删除或更新信息,请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

全球生产网络与本土创新网络的战略耦合动态——以中国生物医药产业为例

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-29

王璐玮,1, 汪涛,1,2,*, 张晗11.南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京 210023
2.江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,南京 210023

Dynamic change of strategic coupling between global production networks and indigenous innovation networks: Take China's biopharmaceutical industry as an example

WANG Luwei,1, WANG Tao,1,2,*, ZHANG Han11. School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China

通讯作者: 汪涛(1970-),女,安徽池州人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为技术与区域创新。E-mail: wangtao@njnu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2021-01-6接受日期:2021-10-21
基金资助:江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目(2020SJZDA135)
2021年江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1285)


Received:2021-01-6Accepted:2021-10-21
作者简介 About authors
王璐玮(1994-),女,山东郓城人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为技术与区域创新。E-mail: 871609371@qq.com





摘要
构建显示性比较优势指数,分析“走出去”全球化下中国医药产业的国际竞争力;识别企业战略连接类型,分析“引进来”全球化下生物医药全球生产网络(GPN)与本土创新网络(IIN)间的战略耦合过程;运用超效率SBM模型,测度GPN-IIN战略耦合目标实现的达成效率,并从静、动态视角探究其时空变化的原因。发现:① 中国医药产业通过转口、代加工进入北美市场的难度加大,东盟、金砖国家成为其重要的出口对象,与欧盟加强贸易有助于其形成高标准的自由贸易协定网络。② 2000—2006年,多数外商直接投资(FDI)企业形成“两头在外”的产业布局,在GPN中处于被俘虏地位,大多内资企业学习能力不足,处于IIN边缘。2007—2013年,部分FDI企业由GPN价值链末端向高端转移,部分内资企业由IIN边缘向核心转移,但转移过程中具有强松脚性。2014—2019年,GPN-IIN战略耦合克服上一阶段嵌入不足、松脚性等问题,两者间的关系通道日益增多和稳固。③ GPN-IIN耦合绩效经历了“大分散、小集聚→简单结构孕育→局部结构构建→级联秩序分异”的演变,在此过程中技术进步对其促进效果最强,规模效率次之,纯技术效率最弱。而限制其提升的主要原因从价值链低端锁定、企业类型晋升不足向企业类型退化冗余、社会关系松弛,再向境外业务拓展乏力、资本-技术脱钩过渡。
关键词: 全球生产网络;本土创新网络;GPN-IIN战略耦合;GPN-IIN耦合绩效

Abstract
We analyzed the international competitiveness of China's pharmaceutical industry under the ‘going out’ globalization strategy by constructing an Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, and synchronously analyzed the strategic coupling process between global production networks (GPN) and indigenous innovation networks (IIN) of China's biopharmaceutical industry under the ‘bringing in’ globalization strategy by identifying strategic connection types among enterprises. The super-efficiency SBM model was used to measure the GPN-IIN coupling performance, which reflects the city's efficiency in achieving the optimal goal of GPN-IIN strategic coupling. And reasons for spatiotemporal changes of GPN-IIN coupling performance were further explored from a static and dynamic perspective. Results showed that: (1) It is increasingly difficult for China's pharmaceutical industry to enter the North American market through re-export and processing trade. ASEAN and BRICS have become important export markets for China's pharmaceutical industry. Strengthening trade with the EU will help China form a high-standard free trade agreement network. (2) In 2000-2006, most FDI enterprises formed an industrial chain layout of ‘two heads out’ and were in a captured position in GPN. Most domestic enterprises had insufficient learning capabilities and were at the edge of IIN. In 2007-2013, some FDI enterprises shifted from the low-end of GPN value chain to high-end, and some domestic enterprises shifted from the edge of IIN to the core, but the transfer process had a strong loose footing. In 2014-2019, GPN-IIN strategic coupling overcame the problems of ‘insufficient embedding’ and ‘loose feet’, and relationship channels between GPN and IIN were increasingly stable. (3) GPN-IIN coupling performance had undergone the evolution of ‘large dispersion, small agglomeration → simple structure incubation → partial structure construction → differentiation of cascading order’. In this process, technological progress had the strongest promotion effect on GPN-IIN coupling performance, followed by scale efficiency, and pure technical efficiency was the weakest. Main reasons for restricting GPN-IIN coupling performance evolved along the path of ‘low-end lock-in of the value chain and insufficient promotion of enterprise types → excessive degeneration of enterprise types and slack social relationship → weakening of overseas business expansion and decoupling of capital-technological’.
Keywords:global production networks;indigenous innovation networks;GPN-IIN strategic coupling;GPN-IIN coupling performance


