境支出[45]、环境投入[46]等,但是学术界对环境支出、环境投入等尚未达到统一理解,公司内部披露的相关成本和费用口径差异大,且环保支出属于投入型指标,衡量环境绩效存在一定的问题。在定性方面,衡量环境绩效的指标主要包括是否获得环境荣誉称号[47]、是否因环境问题受到处罚以及处罚的类型等[48],这些指标较为单一,难以全面反映企业的环境管理情况。因此,本文根据全球报告倡议组织发布的《可持续发展报告指南》G4中文版,从环境、行为、愿景等不同方面反映企业的环保情况,并结合Henri等[49]对环境绩效的指标设置,将环境绩效分为管理绩效、公益绩效和生产绩效,具体指标选取和变量赋值见表1。本文结合Clarkson等[50]的内容分析法,将定性描述转化为定量型指标,按照未披露/披露、定性/定量结合的原则对文字内容进行量化打分,分值为0~2,最终得到每个公司的环境绩效综合得分。

Table 1
表1
表1环境绩效指标选取和变量赋值
Table 1Environmental performance indicators and variable value assignments
代表维度变量名称变量赋值
管理绩效ISO环境管理体系认证0~2
是否披露社会责任报告0~2
公益绩效企业的环保公益活动0~2
生产绩效“三废”污染物的排放情况0~2
节约能源的措施和技术0~2
清洁生产的措施和技术0~2
注:定量评分过程中首先根据是否存在该项指标的内容评定为0或1分,然后再根据是否有量化信息进一步评定为1或2分。以ISO环境管理体系认证为例,如果企业没有获得该认证则记为0分,获得该认证记为1分,如果有进一步的量化信息披露,则记为2分。

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经济绩效是企业财务状况的综合反映。现有文献对经济绩效的衡量指标主要包括资产收益 率[51]、Tobin-Q值[52]、权益资本成本[53]等。考虑到这些单一的指标不利于全面反映企业的经济发展水平,本文结合国资委公布的《中央企业综合绩效评价实施细则》中设定的指标,并借鉴张爱美等[54]对经济绩效指标的选择,同时从偿债能力和盈利能力两方面衡量企业的经济绩效,具体包括流动比率、总资产净利润率、息税前利润与资产总额比、长期资本收益率。这样一方面能避免在回归模型中经济变量过多而产生多重共线问题,另一方面也能够较全面地反映出公司整体的经济绩效。这4个都是正向指标,即数值越大,企业的经济绩效就越高。在此基础上,本文通过因子分析法和主成分分析法对经济绩效的2个维度共计4个指标进行合成处理,最终得到经济绩效综合指数得分,从而实现以单一指标代替多指标、简约变量的目的。

(2)自变量

环境战略(Environmental Strategy,ES)为自变量。本文认为环境战略是内部管理和外部合法行为的统一体,考虑利益相关者的实际需求和企业个性化的特征,将环境战略进一步分为环境管理和环境合法性。环境管理是公司治理的重要方面,支持环境战略的有效实施,能够改变整个企业的经营方向,预防与环保相关的潜在危险。本文将环境管理分为环境管理人员、环境教育培训费用、环境目标和管理层的环境价值观、环保投入。环境合法性强调有效应对外在威胁,反映一个公司的环境倡议和社会规范程度[55]。本文将环境合法性分为排污许可证申请、是否受到环境处罚、新环境法规对企业经营的影响、是否存在环境奖励等。基于以上分析,环境战略指数主要通过环境管理和环境合法性两个分维度来测度,而各维度指数又通过不同的基础指标来反映。环境战略除了排污许可证申请、新环境法规对企业经营的影响这两个变量赋值为0、1外,其余指标赋值均为0、1、2,赋值原理同前面的环境绩效。在信息编码基础上,本文借鉴汤亚莉等[56]、傅传锐等[57]的方法,环境战略指标值采用某公司环境战略条目(共计9个条目)的得分之和与最佳环境战略条目得分之和的比值来计量。

(3)调节变量

成长性(Growth,GRO)反映企业不断挖掘未利用资源进行发展的能力。借鉴单春霞等[40]的做法,成长性采用主营业务收入增长率作为衡量指标。此外,将成长性高于中位数的企业样本归为高成长性组,低于中位数的企业样本归为低成长性组。

市场竞争性(Market Competition,MC)反映了企业在竞争环境中获取相对竞争优势的能力。现有文献关于市场竞争性的指标主要表现在两个方面,其一是表现行业间的企业竞争,如赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数和熵指数;其二是反映行业内的企业竞争,如勒纳指数和主营业务利润率。本文认为,行业内的市场竞争比行业间的市场竞争对企业环境战略的影响要大,故借鉴Chang等[58]采用主营业务利润率(即营业收入减去营业成本和营业税金及附加之后的剩余与营业收入的比值)衡量市场竞争性。显然,市场竞争性指数越大,表示竞争程度高。因此,本文将市场竞争性程度高于中位数的企业样本划入高竞争程度组,将低于中位数的企业样本归入低竞争程度组。

