Abstract The research on national park recreation is of great significance for protecting the national park ecosystem and meeting public recreation needs, and has recently become a hotspot in resource economics and recreation ecology. This article summarized and reviewed the status and achievements of national park recreation research between 2000 and 2019. The results show that: (1) Research on national park recreation in China and internationally has received extensive attention and the number of publications has shown a rapid growth. The existing research mainly focuses on the following seven aspects: national park recreation functional zoning, recreation industry, construction of recreation facilities, recreationist, recreation evaluation, environmental impact, and management. A research framework of “one foundation, four major themes, and two tools” was formed. (2) National park recreation research is mainly based on quantitative methods, supplemented by qualitative research. Research using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods based on national park big data and GIS spatial analysis technology needs to be focused on in the future. (3) Research on national park recreation in Europe and the United States developed earlier than in China, and a relatively complete set of national park recreation theories and management frameworks has been established. In contrast, research in China is still in the exploratory phase. More localized explorations have been carried out in the field of national parks recreation, providing Chinese cases for international research, but theoretical development is relatively insufficient. Based on these findings, the article proposed the following research focus on national park recreation in China in the future: strengthening basic theoretical research, improving evaluation methods, conducting multidisciplinary research on visitors, and improving research on recreation management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to enriching the research on China’s national parks and providing some guidance for Chinese national park recreation management. Keywords:national park;functional zoning;recreational value;environmental impact;recreation management
PDF (5632KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 李洪义, 吴儒练, 田逢军. 近20年国内外国家公园游憩研究综述. 资源科学[J], 2020, 42(11): 2210-2223 doi:10.18402/resci.2020.11.13 LI Hongyi, WU Rulian, TIAN Fengjun. A review of research on national park recreation in the past 20 years. RESOURCES SCIENCE[J], 2020, 42(11): 2210-2223 doi:10.18402/resci.2020.11.13
游憩是国家公园的重要功能之一[3,4]。在国家公园语境下,“游憩”与“旅游”实际上是一体两面[5],本文统一使用“国家公园游憩”这一概念表述。随着中国国家公园体制试点工作的顺利推进和人们对休闲游憩需求的日益增长,国家公园游憩问题受到了社会各界的极大关注。探讨这一兼具时代性和国民公益性的话题对中国国家公园体制试点区建设和提升国民游憩福利都具有重要意义。从全球范围来看,西方国家在国家公园建立之初就一直倡导在国家公园开展游憩活动[3],赋予国民基本游憩权利。在学术层面,有关国家公园游憩的研究可追溯到1928年美国国家公园管理局Story[6]发表的《Recreation and Education in our National Parks》,该文论述了国家公园对于美国青少年开展自然教育和户外游憩活动的重要意义。国内对国家公园游憩的研究始于20世纪80年代,同济大学吴承照[7]、北京林业大学张玉钧[8]等较早涉足该领域,研究成果卓著。目前国家公园游憩已经成为多学科研究者关注的热点,相关研究不断深入。本文拟对近20年国内外有关国家公园游憩研究文献进行系统性的回顾和梳理,厘清国家公园游憩研究脉络,分析研究不足及提出展望,为今后国家公园游憩研究和体制试点建设提供启示。
2 文献来源
在Science Direct数据库以“标题=national park AND 主题=recreation OR tourism OR travel OR visitor”,时间跨度从2000—2019年进行文献检索,剔除与研究主题不相关文献、重复文献,共检索到365篇外文文献。同时,在中国知网期刊数据库和硕博学位论文数据库以“国家公园”或“自然保护地”为关键词、以“游憩”“旅游”为主题进行检索,然后对检索结果去重、整理,最终得到从2000—2019年10月547篇研究文献,其中期刊论文362篇,占66.2%;学位论文185篇,占33.8%。近20年国家公园游憩研究文献数量变化如图1所示。从图1可以看出,2000—2002年相关研究较少,每年发表论文少于10篇,2003—2007年文献数量起伏较大,随后3年又缓慢增长。2013年国内研究达到一个高峰,单年发表论文56篇,近5年国内外每年发表的论文超过20篇。总体上,文献数量呈增长趋势,表明国家公园游憩研究越来越受到国内外****的关注。
业态(Type of Operation)一词最早源自日本零售业,21世纪初被引入游憩领域[19]。国家公园游憩业态是依托游憩功能区,以满足游憩者观赏游览、运动康体、休闲娱乐、文化体验、自然教育等需求的各种游憩产品、服务和活动的总和。国家公园游憩业态内涵丰富、种类多样,具有多维的价值功能,发展游憩业是增进国民“绿色福祉”的重要举措,然而,不同业态的经营发展对国家公园生态环境的影响程度有较大差异(表3)。近20年来,以自然教育、研学旅行等为代表的国家公园新兴生态型游憩业态蓬勃发展,备受学界关注。Lewis[20]较早对美国黄石国家公园的自然教育产品、环境解说服务及生态科研项目发展情况进行了分析。美国Theodore Roosevelt国家公园针对青少年设置了远程网络课程、亲子教育项目以及少年骑兵等教育项目[21]。李霞[22]构建了武夷山国家公园自然教育体系框架,王蕾[23]编制了湖北神农架国家公园研学手册。
Table 3 表3 表3国家公园游憩业态的类型、载体及其环境影响 Table 3Types, activities, and environmental impacts of national park recreational industry
游憩环境影响是指由于对游憩者管理不当或过度的游憩活动而对国家公园脆弱的生态环境造成的冲击,以致出现难以恢复甚至是毁灭性的后果[58]。研究者认为,游憩环境影响研究始于美国****Bates[59]在20世纪30年代发表的一篇关于户外游憩的论文。1998年,Hammitt等[60]在《游憩生态学》一书中对20世纪50年代以来美国国家公园荒野游憩生态影响机理与管理研究成果进行了系统总结,被认为是该领域的里程碑之作,极大推动了国家公园游憩环境影响研究的纵深发展。在此之后,学术界针对国家公园游憩活动如何影响环境和生态系统以及怎样评估这种影响展开研究,形成以下研究成果:(1)游憩对环境和生态系统的影响机理。主要体现在两个方面:一是对环境体系各类自然要素的影响。其中,对土壤、植被等固定性自然要素的影响行为主要是践踏、露营等,导致土壤侵蚀、游步道退化、景观格局变化等;对移动性自然要素如水、动物等的影响行为主要是污染、干扰、捕杀等,以及因土壤、植被被破坏而连带的冲击[7,61,62],造成野生动物栖息地遭受破坏,物种数量减少。二是对国家公园敏感区域的生态系统冲击[59,60,61]。游憩活动主要通过对自然要素的影响进而影响到整个生态系统的功能(物质存储、能源固定和循环等)、种群结构和组成、分布以及自然地生态系统的基本演替模式[7,63],致使国家公园环境脆弱性增强、生态系统功能弱化。(2)游憩环境影响的定量评价。近20年来,国内外对游憩环境影响的定量化研究逐渐兴盛,人们越来越认识到量化评价在国家公园游憩管理和规划方面的多种实践意义[64]。尽管游憩利用对环境的影响机制极为复杂,有效的定量评价较为困难,但仍有众多****进行了大量实证研究,创造了一些行之有效的评价方法,主要包括实验法(Experiments)、实测法(Field Surveys)和调查法(Questionnaires)[64]。如Cole等[65]运用实验法研究了美国怀俄明州Wind River Mountains野营地游憩影响的空间形式,Judova等[62]调查研究了斯洛伐克Tatra国家公园户外游憩活动对公园水生态和土壤的影响。
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