PDF (10914KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文
本文引用格式
王璐玮, 汪涛, 张晗. 全球生产网络与本土创新网络的战略耦合动态——以中国生物医药产业为例[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(12): 3314-3332 doi:10.11821/dlyj020210010
WANG Luwei, WANG Tao, ZHANG Han. Dynamic change of strategic coupling between global production networks and indigenous innovation networks: Take China's biopharmaceutical industry as an example[J]. Geographical Research, 2021, 40(12): 3314-3332 doi:10.11821/dlyj020210010


1 引言

在贸易投资自由化的推动下,中国逐步升级为GPN的区域性枢纽。各地政府试图通过筑巢引凤、市场换技术等策略快速融入到由西方资本主导的GPN中,但又不得不面对产业链“两头在外”“低端锁定”的风险,尤其这种风险更易发生在生物医药等新兴产业领域。因此,中国亟须探讨“新兴产业如何在由GPN牵动的外循环和由IIN驱动的内循环间实现优势转化,促进外向经济与区块创新高效耦合”这一科学问题。

GPN是指一组控制生产的组织和分布、在功能和运作上相互联系的企业网络[1]。随着领导厂商内部生产系统的跨境延伸,企业间的个体竞争逐渐被企业网络联合体之间的群体竞争所取代,GPN已扩展为全球经济运行的主要组织形式。GPN分析框架综合纳入了地理学的空间性和社会学的嵌入性,在历经“价值链全球商品链全球价值链GPN 1.0GPN 2.0”的理论演化后[2],对全球生产空间的等级性特征和价值捕捉动态轨迹拥有了更强的解释力。国际贸易和FDI分别以产品流和资本流的形式将GPN具象化,进而映射其内部关联关系的变动[3],成为探究GPN嵌入性和权变性[4,5]、GPN内价值链攀升[2,6-8]、GPN创新溢出[9]的重要切入点。部分****从国际贸易视角出发,根据进出口数据、国家投入产出表,运用加工贸易比例法、中间产品贸易量法或Hummels投入产出法等,从中观、宏观尺度探析GPN嵌入主体(集群、省市、地区、国家)实现区域升级(regional upgrading)的方式及其发生机制[4,6,10];部分****从FDI视角出发,根据调查问卷、企业年报、行业数据等,利用案例分析等定性方法或全要素生产率分解等定量方法,从微观尺度探究FDI企业和内资企业联合重塑GPN的作用机理[5,9,11]。各种国际资源流动的“趋中国化”,使GPN理论对中国“产品高标准走出去”和“外资高质量引进来”的指导作用愈加重要。

创新是催生区域发展新动能、提升当地产业在GPN中分工地位的关键。知识的本地蜂鸣和跨界流动,使创新空间由等级化向网络化演变,呈现出以关系视角替代结构视角、以流动空间替代地方空间的理论转向,创新网络范式逐渐兴起。相关研究主要集中在创新网络空间特征及其结构效应[12,13]、创新网络演化及其机制[14,15]、创新主体异质性及创新溢出[16,17]等方面,而较少涉及到IIN与其他系统间的交互作用。在经济全球化和区域一体化背景下,国际分工和地方协作并存,新兴产业升级被广泛认为是全球-地方彼此依赖、相互响应的动态过程,明晰GPN和IIN间协同发展的传导和阻梗机制,有利于推动新兴产业转型。

战略耦合作为GPN研究的核心概念之一,是用于解释区域与GPN发生关系的变量[1]。****们认为某区域与GPN耦合的方式,决定了其经济发展前景,并在后续研究中对韩国、新加坡、中国等亚洲新兴区域展开实证分析,全面论述了战略耦合的类型和影响机制[18-20]。Mackinnon认为上述研究过于静态,主张将战略耦合描述成“耦合-解耦合-重耦合”的过程[21]。随后,Yeung从动态视角重新归纳出功能耦合、原生耦合、结构耦合三种战略耦合模式,并引入GPN这一动态变量,构筑出区域发展的基本路径[22]。自此,更多****开始探究耦合主体间的动态行为逻辑。例如,徐海英等从垂直和水平两个维度分析韩资汽车企业的价值捕获轨迹,总结了苏北、苏南在GPN与区域发展战略耦合上的模式差异[2];Nilsen通过分析海洋石油跨国企业与当地资源的耦合过程,揭示了不同价值链节点的跨国企业对东道国经济的复杂效应[23]。随着战略耦合理论日趋成熟,不少****指出应将已有的大量经济地理学成果纳入其中,涉及区域创新系统、协作经济体、产业集群等因素的研究有待丰富[1]

