Review of data preparation for rural settlement evolution research
LIHuanhuan1,2,, SONGWei1,, ZHANGYan2 1. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China2. School of Earth Science and Resource, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; 通讯作者:通讯作者:宋伟,E-mail: songw@igsnrr.ac.cn 收稿日期:2018-06-14 修回日期:2018-11-13 网络出版日期:2019-04-25 版权声明:2019《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41671177)中国标准化研究院项目“标准起草专家数据库专题研究”地球观测与时空信息科学国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室经费项目(201807) 作者简介: -->作者简介:李换换,女,山西临汾人,硕士,主要研究方向为土地资源管理。E-mail: lihh_wyh@163.com
关键词:农村居民点;演化;数据制备;历史文献;地形图;遥感信息;综述 Abstract Accurate and complete spatial distribution data of rural settlements provide a critical support for studying the evolution of rural settlements. Since rural settlements are characterized by small-scale and scattered distribution, it is hard to acquire a long-term and high-resolution rural settlement dataset. Focusing on the development of rural settlement data preparation, this article reviews the sources, acquisition methods, spatiotemporal resolution, and accuracy of different rural settlement datasets for the long-term, medium-term, and short-term temporal spans, respectively. It also summarizes the applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of different data acquisition methods. The results show that for studies on a medium and a long term, historical documents and digitized topographic maps are the main sources for acquiring spatial distribution of rural settlements, and missing regional data is the main difficulty in creating such datasets. For short-term studies, spatial data acquired through modern technologies, such as satellite remote sensing and aerial remote sensing, can provide high-resolution data to delineate rural settlements. However, acquiring high-resolution imageries often becomes the primary difficulty in the process of data preparation owing to its high price and poor accessibility. In response to the above problems, we should pay attention to the integration of history, archaeology, and other disciplines, and expand the sources of historical information about rural settlements. We should also make full use of free high-resolution imageries, such as Google Earth and Gaofen-2, coupled with image interpretation, oral history, field surveys, and household visits in order to construct a complete picture of spatial distribution of rural settlements and fully achieve data sharing.
