Accessibility to medical care services of urban residents based on internet map service in Kaifeng City
ZHENGZhicheng1,, ZHANGLijun1,, QINYaochen1,2, XIEZhixiang1, RONGPeijun1, LIYang1 1. Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions/ College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China2. Collaborative Innovation Center on Urban and Rural Harmonious Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China 通讯作者:通讯作者:张丽君,E-mail: zlj7happy@163.com 收稿日期:2018-04-2 修回日期:2018-05-24 网络出版日期:2018-11-20 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41501588, 41671536)中国博士后基金项目(2016M600575)河南省哲学社会科学规划项目(2014CJJ065) 作者简介: -->作者简介:郑智成,男,河南焦作人,硕士生,主要从事低碳生态城市研究。E-mail: zzc3148@163.com
关键词:互联网地图服务;就医可达性;形成机制;居住区;开封市 Abstract Developing traffic routes and time-consumption tools based on Internet map service by Web crawler program, the spatial variation’ pattern of self-driving mode medical accessibility of residential areas in the peak and off-peak periods in Kaifeng city by weighted optimal time path model. Combined with house prices spatial big data explore its formation mechanism from the urban expansion and others. We found that in the frequency distribution of medical accessibility level in Kaifeng, hospitals showed obvious hierarchical characteristics. The number of basic hospitals at the "middle" accessibility level in the peak period is better than the off-peak period. The level of medical accessibility also shows significant spatial variation’ pattern and spatial agglomeration characteristics in the spatial pattern, and declines from the old city to the peripheral area. The change of accessibility level at peak time is the result of transformation of other accessibility level to varying degrees, and peak travel has the most significant impact on the accessibility of the residential area in the old urban boundary. Analysis and discovery the spatial mismatch of new urban area and the original hospital caused by rapid urban built-up areas expansion and the key development direction of urban planning limit the accessibility of self-driving mode medical treatment in the residential land of the new urban area. In addition, the spatial pattern of self-driving mode medical accessibility in Kaifeng was formed by the traffic status, history continuation, combination of medical treatment preference and market economy.
Keywords:internet map service;medical accessibility;formation mechanism;residential area;Kaifeng -->0 PDF (11929KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 郑智成, 张丽君, 秦耀辰, 谢志祥, 荣培君, 李阳. 基于互联网地图服务的开封市就医可达性分析[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(11): 2307-2316 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.11.16 ZHENGZhicheng, ZHANGLijun, QINYaochen, XIEZhixiang, RONGPeijun, LIYang. Accessibility to medical care services of urban residents based on internet map service in Kaifeng City[J]. RESOURCES SCIENCE, 2018, 40(11): 2307-2316 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2018.11.16