早期,中国生物医药产业凭借“三来一补”政策,积累了大量在GPN中当学徒的经验。随着本土相关技术的快速发展,中国更加重视通过市场竞争和创新合作全面参与到国际分工中:在GPN中低端分工环节,南通创信、北京阿尔玛生物等FDI企业先对内资企业产生挤出效应,后在各地逐底竞争中撤离当地市场;在GPN中端分工环节,正大天晴等FDI企业通过建立稳固的供销网络、天坛生物等国有企业通过对内资企业整合,逐渐发展为区域性骨干企业,在国内、国际市场间建立起更加开放的联系路径,FDI企业与内资企业在争夺市场的同时,不乏开展横向技术合作;在GPN高端分工环节,由西方大型跨国企业主导的产业格局难以改变,但药明康德、智飞生物等少数中国企业开始进入,在部分尚未形成垄断的领域实现了突破。FDI在当地投资企业是GPN资本流的重要表现形式,而内资企业又是IIN的主要参与者,因此,FDI企业与大量内资企业在空间上集聚并建立的战略连接,在一定程度上反映了全球-地方战略耦合的动态[24]。基于此,文章构建显示性比较优势指数,从国家宏观尺度分析“走出去”全球化下中国医药产业的国际竞争力;识别FDI企业与内资企业间的战略连接,从企业微观层面分析“引进来”全球化下中国生物医药产业的GPN-IIN战略耦合过程;并运用超效率SBM模型测度GPN-IIN战略耦合绩效,从城市中观视角剖析其时空演变的原因。

2 数据来源和研究方法

2.1 数据来源

外贸数据来自International Trade Center数据库,以中国为主贸易国,北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)、金砖国家(BRICS)、东盟(ASEAN)、欧盟(EU)、《非洲增长与机遇法案》受益国(AGOA)、加勒比共同体(CARICOM)、西非经济货币联盟(WAEMU)、南方共同市场(MERCOSUR)为贸易伙伴,选择4位产品编码,收集2001—2019年中国及上述组织医药产品和所有产品的全球贸易额和双边贸易额。

专利数据来自万方和incoPat数据库,① 根据生物医药技术IPC代码,从万方数据库中收集2000—2019年15241条合作专利信息,借助C++程序构建生物医药IIN;② 根据上述获取的专利申请号,在incoPat数据库中匹配性批量检索,导出专利合享价值度。

企业数据来自企查查、DingTalk数据库和企业年报,① 以“生物医药”为经营范围,分别以“科学研究和技术服务业-研究和实验发展-医疗研究和实验发展”“制造业-医药制造业”“批发和零售业-批发业-医药及医疗器材批发”“批发和零售业-零售业-医药及医疗器材专门零售”为限制条件进行4次检索,收集企业名称、状态、成立日期、地址、参保人数、企业类型和行业、主营范围、股权图谱等信息;② 上述4次检索中存在重复项,且部分企业的重要信息缺失,对此进行剔除,保留7173个企业样本,包括1404家外资/中外合资企业(FDI企业)和5769家内资企业;③ 按行业、主营范围将企业划分为上中下游企业,上游企业所属研究和试验发展行业,主营生物医药技术开发、成果转让等,中游企业所属制造业,主营生物医药中间体生产、药剂制造等,下游企业所属批发和零售业,主营生化药品销售、质检服务等;④ 根据样本名单,在DingTalk上匹配性收集企业的核心人员连锁任职数据(人员姓名、职务和关联企业的名称、地址等),根据图1a构建有向的连锁任职网络;⑤ 上述部分缺失数据从各企业年报中补充。

图1

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图1连锁任职网络的方向和企业战略连接的空间整合

Fig. 1Direction of chain position network and spatial integration of enterprises' strategic connection



2.2 研究方法

2.2.1 显示性比较优势指数的构建

显示性比较优势指数RCA反映了一国某产业出口在世界同类产业出口中的地位[25],一般认为当RCA≥0.80时,一国某产业出口才具备国际竞争优势。然而,部分****指出只要一国某产业的RCA>0,就表明该国在相应产业上具有一定的比较优势,且RCA越大,产业出口竞争力越大[26]。为比较中国与不同组织间的双边贸易情况,文章对RCA进行改进(公式1)。

$RCA_n^k = \frac{{EX_n^k/EX_{wn}^k}}{{E{X_n}/E{X_{wn}}}}$
式中:EXnkEXwnk分别表示中国和全球医药产业向n组织出口的贸易额;EXnEXwn分别表示中国和全球所有产业向n组织出口的贸易额。

2.2.2 基于战略连接的企业类型识别

FDI企业与内资企业是否建立连接,是一种战略性安排,有效反映了GPN-IIN战略耦合的过程:一方面,FDI企业从全球布局的战略高度出发,由经济嵌入转向技术嵌入,在当地结网、扎根[27],逐步将内资企业纳入到GPN分工体系中;另一方面,内资企业在FDI带来的示范、溢出和竞争效应下[28],主动或被动地参与“引进来”的全球化,不断将FDI企业融入到IIN生态系统中。据此,基于战略连接将生物医药企业划分为五种类型(表1)。