(4)控制变量

为了更好地解释研究变量之间的内生性关系,对其他重要因素进行控制是极为必要的。本文在选取控制变量时借鉴了沈洪涛等[59]、吕明晗等[60]的研究成果,最终选取公司上市年龄、研发支出占营业收入比重、所有制结构、前五大控股股东持股比例等4个变量。

综上所述,本文变量定义情况如表2所示。

Table 2
表2
表2变量定义
Table 2Variable definitions
变量性质变量名称变量代码变量/单位
被解释变量环境绩效EP内容分析法
经济绩效OEP合成综合评价指数
解释变量环境战略ES内容分析法
调节变量成长性GRO营业收入增长率/%
市场竞争性MC(营业收入-营业成本-营业税金及附加)/营业收入/%
控制变量公司年龄AGE2018年—公司上市日期/年
产品研发支出R&D研发支出占营业收入比重/%
股权集中度H5前5大股东的持股比例相加/%
所有制结构OWN国有记为1,非国有记为0

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3.2 数据来源

样本企业选取深圳和上海证券交易所上市的重污染行业的A股企业,并采取以下做法进一步筛选:第一,重污染行业更需要实施积极的环境战略,是中国各级政府和社会组织环保监管的重点对象。2010年环保部颁布的《上市公司环境信息披露指南》列出的16个重污染行业名单,因此,从中选取研究对象具有一定的合理性和代表性。另外,参考“证券之星”的标准行业检索,借鉴季晓佳等[61]的分类,最终选择纺织服装皮毛业、石化塑胶业、生物医药业和造纸印刷业的企业为初选样本。一方面,这些行业属于典型的高耗能、高耗水、高排放的传统重污染行业,它们的转型升级对于中国生态文明建设至关重要;另一方面,这些行业的市场竞争较充分,更有利于揭示外界压力、尤其是利益相关者对企业环境战略的影响。第二,剔除研究期内出现ST或ST*的上市公司,以及相关数据缺失严重的上市公司,最终得到110家样本公司,共计550个观测值。研究周期为2014—2018年。

环境战略的数据通过查询企业的年度报告、社会责任报告,以及通过全国排污许可证管理信息平台、全国重点污染源信息公开网站和省重点污染源信息公开网站获得,其他财务指标来源于国泰安数据库。此外,为了避免极端值对实证研究的干扰,本文对相应的连续型变量进行了1%、99%分位点上的缩尾(Winsorize)处理。

3.3 建立模型

基于以上理论分析的基本思路,在充分借鉴现有相关研究的基础上,本文将环境战略对环境绩效的影响设定如下模型:

EPit1=a0+α1ESit+α2GROit+α3MCit+i=47αiControlit+ε1it
EPit2=b0+β1ESit+β2GROit+β3ESit×GROit+j=47βjControlit+ε2it
EPit3=c0+η1ESit+η2MCit+η3ESit×MCit+m=47ηmControlit+ε3it
?EPit4=d0+λ1ESit+λ2GROit+λ3MCit+λ4ESit×GROit+λ5ESit×MCit+n=69λnControlit+ε4it
式中: i表示企业; t表示时间; a0b0c0d0为公共截距; αβηλ为各个变量的回归系数; Control表示控制变量,包括 AGER&DH5OWN; ε为随机扰动项。

公式(1)是为了整体检验环境战略与环境绩效的关系,公式(2)、(3)分别是检验成长性、市场竞争性对环境战略与环境绩效关系的调节作用,公式(4)是将成长性、市场竞争性纳入统一分析框架,合并检验它们对环境战略与环境绩效关系的调节作用。将上述公式中的被解释变量环境绩效(EP)替换为经济绩效(OEP),其他保持不变,就可以检验环境战略对经济绩效的影响及各种调节效应。

4 结果与分析

4.1 描述性统计与相关性分析

结合方差、中位数和平均值的关系来看,企业间环境战略的差异较小,企业间环境绩效和经济绩效的差异都比较大,这也是本文研究的出发点。另外,描述性统计结果显示,研发支出、前五大股东持股比例和所有制的方差相对较小,说明这3个指标比较稳定;企业的成长性、市场竞争性和年龄这3个指标的差异较大,为后面的调节作用的深入分析提供了可能。此外,大多数变量的方差都小于均值,说明离散系数相对较小,样本的稳定性较好。

为了减少变量的多重共线性对显著性水平的影响,本文选用皮尔逊方法进行数据的相关性分析。结果显示,整体来看,相关系数的绝对值均在0.5以下,表明变量间不存在多重共线性问题,适宜作进一步的回归分析。环境战略与环境绩效和经济绩效均在1%水平上显著正相关,与预期一致。