通常而言,中心城区是城市各项社会经济活动的主要发生地,承载着大量的城市人口,也是道路交通条件最为复杂和拥堵的区域,因此本文以开封市为例(图1),选取包括老城区、新城区(西城区)、东城区与南城区在内的主城区部分作为可达性评价界限。老城区内的建筑多为1985年以来的仿古老建筑,空间结构变化相对较小,居住区较为破碎;新城区多为现代高层建筑,以居住用地规模较大;南城区主要依托陇海铁路而发展,居住空间形态较为混合;东城区为开封的工业廊道,工业用地与居住用地交错分布。近年来随着郑汴一体化、中原城市群的推进,开封的城市建设逐步向外围扩展,城市各个分区发展差异明显,新城区成为城市发展扩张的重要方向。由此衍生的城市空间资源配置公平性、交通拥堵问题,加上城市各种流行病频发和人口老龄化问题愈加凸显,这对城市公共设施中的医疗卫生资源提出了巨大的挑战。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1研究区域 -->Figure 1Location of the study area in Kaifeng -->
考虑到居民对于医疗急救需求的紧迫性,研究选取并筛选出具备手术能力的医疗机构30家,按照《综合医院分级管理标准(试行草案)》[32],一级医院主要承担一般常见病和基本公共卫生等服务;二级医院除能提供一级医院服务外,还提供重症医疗服务。一级或二级医院在医护人员数量、医疗救治水平方面相对较弱,一般不会吸引较远地区的居民;三级医院医疗设施规模较大,技术力量雄厚,承担重疑难病症的诊治,因此除满足周边居民的需求外也会吸引距离较远的居民。宋正娜等研究发现居民在选择就医时更多考虑的是医疗设施的医疗技术水平[20],并且开封市一级、二级医院的医护数和床位数较少,参照钟少颖等对一般性医院的划分对医院进行重分类[17]。将未划分等级的医院归类为基本医院,一级甲等和二级甲等并规为基础医院,三级甲等和三级乙等为优质医院,同时对某个医院的附属分院也视为多个医院来看待。研究区域内共包含4000多个建筑小区,各类基础要素数据的描述性统计见表1。 Table 1 表1 表1数据要素统计 Table 1Data elements statistics
本文对于多源数据的采集主要来自高德地图的API模块(https://lbs.amap.com/),开发者通过API,利用python脚本语言实现与网络地图的丰富交互。交通线路和时耗获取是通过构造爬虫,利用高德地图导航服务功能来批量获取两点间的交通时距。可达性的速度测定来自于实时路况反馈,比以往基于规划时速赋值更为精确。具体技术路线:①起始点,向高德地图API编写代码,构建网页端应用程序,批量解析出一定范围内的建筑物轮廓信息,提取其质心位置作为起点坐标;②目标点,向高德批量请求医院POI,将其转换后坐标位置作为目的地点;③交通线路和时耗,将准备好的对应OD矩阵导入ArcGIS,通过设置出行方式和优化路径,这里分别选用一个居住面和一家医院作为起始样本点(图2)。在使用高德地图导航功能时(https://www.amap.com/),系统会推荐3条路径,其中推荐路径1耗时最短,故本研究统一选用高德荐路径1作为采集数据源,最终生成所有起始目标的最优导航路径和时距(图3)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2导航路径和时耗 -->Figure 2Navigation path and time consumption -->
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3非高峰期最优导航路径和时耗 -->Figure 3Off-peak optimal navigation path and time consumption -->
根据公式(1)计算的可达性结果,借助GIS几何间隔分类法(以非高峰值为标准)将其划分为“极差”(0.02~0.08)、“差”(0.08~0.09)、“中等”(0.09~0.14)、“好”(0.14~1.10)、“极好”(>1.10)五个等级。按照所划分可达性等级计算高峰与非高峰期居住小区数量的分布频率和累积频率,以及医院等级所占比重(图4)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图4就医可达性等级频率分布 -->Figure 4Frequency distribution of medical accessibility level -->
为了剖析各居住区到医院可达性的内部差异和整体空间分布特征,按照上述综合可达性等级将其在空间上进行可视化,并将不同时态的可达性变化明显区段以红色圆圈进行区分,部分等级未曾发生改变的以黑色线段进行划分,分析结果如图5所示。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图5就医可达性等级空间分布 -->Figure 5Spatial distribution of medical accessibility level -->
相较传统空间距离测度的就医可达性研究,基于互联网地图服务的加权最优时间路径更符合居民出行选择的实际情况,且测度的实时性也使得可达性研究的时态意义更为鲜明。其测度更为精确、便捷,为可达性的研究提供了更加微观精细化研究的视角,也为深入分析其驱动形成机制提供了新的切入点。针对开封市自驾就医可达性反映出的种种问题,同时也是对中国大部分城市基础设施配置问题的一种折射,在未来的城市规划和管理中,应该尽量规避此类情况的再次呈现。 (1)对于时间就是生命的医疗急救而言,考虑高峰期对其可达性的影响尤为重要。因此在技术平台上,有必要构建反映实时交通状况的就医可达性评估模型来及时优化就医出行路径,提升老城区和新城区等不同城市空间居民就诊效率。 (2)政策体制上,决不能一味追求经济效益而忽略公共服务水平,尤其对于“倒金字塔”式的医疗资源,应加强对基础和基本型医院建设的扶持,不断提升其等级层次及辐射范围,推动医疗资源配置向均等化方向发展。同时放宽对医院资源规划准入的限制,跳出老城区新建优质性医院,使其随城市发展的趋势和区域人口的需求自由调整。规划中应更加注重对未来城市扩张和扩张方向的重视,加强对市场经济的管控,限制在新城区、城市边缘等各项服务配套不足的居住区的超前开发。 (3)本文出行路径数据只选取了某一天的高峰与非高峰两个时段进行采样,因此在不同的日期和时间段都会出现不同的结果。在对可达性空间格局以及其形成机制的分析中,由于缺乏各居住区的具体人口规模数据和居民行为偏好调查数据,研究结果与实际就医可达性仍存在偏差,这些问题是今后研究需要努力改善的方向。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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