Tab. 1
表1
表1生物医药企业类型划分及其战略连接特征
Tab. 1Classification of biopharmaceutical enterprises and their strategic connection characteristics
类型划分标准战略连接特征
GPN依附式未与内资企业或本土组织发生技术合作的FDI企业本土不结网
IIN依附式未与FDI企业发生技术合作的内资企业本土网络封闭
互惠式与同城市群的内资企业或本土组织发生技术合作的FDI企业;与同城市群的FDI企业发生技术合作的内资企业在GPN和IIN之间建立本地连接
GPN吸收式与内资企业或本土组织存在跨城市群技术合作的FDI企业全球化→本地化→区域化(图1b)(异地连接)
IIN吸收式与FDI企业存在跨城市群技术合作的内资企业本地化→区域化→全球化(图1b)(异地连接)

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2.2.3 GPN-IIN耦合绩效的测度

GPN-IIN耦合绩效是指在现有经济和技术水平下,城市通过资产战略性投入促进外向经济与本土创新协同发展的达成效率,是对GPN-IIN战略耦合目标实现程度的衡量与反馈。

超效率SBM模型作为测定效率的常用方法,其数理逻辑是比较所有城市的投入-产出体系,筛选出投入和非期望产出最小、期望产出最大的帕累托最优解构成前沿面,同时将松弛变量纳入到目标函数中,计算各城市到生产前沿面的偏离距离,并以此评价城市的相关效率[29]。超效率SBM模型最大的优点在于无需预估参数,也不需要进行权重假设,便能解决非期望产出存在下的投入产出松弛性问题和效率分解问题,从而避免了人为主观因素的影响,拓宽了模型适用的约束条件[30]。GPN-IIN战略耦合过程中出现的企业连接、产业结构、跨境业务等变动可视为城市内各种资源战略性投入所产出的结果,按照此思路构建GPN-IIN战略耦合投入产出体系(表2),并结合GPN-IIN耦合绩效释义,构建超效率SBM模型(公式2),测算各城市生物医药产业的GPN-IIN耦合绩效ρit

$\rho _i^t = {\rm{min}}\frac{{1 - \frac{1}{A}\mathop {\mathop \sum \limits_{a = 1} }\limits^A \frac{{s_{ia}^{t\_In}}}{{x_{ia}^t}}}}{{1 + \frac{1}{{B + C}}\left( {\mathop {\mathop \sum \limits_{b = 1} }\limits^B \frac{{s_{ib}^{t\_out}}}{{y_{ib}^t}} + \mathop {\mathop \sum \limits_{c = 1} }\limits^C \frac{{s_{ic}^{t\_out{\rm{'}}}}}{{z_{ic}^t}}} \right)}}$
Tab. 2
表2
表2生物医药产业GPN-IIN战略耦合的投入产出体系
Tab. 2Input-output system of GPN-IIN strategic coupling for the biopharmaceutical industry
投入要素量化注释
劳动力(Li)Li=lnq=1Qliqliqi城市内q生物医药企业的参保人数,q=1,2,3?Q(在业或存续的企业,下同)
资本(Ci)Ci=lnq=1Qciqciqi城市内q生物医药企业的股东出资额
技术(Ti)Ti=lnp=1Ptiptipi城市内p生物医药专利的合享价值度,p=1,2,3?P
社会关系(Hi)Hi=lnq=1Qiniq+outiqiniq-outiqinqoutq分别i城市内生物医药企业q在连锁任职网络中的点出度和点入度
融资环境(Fi)Fi=lnf=1F(wfrif)rifi城市内f融资阶段的生物医药企业数,f=1,2,3?F;wf为根据融资阶段对企业的赋值,天使轮为0.1,pre-A至A+轮为0.2,pre-B至B+轮为0.3,C轮及以上为0.4
产出要素(期望*;非期望**量化注释
企业类型晋升度*(UPi)UPi=ln(upi)upii城市内生物医药企业类型晋升次数
企业类型退化度**(DEi)DEi=ln(dei)deii城市内生物医药企业类型退化次数
产业结构优化度*(Ui)Ui=lnui+diQiuidi分别为i城市内生物医药企业在上、下游环节的增量
境外业务拓展度*(Di)Ei=lnr=1R(wrrir)riri城市内不同进出口信用等级r的生物医药企业数,r=1,2,3?R;wr为根据境外信用等级对企业的赋值,失信、无认证、一般认证、高级认证分别取-1,0,1,2