4.2 环境战略与环境绩效、经济绩效的回归分析

4.2.1 环境战略与环境绩效的回归分析

基于前文的理论,运用Stata16软件对公式(1)-(4)进行回归分析,结果如表3所示。从列(1)看,ESEP在1%的水平上显著正相关,因此,假设H1得到验证,即企业实施环境战略能增强环境绩效。列(2)在列(1)的基础上加入成长性和市场竞争性两个变量,结果显示,成长性对环境绩效的影响非常显著(p<0.01),而市场竞争性对环境绩效的影响不显著,因此,需进一步研究。列(3)和列(4)分别用于检验企业成长性和市场竞争性的调节效应,从交乘项系数和显著性水平判断出,企业成长性在环境战略影响环境绩效过程中的调节作用不明显,假设H2未得到支持;而市场竞争性则具有显著的正向调节作用,假设H3通过检验。可能的原因是,激烈的市场竞争督促企业更加重视其环境战略,不断提升环境管理水平和增强环境合规性,从而获得良好的环境绩效。列(5)反映的是环境战略对环境绩效的影响共同受成长性和市场竞争性作用的调节,调节方向和调节程度的结果同列(3)和列(4)基本一致,进一步对比得出,市场竞争性对环境战略与环境绩效的调节作用大于成长性对环境战略与环境绩效的调节作用。此外,从4个控制变量在各模型的检验结果看出,它们的影响系数都为正,在1%水平上显著,且系数值相对稳定,即企业的上市年龄、研发支出、前五大股东持股比例和所有制特征均有利于环境绩效提升。

Table 3
表3
表3环境战略与环境绩效的检验结果
Table 3Test results of environmental strategy and environmental performance
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
ES4.842***4.415***3.643**1.8841.166
(4.31)(3.94)(2.94)(1.03)(0.64)
GRO2.080***-0.0331.166
(4.18)(-0.02)(0.66)
MC-0.347-3.442*-4.049**
(-0.46)(-1.75)(-1.97)
ES×GRO6.5423.043
(1.30)(0.57)
ES×MC11.218**11.234*
(2.03)(1.94)
AGE0.097***0.095***0.094***0.099***0.100***
(3.76)(3.66)(3.72)(3.74)(3.84)
R&D36.756***35.328***34.051***35.671***35.346***
(6.05)(5.21)(5.66)(5.20)(5.23)
H52.651***2.564***2.537***2.662***2.574***
(3.23)(3.16)(3.13)(3.24)(3.18)
OWN1.073***1.145***1.159***1.029***1.077***
(4.56)(4.77)(4.97)(4.21)(4.47)
CONS-1.846**-1.778**-1.581**-0.955-0.812
(-2.39)(-2.33)(-2.04)(-1.08)(-0.93)
N550550550550550
r2_a0.1360.1600.1620.1400.165
注:回归系数括号内为t统计量,*、**、***表示数据在10%、5%、1%的水平上显著。下同。

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4.2.2 环境战略与经济绩效的回归分析

环境战略与经济绩效的检验结果如表4所示。从列(1)知,环境战略的回归系数为1.719,且在1%的水平上显著,说明环境战略对企业的经济绩效具有正向显著影响,与假设H4初步吻合。列(2)在列(1)的基础上加入了成长性和市场竞争性,结果发现,这两个变量与经济绩效显著正相关,为研究二者对环境战略与经济绩效之间的调节效应奠定了基础。列(3)、列(4)检验了成长性和市场竞争性对环境战略与经济绩效的调节作用,从交乘项结果发现,这两个变量均具有显著的负向调节作用,即H5不成立,H6成立。可能的原因是,成长性好的企业,往往是主营业务比较突出的,且市场竞争越激烈,越需要企业集中精力奋力开拓主导产品市场,而不是在非核心业务的环境管理方面增加投入,进而造成成长性和市场竞争性会抑制环境战略对经济绩效的影响。列(5)反映的是成长性和市场竞争性共同对环境战略与经济绩效影响的调节作用,可知二者仍是负向调节作用,只是成长性的交乘项在1%水平上显著,而市场竞争性的交乘项系数不显著,故得出成长性的调节作用更明显。