在IGBP等国际研究计划的推动下,百年以前LUCC数据的历史重建工作已取得很多重要成 果[24,25,26,27],例如过去300年全球土地覆被数据集的建立。但这些成果主要集中在对耕地、林地、草地等用地数据的重建,而关于农村居民点甚至是建设用地的数据重建成果很少。目前,在有限的研究中,百年以上农村居民点的数据制备多采用历史文献、存档地形图或多种数据获取手段相结合的方式进行。 将农村居民点或村落研究与历史学相结合,通过研究农村居民点或乡村聚落的历史空间演化及其驱动力,探索农村发展的历史传承性,是农村居民点空间演化研究的一项重要内容。但是,在百年以上时间跨度上,无论是农村居民点数量数据还是空间数据,其信息的获取均存在一定困难,致使这一时期农村居民点历史演化研究的进展相对缓慢。直到20世纪80年代之后,随着一大批方志、档案、调查资料、家谱、文书等历史资料的整理出版,相关数据制备才成为可能。历史乡村聚落的空间研究逐渐受到****们的重视,相关研究内容也不断丰富。利用这些历史资料,研究者们开展了上至秦、汉,下至明清和当代不同时期的农村居民点演化研究,并完成了相关的农村居民点数据制备工作(表1)。在区域上主要涉及经济较为发达的中国东部地区,例如江苏、广东、山东、北京等;在内容上,研究者们先后开展了乡村聚落的空间分布及区域差异性研究[33,34]、乡村聚落规模等级的探讨[32]、聚落空间格局的演变及影响因素分析[21,29]等研究工作。 Table 1 表1 表1百年以上时间跨度农村居民点数据制备典型案例 Table 1Typical cases for the preparation of historical data of rural settlements over the time span of a hundred years
随着测量技术的发展,尤其是三角测量方法的创立,世界各国纷纷开展了大地测量工作,并根据实地测量结果绘制地形图。这些地形图不仅拥有准确的方位和比例尺,也有较高的精度,能够在地图上描绘出地表形态的细节,可实现地理信息的空间化显示,从而为地理空间数据的获取提供了极大的便利。因此,测绘地形图的出现,尤其是各国大比例尺地形图的绘制,为近50年时间跨度的农村居民点数据制备提供了新的手段。 世界各国开始进行测绘地形图的绘制时间差异较大,但将其数据应用于地理学研究,特别是应用于农村居民点的演化研究,则主要是从近几十年才开始(表2)。这些研究所用的地形图比例尺从1:2000到1:50 000不等;在研究时段上,国内主要是在中华人民共和国成立后,而国外的研究时段则相对较早;在研究内容方面,主要是利用地形图提取多期农村居民点的空间分布数据,如从地形图中提取北京市大兴区1970年代末的农村居民点分布[35];从1980—1985年、2000—2004年调绘的1:1万地形图中提取重庆市南川区农村居民点的空间数据[36];以及从1945、1989、1991、1994、2003年的地形图中提取希腊不同地区两种传统的农村居民点分布数据等[37]。虽然利用地形图开展农村居民点的研究工作主要是将研究时期延伸到近50年,但由于国外相关数据较为完备,历史数据也保留得较好,因而也有部分研究者将工作向前延伸到近200—300年。其中比较典型的案例是基于较早期的匈牙利军事测绘地形图,获取1782、1846、1876年等三个不同年份的历史农村居民点数据[39]。 Table 2 表2 表2近50年时间跨度上地形图用于农村居民点数据制备典型案例 Table 2Typical cases of using topographic maps to acquire rural settlements data on a time span of 50 years
农村居民点数据制备是对农村居民点研究及其深入分析的重要基础,未来对农村居民点的分析,将会在数据制备方面投入更多关注和研究力度。其中,中期和长期时间跨度的农村居民点数据制备更多地受人文地理及历史地理学相关领域****关注,而近30年来农村居民点数据制备对自然地理中农村居民点相关研究也必不可少。 目前,不同时间跨度的农村居民点数据制备方法均具有各自的局限性及其适用性。中期和长期时间跨度上,由于现代技术无能为力,只能尽可能地对历史资料进行搜集、整理,因此对资料缺失地域的文史资料、口述资料等产品的整理、归档显得尤为重要。而短时期数据的制备,主要是基于遥感技术获取数据,特别是利用中高精度遥感影像监测土地利用变化,根据地物光谱特征及波段信息进行农村居民点的遥感解译。 为突破不同时期农村居民点数据制备的难题,今后,应针对不同的问题,提出具体的深入研究方向。在中期和长期时间跨度,由于历史学研究中,保存相对完备的史料信息完全可以为地理学中历史村落的研究提供相关的数据支撑,因此,应注重学科间的融合,多借鉴历史学、考古学等学科知识,广泛搜集历史居民点信息,并加强中、长期时间跨度农村居民点数据库和历史资料电子化存储体系构建,将史料记载中的坐落信息进行空间化示意,形成不同时期村落位置图集,将不同时期不同地域研究成果电子化入库,形成完善的数据保存体系。对于依赖于遥感解译的短时期数据制备,应根据农村居民点自身特殊性,深入解析农村居民点及其内部各地类的谱间结构特征,探索利用深度学习、大数据、中高低分辨率遥感影像融合等方法,寻找适用于农村居民点的遥感解译算法,提高解译精度;同时尽可能利用Google Earth、高分二号等免费高精度遥感影像,降低高分辨率影像获取成本,这也是未来研究中需要重点突破的方向。 最后,地域资料缺失,是数据制备过程中一直无法突破的瓶颈问题。须要充分挖掘利用好已经拍摄的早期航空影像数据及地形图等资料,充分利用无人机监测等现代化技术手段,对人工地面测量难以获取的地域资料进行实时收集,做到资料获取全覆盖。此外,由于单一的信息获取技术手段各有优劣,耦合遥感解译、口述历史、实地调查和入户访问等多种手段,构建一套完备的农村居民点空间数据集,充分实现数据共享,将对农村居民点演化研究大有裨益。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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