新窗口打开|下载CSV

约束条件:xjati=1,ijI(xiatλi-siatIn);1-1B+Cb=1Bsibt_outyibt+c=1Csict_out'zict>0

式中:xiatyibtzict分别表示ti城市的投入指标(A=5)、期望产出指标(B=3)、非期望产出指标(C=1);i=1,2,3?j?I;siat_Insibt_outsict_out'分别表示对应指标的松弛量;λi表示权重向量。

投入要素选取:生物医药产业对劳动力素质要求严格,在中国劳动力结构仍以低层次为主的背景下,人力资源供给能力成为影响其发展的关键因素,故根据企业参保人数构建劳动力投入指标;生物医药产业无论在固定资产投入还是R&D投入上均需要庞大的资产支持,且资产是企业运营效率生产函数的重要投入要素[31],故根据企业的股东出资额构建资本投入指标;科技进步促进形成了世界统一的生产和技术体系,是企业占领市场的重要手段,故选取能够反映技术稳定性、先进性和保护范围的专利合享价值度构建技术投入指标;企业通过连锁任职网络巩固和维护关联企业间的社会关系,进而提高要素流动效率和价值,据此构建社会关系投入指标;融资约束影响区域参与GPN的程度[32],随着企业进入不同的融资阶段,其面临的融资风险降低,融资渠道有所增多[33],故不同融资阶段的企业数量可以反映当地政府、金融机构等对该产业融资的支持力度,据此构建融资环境投入指标。

产出要素选取:由战略连接特征分析(表1),新成立→GPN/IIN依附式→互惠式→GPN/IIN吸收式的企业跃迁,有效改善了FDI的松脚性和内资企业的路径锁定特征,故将其视为企业类型晋升,是GPN-IIN战略耦合的重要期望产出;GPN/IIN吸收式→互惠式→GPN/IIN依附式→退出市场的企业转化,致使企业在空间上“集而不群”,故将其视为企业类型退化,是GPN-IIN战略耦合的非期望产出;价值链微笑曲线表明产业附加值更多体现在研发和销售两端,而处于中间制造的附加值最低[34],故上下游企业比例增加可以反映生物医药产业结构的优化度,是GPN-IIN战略耦合期望产出的结果;海关通过建设进出口信用体系,给予高资信企业通关便利,降低交易成本以促进企业走出去,对失信企业严密监管,增加失信成本以发挥震慑警示作用[35],故当地企业的进出口信用评级可以反映当地产业制订国际化战略、拓展海外市场的状况,即信用评级越高,境外业务拓展越具有竞争力,是GPN-IIN战略耦合的又一期望产出。

2.2.4 GPN-IIN耦合绩效的分解

GPN-IIN耦合绩效有两种分解方式:一是投入和产出无效率静态分解,将绩效损失的原因解释为投入冗余、期望产出不足和非期望产出冗余3个方面[36](公式3)。

$\rho _i^t = \frac{{1 - \alpha _i^t}}{{1 + \beta _i^t}} = \frac{{1 - \frac{1}{A}\mathop {\mathop \sum \limits_{a = 1} }\limits^A red_{ia}^t}}{{1 + \frac{1}{{B + C}}\left( {\mathop {\mathop \sum \limits_{b = 1} }\limits^B {\rm{def}}_{ib}^t + \mathop {\mathop \sum \limits_{c = 1} }\limits^C red_{ic}^t} \right)}}$
式中:αitβit分别表示ti城市投入和产出无效率值;rediatdefibtredict分别表示ti城市a-投入指标的冗余率(A=5)、b-期望产出指标的不足率(B=3)和c-非期望产出指标的冗余率(C=1),即投入、产出松驰量与对应指标值的占比。

另一是混合效率动态分解(Malmquist Index,MI),从两个方面分解绩效变化的原因[37](公式4):① 技术进步的变动(Tec),反映t~t+1年当地技术进步、创新或衰退的情况;② 技术效率的变动(Eff),反映t~t+1年当地技术利用水平的变化,其可进一步分解为规模效率变化(Sec)和纯技术效率变化(Pec)(公式5),前者考察投入规模对绩效的影响,后者考察技术管理水平对绩效的影响。

$MI = Tec \times Eff$
$Eff = Sec \times Pec$
式中:在TecEffSecPec中,若某值大于1,表明其促进了GPN-IIN耦合绩效的提升;若小于1,则表明抑制了GPN-IIN耦合绩效的提升;取值绝对值越大,对GPN-IIN耦合绩效的作用效果越强。