Table 4
表4
表4环境战略与经济绩效的检验结果
Table 4Test results of environmental strategy and economic performance
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
ES1.719***0.4852.514***2.310**2.036**
(2.70)(0.88)(3.74)(2.54)(2.32)
GRO1.360***5.549***4.756***
(5.54)(6.13)(5.54)
MC4.325***6.718***4.791***
(11.67)(6.85)(4.79)
ES×GRO-11.534***-10.747***
(-4.22)(-4.15)
ES×MC-6.101**-1.468
(-2.21)(-0.52)
AGE0.029**-0.0080.021-0.010-0.011
(1.98)(-0.60)(1.54)(-0.76)(-0.90)
R&D9.111***-11.448***6.157*-11.193***-11.630***
(2.65)(-3.42)(1.88)(-3.27)(-3.54)
H52.188***1.975***2.128***2.015***2.001***
(4.70)(4.94)(4.84)(4.93)(5.09)
OWN-0.458***-0.041-0.346***-0.040-0.015
(-3.43)(-0.35)(-2.73)(-0.33)(-0.13)
CONS-2.182***-1.912***-2.423***-2.426***-2.325***
(-4.98)(-5.08)(-5.76)(-5.50)(-5.48)
N550550550550550
r2_a0.0820.3250.1820.2930.348

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4.3 环境战略对环境绩效和经济绩效影响的分组分析与讨论

通过上文的描述性统计和回归结果发现,市场竞争性能正向调节环境战略对环境绩效的促进作用,企业成长性、市场竞争性能反向调节环境战略对经济绩效的促进作用,且描述性统计结果显示,自变量、因变量和调节变量的极差较大。基于此,本文将采用分组分析法进一步探索这些变量的内部差异究竟会怎样影响研究结果的变化,具体分为:高成长性和低成长性、强市场竞争和弱市场竞争等组别。表5是环境战略对环境绩效、经济绩效的分组检验结果,其中:G1、G2分别表示成长性高和低,M1、M2分别表示市场竞争性强和弱。

Table 5
表5
表5环境战略与环境绩效和经济绩效的分组回归
Table 5Group regression of environmental strategy to environmental performance and economic performance
变量环境绩效经济绩效
成长性分组市场竞争性分组成长性分组市场竞争性分组
G1G2M1M2G1G2M1M2
ES6.923***2.3937.029***3.198**0.7992.407**1.844**1.550*
(4.61)(1.47)(4.32)(2.01)(1.05)(2.50)(2.36)(1.75)
AGE0.067*0.112***0.074**0.108***0.038**0.0070.037*0.006
(1.88)(3.07)(2.01)(2.95)(2.09)(0.32)(1.84)(0.32)
R&D26.211***42.658***26.941***38.811***5.9307.271-8.680**8.059
(3.14)(4.93)(3.40)(3.58)(1.40)(1.42)(-2.02)(1.51)
H52.673**2.888**3.444***1.7832.636***1.606**2.887***1.023
(2.42)(2.40)(3.27)(1.37)(4.71)(2.26)(5.04)(1.60)
OWN1.618***0.701**1.180***1.125***-0.414**-0.381**-0.032-0.187
(4.85)(2.15)(3.27)(3.37)(-2.45)(-1.98)(-0.17)(-1.14)
CONS-1.461-1.841-2.007*-1.384-1.797***-2.093***-1.644***-1.867***
(-1.42)(-1.62)(-1.95)(-1.16)(-3.45)(-3.11)(-2.93)(-3.18)
N272278281269272278281269
r2_a0.1880.1040.1740.0980.1150.0410.1170.026

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4.3.1 不同分组模型中环境战略对环境绩效的影响

表5的G1、G2列可知,在高成长性分组中(G1),环境战略的回归系数为6.923,且在1%水平上显著,即高成长性的企业环境战略与环境绩效呈正相关关系;而低成长性分组中(G2),企业环境战略对环境绩效的影响不显著,未能通过10%的显著性检验。通过两组的环境战略系数大小得出,相比低成长性企业而言,高成长性企业的环境战略对环境绩效的促进作用更大。这是因为,高成长性的企业拥有较为完善的管理机制和较快的市场扩展速度,使得企业有能力开展积极的环境战略而不是遵从型环境战略,进而取得比较理想的环境绩效。

表5的M1、M2列看出,强市场竞争组(M1)环境战略的回归系数为7.029,且在1%水平上显著;在弱市场竞争组(M2)中,环境战略系数虽然也通过5%的显著性检验,但系数值尚不足前者的一半,这说明越是在激烈的市场竞争性环境下,环境战略对环境绩效的提升作用越显著。可能的原因是,市场竞争越激烈,越有利于各方面的制度建设,市场机制就越能充分发挥作用。因此,在强市场竞争中,环境法律和政策的规定都比较严格、环境监督力度较大、环境违法行为成本较高,在此背景下,企业更倾向于实施积极的环境战略,进而带来明显的环境绩效。相反,在弱竞争地区,企业实施环境战略的积极性得不到支持与鼓励,环境绩效退化。因此,各省份应加强市场机制建设,努力营造合法、公平、公正的优质营商环境,以充分激发企业在可持续发展中的主人翁精神。