3 全球化下生物医药产业的GPN-IIN战略耦合过程

3.1 走出去的全球化——中国医药产业国际贸易竞争力

自加入WTO以来,中国医药产业贸易额从2001年的20.42万美元增至2019年的1292.13万美元,总量实现了跨越式增长。2011年之前,中国医药产业对外贸易呈现出顺差与逆差交替的现象。之后,进口额以年均28.46%的增速增长,出口额保持年均2.88%的增速平稳发展,进出口差额不断扩大(图2a),表明中国医药市场供给不匹配的高层次需求日益明显。

图2

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图22001—2019年中国医药产业国际贸易竞争力演化
Fig. 2Evolution of international trade competitiveness of China's pharmaceutical industry in 2001-2019



从中国与不同国际组织间的双边贸易来看(图2b),中国与各方的RCA均低于0.80,表明中国医药产业在国际分工中处于劣势地位。2008年之前,中国与NAFTA(于2020年被《美墨加协议》取代)的医药产业双边贸易具有较高的比较优势,但呈现出快速下滑趋势,RCA从2001年的0.79降至2019年的0.05。随着中美贸易摩擦升级,新协定加大了对知识产权的保护力度,进而增设了中国与NAFTA间的技术贸易壁垒。此外,新协定还要求提高北美产值含量比例,进一步增加了中国医药企业通过转口或代加工贸易进入北美市场的难度。2008年之后,中国医药产业与BRICS的RCA超过NAFTA,2009年达到峰值后波动下降。2009年BRICS的正式成立为成员国间的合作提供了政治指引,提升了新兴市场国家在全球贸易中的发言权。中国作为成员国之一,遵循开放透明、团结互助、深化合作、共谋发展的原则,致力于构建更紧密、全面、牢固的伙伴关系,为BRICS间的医药产业贸易提供了重要支撑。

图2b所示,中国与ASEAN的医药产业双边贸易向好,RCA波动上升。受基础设施和资源的限制,ASEAN的医药产业生产力不足,对外依存度高,中国医药产品因价格低廉在该组织内拥有较大的竞争优势。尤其在2010年中国-东盟自由贸易区建成以来,98%的医药产品进入零关税时代,大大提高了双边医药产业的贸易开放度,ASEAN已成为中国医药产业最具潜力的出口市场。2013年中国医药产业与EU的RCA跌至低谷,主要因为EU对进口药品质量提高了要求,而中国部分企业在质量管理、厂房设施及设备等方面还未达到EU-GMP标准,与EU之间存在较大差距。但与EU加强贸易合作,有助于中国加快形成面向全球的高标准自由贸易协定网络。

中国与AGOA、CARICOM、WAEMU、MERCOSUR医药产业的RCA长期低于中国外贸平均水平(WORLD),这些组织的部分成员国面临着经济增长疲软和政治不稳定的问题,增加了中国医药产业在中美、南美、西非和南非地区开拓市场的难度(图2b)。

3.2 引进来的全球化——生物医药FDI企业与内资企业的战略连接

2000—2006年间,少量生物医药FDI企业试探性地进入中国市场,主要采取外方独资或外方控股的形式,在69.23%的FDI企业中掌握绝对控制权(股权比例≥67%)。FDI来自20个国家和地区,以美国(45家)、维尔京群岛(30家)、中国香港特别行政区(23家)为主(图3a、图4a)。此时,中国本土生物医药技术处于创新孵化期,知识基础薄弱,创新活动集聚在京津唐、长三角城市群,创新主体间以“大学-大学”或“大学-研究所”合作为主,企业尚处于从属地位(图5a)。在这种情形下,一方面FDI企业往往将核心技术留存在FDI母国研发,再移植到中国加工生产,形成“两头在外”的产业链布局,为了避免核心技术在当地外溢,竭力保持其对先进技术的垄断;另一方面,内资企业由于学习能力不足,难以借助FDI为当地带来的规模借用和创新示范效用,阻碍了科技成果向应用性产品转化。这一时期,除上海靶点药物、上海先导药业、北京科大天宇等少数企业为互惠式企业外,其他均为GPN/IIN依附式企业,且多数GPN依附式企业在GPN中处于被俘虏地位,多数IIN依附式企业位于IIN边缘。

图3

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图3生物医药产业海外母国股东分布及分环节投资联系

注:基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图服务网站的标准地图(审图号:GS(2016)1667号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 3Distribution of overseas shareholders in the home country of biopharmaceutical industry and investment flows by link



图4

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图4生物医药产业FDI企业分布、松脚性及分环节投资联系

注:FDI企业在当地的松脚性是指松脚型FDI企业(成立2年内退出市场)占当地该产业FDI企业的比例;基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图服务网站的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)1697号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 4Distribution of FDI companies in the biopharmaceutical industry, looseness of their feet, and investment flows by link in China



图5

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图52000—2019年中国生物医药IIN演化
Fig. 5Evolution of biopharmaceutical IIN in China in 2000-2019



2007—2013年间,FDI在华新投资了380家生物医药企业,其中25.53%由中方掌握绝对控制权,35.53%由外方掌握绝对控制权,其他由中外双方相对均衡持股。FDI来自27个国家和地区,以美国(148家)、中国香港特别行政区(54家)、维尔京群岛(27家)、加拿大(23家)为主(图3b),对华投资主要分布在长三角、珠三角、京津冀城市群(图4b)。此时,中国本土生物医药技术进入创新成长期,珠三角、成渝、长江中游和山东半岛城市群的技术联系日益增多,尤其以珠三角城市群增长最为显著,形成以“中山大学”为核心的弱关系组团和以“深圳华大基因科技有限公司”为核心的强关系组团,协同京津唐、长三角城市群内的创新主体一并占据IIN核心。创新主体间的合作机制也逐渐向“一(大学、研究所或高创新能级的企业)带多(中小型企业)”类型转化(图5b)。在这种形势下,一方面FDI逐渐由简单的制造活动向创新性强的研发活动转移,FDI企业上游占比升至51.05%;另一方面,内资企业吸收了大量关于国际市场的默会知识,缩小了与国际相关技术的差距。这一时期,部分GPN依附式企业从GPN价值链末端向高端转移,部分IIN依附式企业从IIN边缘向核心过渡。与此同时,GPN/IIN依附式企业向互惠式(368次)、GPN吸收式(47次)、IIN吸收式(98次)企业跃迁的次数明显增多,但38.79%的企业在跃迁过程中存在松脚性和嵌入不足的问题,其中34家FDI企业或其子企业在成立后进行了快速注销或吊销,175家内资企业仅发生了1次国际技术合作。

2014—2019年间,中国新进入894家生物医药FDI企业,再次呈现出独资化趋势(共308家,有114家来自美国)。FDI来自49个国家和地区,以美国(355家)、中国香港特别行政区(174家)、加拿大(68家)、英国(34家)、日本(33家)、维尔京群岛(33家)为主(图3c),这些主要投资国的投资范围不断向中西部扩展,成渝、长江中游城市群分别新增了69家和48家FDI企业(图4c)。另外,更多FDI企业在萨摩亚(19家)、开曼群岛(13家)、塞舌尔(5家)、毛里求斯(5家)等离岸法区进行注册,在中国开展经营,这类企业在减免税务负担的同时成功绕开了出口配额限制。此时,中国本土生物医药技术进入稳定发展期,海峡西岸、中原、哈长、北部湾等城市群的创新合作氛围逐渐活跃。在IIN核心呈现出广而弱的联系特征,合作类型以“多(大学和研究所)嵌多(企业)”为主,在IIN边缘中小企业快速织网,其中长三角、珠三角城市群以本地化联系为主,京津冀、长江中游、成渝城市群间异地联系不断加密(图5c)。在这种情境下,一方面FDI企业基于中国市场潜力和自身战略的考量,不断整合企业集团,延伸产业链条,投资逐渐向销售领域扩展,下游企业占比增至33.33%;另一方面,内资企业通过与FDI企业开展创新合作,技术逐步与国际技术接轨。这一时期,GPN-IIN战略耦合有了实质性进展,互惠式、GPN吸收式和IIN吸收式企业不仅在数量上增长快速,而且有效克服了上一阶段松脚性、嵌入不足等问题,其中内资企业在GPN-IIN间频繁(≥5次)充当“桥”的占比上升了13.56%,且有196家FDI企业成立了子企业,这些子企业遍布研究和试验发展、制造业、批发和零售业、科学技术服务业等多个行业,覆盖了上(17.35%)、中(6.63%)、下(72.45%)游环节(3.57%的子企业不属于生物医药领域),开始全面进入并扎根中国谋求长足发展。

4 生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效演化及原因分解

4.1 生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效的时空演化

运用maxDEA软件计算GPN-IIN耦合绩效,将其划分为5个等级,发现2000—2006年间,除上海、北京、广州、天津、杭州、南京、苏州在个别年份达到有效前沿外,其他城市均处于长期非有效状态。GPN-IIN耦合绩效由2000年的“大分散、小集聚”向2006年的“通道型”空间演化(图6a、图6b),原因是在尚未奠定经济布局框架的背景下,中国需要借助“点-轴”开发模式的空间收敛效应和营造空间优势,引导早期生物医药产业沿京广铁路、哈大-京沪铁路、长江干流沿线、陇海铁路等重要发展轴布局。此阶段GPN-IIN耦合绩效的标准差椭圆呈东北-西南倾斜(倾斜角在68.96°~70.05°之间),随着椭圆长半轴不断拉长,椭圆重心总体向西南移动,GPN-IIN耦合绩效在东北-西南方向上的差距进一步拉大。