4.3.2 不同分组模型下环境战略对经济绩效的影响

基于不同的成长性和市场竞争环境,环境战略与经济绩效的回归结果如表5所示。从成长性分组结果看出,G1中环境战略的回归系数未通过检验,表明高成长性企业的环境战略对经济绩效没有显著影响。G2中环境战略的回归系数为正,且在1%水平上显著,说明低成长性企业的环境战略与经济绩效呈显著的正相关关系。这一结果的可能原因有两个方面:其一,高成长性的企业开展前瞻型环境战略,并不一定是追求经济利益最大化的考虑,而更多是出于承担广泛的社会责任,对国家生态文明建设作出贡献,对社区环境治理做好服务等,而这在短期内都很难带来明显的经济利益;相反,低成长性的企业为了求得生存,往往把经济利益放在第一位,优先将企业资源配置到提升经济效益的事情上来。其二,本文所用的变量均是当期指标,相比经济指标而言,环境战略的实施和环境绩效的提升可能存在一定的滞后效应,尤其是长期开展积极的环境战略管理,最终一定会赢得利益相关者的青睐,进而带来经济利益的回报。

从市场竞争性分组的回归结果看出,M1组中环境战略与经济绩效的回归系数为1.844,在5%水平上呈正相关关系,M2组中环境战略与经济绩效的回归系数为1.550,在10%水平上显著。这说明,在市场竞争下,企业环境战略的实施始终能够促进经济绩效的提高,且市场竞争越激烈,对经济绩效的提升作用越显著。这与党的十八大报告提出的,“大力发展社会主义市场经济,强化市场在资源配置中的基础性作用”的有关论述完全吻合。

4.3.3 不同环境战略内容下环境绩效与经济绩效的差异

前文证实了企业的环境战略确实能够提高环境绩效和经济绩效水平。为了进一步激发企业开展积极的环境战略,有必要探究什么样的环境战略更有利于实现环境绩效和经济绩效的双赢。为此,本文从环境战略的内容出发,将其分环境管理(Environmental Management,EM)和环境合法性(Environmental Legality,EL)分别进行检验,结果如表6所示。

Table 6
表6
表6环境战略的不同内容与环境绩效、经济绩效的回归
Table 6Regression results of different aspects of environmental strategy and environmental performance and economic performance
环境战略经济绩效
(1)(2)(3)(4)
EM6.257***1.523*
(3.74)(1.85)
EL3.071*-0.392
(1.95)(-0.51)
GRO2.248***2.122***1.380***1.392***
(4.53)(4.20)(5.66)(5.65)
MC-0.6070.0644.214***4.357***
(-0.79)(0.08)(11.21)(11.83)
AGE0.099***0.094***-0.007-0.007
(3.79)(3.57)(-0.54)(-0.57)
R&D36.602***33.698***-10.969***-11.541***
(5.37)(4.92)(-3.28)(-3.45)
H52.715***2.886***1.945***2.052***
(3.36)(3.54)(4.91)(5.16)
OWN1.163***1.263***-0.058-0.018
(4.85)(5.27)(-0.49)(-0.15)
CONS-1.786**-1.027-2.039***-1.785***
(-2.32)(-1.39)(-5.40)(-4.95)
N550550550550
r2_a0.1580.1420.3280.324

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从列(1)的回归结果可知,EM的回归系数为6.257,通过了1%的显著性检验;从列(2)看出,EL的回归系数为3.071,在10%水平上显著;其他控制变量或自变量的回归结果在两组间基本相同。这说明,在其他条件不变的情况下,企业实施环境管理比实施环境合法性能带来更大的环境绩效。同样,从列(3)、列(4)的结果也可以看出,企业实施环境管理比实施环境合法性能带来更显著的经济绩效。综合这两组结果得出,实施环境管理比实施环境合法性更有利于实现环境绩效和经济绩效的统一。究其原因主要有两点:其一,本文所指的环境管理指标,更多体现了企业注重生产经营过程中的污染防治、绿色技术创新,以及企业长远环境战略目标的实现等,即从内涵上加强企业的绿色文化建设,这与国家倡导的绿色发展理念不谋而合;其二,环境合法性则侧重于满足政府的基本环境法规或环境标准,为避免受到环境处罚而开展环境管理活动,这是典型的短视行为,从可持续发展的长远来看,停留在环境合法性的环境战略管理很难为企业提供持久的竞争优势。

4.3.4 新环保法对环境绩效和经济绩效的影响

中国于2015年1月1日起施行《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,也被称为“史上最严厉”的环保法,新环保法在打击企业环境违法方面可谓是力度空前。基于此,本文通过分年度回归,检验新环保法实施前后企业环境战略带来的环境绩效和经济绩效的变化情况,结果如表7表8所示。

Table 7
表7
表72014—2018年环境战略与环境绩效的分年度回归
Table 7Annual regression results of environmental strategy and environmental performance, 2014-2018
2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年
ES2.6363.0711.8134.537*4.328**
(1.06)(1.34)(0.66)(1.93)(2.05)
GRO2.0561.7680.8291.319-1.654
(1.51)(1.66)(0.60)(1.40)(-1.36)
MC-0.758-0.281-0.576-0.5081.274
(-0.48)(-0.17)(-0.32)(-0.32)(0.93)
AGE0.0370.002-0.0260.0580.013
(0.62)(0.04)(-0.43)(0.97)(0.25)
R&D35.687**38.186**34.339**26.759*6.989
(2.40)(2.40)(2.27)(1.81)(0.56)
H51.4412.2452.7042.7351.940
(0.88)(1.39)(1.49)(1.51)(1.17)
OWN1.305**1.027**1.392**1.024**1.144**
(2.52)(2.02)(2.59)(2.01)(2.57)
CONS-0.689-0.2040.870-0.2332.611*
(-0.42)(-0.12)(0.49)(-0.12)(1.68)
N110110110110110
r2_a0.0760.1180.0690.0720.081

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Table 8
表8
表82014—2018年环境战略与经济绩效的分年度回归
Table 8Annual regression results of environmental strategy and environmental performance, 2014-2018
2014年2015年2016年2017年2018年
ES1.6382.993**-0.600-1.489-0.979
(1.45)(2.16)(-0.47)(-1.36)(-0.73)
GRO0.9750.7612.854***0.4811.072
(1.58)(1.18)(4.42)(1.09)(1.40)
MC5.499***4.718***4.118***4.256***3.115***
(7.67)(4.83)(4.94)(5.75)(3.59)
AGE-0.000-0.009-0.009-0.032-0.037
(-0.00)(-0.25)(-0.31)(-1.17)(-1.13)
R&D-1.520-15.586-11.329-16.470**-15.915**
(-0.23)(-1.62)(-1.61)(-2.39)(-2.03)
H52.593***1.5831.807**1.1682.729**
(3.49)(1.61)(2.13)(1.38)(2.60)
OWN-0.166-0.1390.1090.0800.070
(-0.71)(-0.45)(0.43)(0.34)(0.25)
CONS-3.159***-2.492**-1.789**0.041-0.574
(-4.29)(-2.45)(-2.16)(0.05)(-0.58)
N110110110110110
r2_a0.5050.2610.4010.2300.158

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表7是新环保法实施前后环境战略与环境绩效的分年度回归,综合系数符号、显著性和数值大小可以得出,新环保法之后,环境战略对环境绩效的提升作用越来越大、越来越明显,尤其是2017、2018年以后,ES的回归系数从过去的不显著变为显著,这再一次证实了研究假设H1成立。这一方面是因为国家对环境问题的高度重视,2015年以后一系列环境有关的法律法规密集出台,如《环境影响评价法》《建设项目环境保护管理条例》《排污许可管理条例》的多次修订,中国环境制度日益完善。据不完全统计,党的十八大以来,国家已经出台了40多个与环境有关的政策法规,为中国生态文明建设提供了强有力的制度保障。另一方面,在国家环境战略的总体部署下,企业作为环境治理的主体责任逐渐得到落实,企业层面的环境战略也在不断改进,从环境合法性战略向积极型战略转变,进而不断提升了环境绩效。

同理,表8是新环保法实施前后环境战略与经济绩效的分年度回归。从表中可知,ES的回归系数只有2015年在5%水平上通过显著性检验,其余年份均不显著,且新环保法实施后,2016—2018年环境战略负向影响经济绩效。可能的原因是,新法颁布后,明确要求企业披露环境信息以及环境战略的实施情况,加之环境违法成本大增,在此背景下,企业需要新增投入大量的时间、人力和物力,尤其是进行研发活动,因此,短期内造成研发支出挤占了经济绩效的提升,这一点可以从R&D回归系数得到印证。在政府补贴不足的情况下,强制性环境约束虽然能改善企业的环境绩效,但却增加了企业的环境治理成本,进而降低了企业的经济绩效,这会影响企业环境治理的积极性[62]。而适当使用政府补贴可以弱化环境规制对企业技术创新的负面影响,促进企业提前开展技术创新[63],即有利于企业实施前瞻型环境战略。

5 结论与启示

5.1 结论

本文以沪深A股典型重污染行业为研究对象,基于2014—2018年的550个样本,从多角度实证分析了企业环境战略对其环境绩效和经济绩效的影响,得出以下结论:

(1)整体来看,研究期内企业的环境战略与其环境绩效、经济绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。进一步考虑企业的成长性和市场竞争性的调节效应后发现,环境战略对环境绩效的影响受成长性和市场竞争性的共同作用,但相比之下,成长性弱于市场竞争性的调节作用。这一结果反映出,中国企业的环境战略总体能带来较明显的环境绩效,但具体到不同企业,其环境绩效的表现也不尽相同。企业的成长性和市场竞争性在经济绩效的作用中均呈负向调节作用,且成长性的调节作用在1%水平上显著,而市场竞争性在10%水平上仍不显著。这说明,虽然环境战略整体能带来正向的经济绩效,但成长阶段不同、竞争条件不一,企业的经济绩效也会存在差异,这有助于解释为何企业在环境战略方面表现出不一样的积极性。

(2)基于各变量的分组检验发现,高成长性企业的环境战略对环境绩效的促进作用更大,而低成长性企业的环境战略对其环境绩效的影响未能通过10%显著性检验;强市场竞争组的环境战略对环境绩效的影响通过了1%显著性检验,弱市场竞争组的环境战略对环境绩效的影响尽管通过了5%显著性检验,但系数值不足前者的一半。这一结果有助于解释为何企业同样实施环境战略,但其环境效果却大相径庭的现象。基于不同成长性和市场竞争性的分组检验结果显示,高成长性企业的环境战略对经济绩效没有显著影响,而低成长性企业的环境战略与经济绩效呈显著的正相关;市场竞争越激烈,环境战略越能带来明显的经济绩效。

(3)从企业环境战略的实施内容来看,环境战略的内容不一,其绩效表现也会不同。概括地说,企业实施积极的环境管理比环境合法性管理能带来更大的环境绩效和经济绩效,即积极的环境战略或前瞻型环境战略更有利于企业实现环境绩效和经济绩效的统一,实现可持续的长久竞争优势,这为中国企业开展积极的环境战略管理提供了理论支撑。

(4)从中国新环保法实施前后的效果对比来看,环境战略对环境绩效的促进作用在新环保法以后更加突出,但环境战略对经济绩效的提升作用普遍未能通过显著性检验,且这种影响在近几年不升反降,甚至呈负作用。这一研究结果与一些企业反映的新环保法加大了环境成本的事实基本吻合。

5.2 启示

基于此,本文从企业和政府两个视角提出如下政策建议:

(1)从企业视角看,环境战略能带来正向的环境绩效和经济绩效,这启示企业首先应树立正确的环境战略观和企业盈利观,明确企业的生存发展与环境保护并非相互对立,而是能实现二者的有机统一,通过实施积极的环境战略,不仅能提升企业的环境绩效,同时还能改进企业的经济绩效。随着中国生态文明建设的深入推进,企业在履行其环保社会责任的同时,也是在提升其长久竞争优势,因此,企业应该将环境战略作为企业战略的重要组成部分,从源头上树立科学的环境保护理念、建立健全环境管理体系、提升绿色技术创新能力、构建完备的环境信息披露制度等。其次,企业满足于环境合法性的环境战略并不能带来良好的环境绩效和经济绩效,因此企业应实施积极的前瞻型环境战略,将环境保护内化于企业文化建设中,全方位开展环境治理、加强全产业链和价值链的绿色管理、注重企业社会形象和积极承担企业社会责任,最终将收获良好的环境绩效和满意的经济绩效。当然,企业环境战略的侧重点会因企业发展阶段的不同会有所差异。

(2)从政府视角看,环境战略带来的环境绩效和经济绩效受市场竞争条件、环境法规等因素的影响,因此,作为市场管理者的政府,一方面应尽快完善市场机制、加强市场营商环境建设,促进企业竞争环境向公平、公正、有序的方向发展,引导企业实现从单纯的市场份额竞争向科技竞争转变,这既是提升我国国家现代化治理能力和治理水平的内在要求,也符合不断提升企业环境绩效的社会需要,同时还能满足企业利益最大化的诉求;另一方面,政府也要从服务企业的角度精准施策,帮助企业降低其遵守新环境法的成本,必要时还可设立相应的研发基金,引导企业积极开展绿色研发和创新活动,从而推动企业环境战略从环境合规性走向环境可持续性。

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张诩, 乔娟, 沈鑫琪. 养殖废弃物治理经济绩效及其影响因素: 基于北京市养殖场(户)视角
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DOI:10.18402/resci.2019.07.06URL [本文引用: 1]
养殖废弃物污染严重危害农村环境,但养殖场(户)往往缺乏养殖废弃物治理的积极性,而提高养殖废弃物治理经济绩效会大大提高养殖场(户)的治理积极性,这使得充分了解养殖场(户)的废弃物治理经济绩效及其影响因素显得尤为重要。本文运用DEA-Tobit两阶段模型分析北京市2017年调研数据,对养殖废弃物治理经济绩效进行测算并分析影响因素。研究发现:技术、管理及规模化对养殖废弃物治理的经济绩效有很强的促进作用,且技术与管理的促进作用大于规模化;养殖场(户)负责人偏好经营风险、养殖时间长、选择干清粪进一步选择机械干清、环评意愿强、周边农户施用粪肥积极性高对养殖废弃物治理经济绩效有显著正向影响,养殖场(户)愿意在适量的基础上进一步减少使用抗生素、约束类政策认知水平高对养殖废弃物治理经济绩效有显著负向影响;环境绩效高的养殖废弃物治理行为直接拉低其经济绩效,但能通过稳定社会关系对养殖废弃物治理经济绩效有促进作用。本文结论对提高养殖场(户)的治理积极性,进而提高养殖废弃物治理的环境与社会绩效,促进农业可持续发展具有一定理论和现实意义。
[ Zhang X, Qiao J, Shen X Q. Economic performance of livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment and influencing factors: Based on data of farms in Beijing
[J]. Resources Science, 2019,41(7):1250-1261.]

DOI:10.18402/resci.2019.07.06URL [本文引用: 1]
Pollution of livestock and poultry breeding waste seriously endangers the rural environment, but farms often lack the enthusiasm for the treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste. Improving the economic performance of livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment will greatly improve the enthusiasm of farm owners, therefore it is very important to fully understand the economic performance of the farms and its influencing factors. In this study, we imported the data from the 2017 survey in Beijing to measure the economic performance of livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment and analyze the influencing factors using the data envelopment analysis DEA-Tobit model. From the results, we found that technology, management, and scale of waste management all have a strong support for the economic performance, and the supporting roles of technology and management are greater than scale. Other factors that have a significant positive impact on the economic performance of livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment include higher business risk preference, long-term experience in breeding, advanced method of clearing the manure, strong willingness of conducting environmental impact assessment, and high enthusiasm of the surrounding farmers to apply manure. Factors such as farmers&#x02019; willing to reduce the use of antibiotics on an appropriate basis and the high level of binding policy cognition have a significant negative impact on the economic performance. Although livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment with high environmental performance can directly lower the economic performance of farms, it can also improve social relations. The conclusions of this study have important implications for improving the enthusiasm of farm owners for livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment, thereby improving the environmental and social performance of livestock and poultry breeding waste treatment and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

袁丽静, 郑晓凡. 环境规制、政府补贴对企业技术创新的耦合影响
[J]. 资源科学, 2017,39(5):911-923.

DOI:10.18402/resci.2017.05.11URL [本文引用: 1]
尽管世界各国都在致力于环境保护和经济增长的双赢发展,但是规制目标和规制效果之间的差距表明对此的研究仍需更进一步。以往文献多集中在环境规制和企业技术创新的单层关系剖析上,对政府干预的多政策耦合影响关注不够。本文基于优势互补视角,分析政府补贴在环境规制和企业技术创新中的协调作用,构建环境规制、政府补贴对企业技术创新的综合影响模型。研究发现:政府补贴的加入并没有影响环境规制与企业技术创新的&#x0201c;U型&#x0201d;关系,适当使用政府补贴反而可以弱化环境规制对技术创新的负面影响,促进企业提前开展技术创新。通过1998-2008年30个省份面板数据的验证,得出中国环境规制强度的阶段性门槛和政府补贴适度区间,进而提出不同地区环境规制和政府补贴配合使用的调整方案,为其他相关研究和政府政策设计提供新的思路和可能的借鉴。
[ Yuan L J, Zheng X F. Coupling induction of environmental regulation and government subsidy on enterprise technological innovation
[J]. Resources Science, 2017,39(5):911-923.]

DOI:10.18402/resci.2017.05.11URL [本文引用: 1]
Although lots of countries are committed to win-win development of environmental protection and economy growth, the gap between regulatory results and objectives shows that the study about the field still needs to go further. More attention has been paid to the single-layer relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise technological innovation, while the coupling induction of multi-policy was ignored. Nowadays one of the trends in the analysis of policy impact mechanisms is multi-policy study, since business decisions are the result under multiple policies in practice, and the effectiveness of individual policies is closely related to other policies. This paper analyzes the coordinative role of government subsidy between environmental regulation and enterprise technological innovation based on complementary advantages, and constructs a comprehensive influence model of environmental regulation and government subsidy to enterprise technological innovation. The study finds that the government subsidy does not affect the U-shaped relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise technological innovation, but the appropriate government subsidy can weaken the negative impact of environmental regulation on technological innovation and promote enterprises to implement technological innovation earlier. Through the analysis of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in 30 provinces during 1998-2008, the paper puts forward the threshold of the intensity of China's environmental regulation and the moderation range of government subsidy, and then proposes the adjustment plan of environmental regulation and government subsidy in different provinces, which contributes to related research and policy development.
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