图6

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图62000—2019年中国生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效的时空演化

注:基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图服务网站的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)1697号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 6Spatiotemporal evolution of GPN-IIN coupling performance in China's biopharmaceutical industry in 2000-2019



2007—2013年间,GPN-IIN耦合绩效由上一时期“简单结构(通道型)孕育”向“局部结构(城市群)构建”演化(图6c)。哈长、中原城市群是主要的低值、中低值集聚区,空间结构稳定,表现出较强的空间锁定特征。原因是该地区对资金、人才、技术等要素缺乏吸引力,在GPN-IIN耦合初级演进时(新成立→GPN/IIN依附式)就受到了较大阻力。长三角、京津唐、珠三角城市群形成多类型区混杂镶嵌的空间结构,相邻城市间呈现出“此输彼赢”的竞争态势,GPN-IIN耦合绩效时空演化极具动态。究其原因:一是部分企业利用技术优势提高在GPN中的议价能力,并借助全球通道促进技术内生化,促进GPN-IIN间形成互补性权力作用机制,进而反过来推动GPN/IIN依附式企业向互惠式或GPN/IIN吸收式企业跃迁;二是部分企业在各地政府的逐底竞争中快速撤离当地市场,使其从互惠式或GPN/IIN吸收式企业再次退化为GPN/IIN依附式企业。山东半岛、长江中游和成渝城市群具有“动静相接”的空间结构,即中心双城(青-济、汉-长、蓉-渝)的GPN-IIN耦合绩效变化活跃,而腹地城市维持相对稳定。这主要因为腹地城市在生产工艺和技术更新等方面与中心双城存在很大差距,面临着陡峭的学习曲线,短时间内无法完成削减成本、提高质量等诸多苛刻的要求,在中心-腹地间难以搭建产业承接通道、实现以动驱静。在这种GPN-IIN耦合绩效总体稳定而局部动荡的背景下,标准差椭圆的扁率维持在0.50~0.53之间,椭圆重心在小范围内移动(115.30°E~115.90°E、31.90°N~32.30°N),且移动方向具有随机性。

2014—2019年间,GPN-IIN耦合绩效延续上一阶段的空间组织形式,并逐渐向级联秩序分异过渡(图6d)。长三角、京津唐和珠三角城市群已发育为相对稳定的圈层结构,GPN-IIN耦合绩效由内向外递减,当地产业政策和企业发展战略的调整使这种圈层结构发生波动。究其原因,核心-外围城市间逐步形成了产业级联秩序传导机制,随着核心城市产业链的优化升级和外围城市成本优势的凸显,该圈层边界加速向外扩展;反之,则处于稳定或停滞状态。长江中游、成渝、山东半岛、海峡西岸、中原、辽中南、哈长、北部湾城市群虽未形成稳定的圈层结构,但通过不断完善招商机制、提高创新水平,已从“单核独大”或“双核共兴”向“轴-辐式”结构演进,表现为周围越来越多空值区被低值区占领,越来越多低值区演化为中低值区。此阶段GPN-IIN耦合绩效的标准化椭圆扁率不断下降,由2014年的0.53降至2019年的0.26,椭圆重心明显西移。这表明随着武汉光谷生物城、成都天府国际生物城和重庆麻柳沿江开发区等的崛起,中西部已形成多个初具规模的产业集群或集群雏形,有效缩减GPN-IIN耦合绩效在东西方向上的差距。

4.2 生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效的原因分解

4.2.1 GPN-IIN耦合绩效的静态分解

静态分解GPN-IIN耦合绩效,发现2006年前,城市的GPN-IIN耦合产出无效率值普遍高于投入无效率值。这表明生物医药产业具有投入回报周期长的特征,此时产业还未步入投入回报期。具体而言,产业结构优化度的不足率均值最高,东-西、南-北方向上的投影离散分布,地域差异不明显(图7a、图7b)。主要因为此阶段生物医药上游研究多集中在大学和研究所,而企业多分布在中游环节,不能有效消化上游技术,且与下游市场缺乏互动,造成上、中、下游脱节,城市普遍存在价值链难以向两端攀升的问题。企业类型晋升度的不足率均值仅低于产业结构优化度,空间上呈西高东低分布(图7a、图7b)。主要是西部地区在投入规模上的落后导致大量企业被阻隔在第一门槛前(新成立→GPN/IIN依附式),东部地区的企业虽然相对轻松地跨越了第一门槛,但被阻隔在第二门槛(GPN/IIN依附式→互惠式)或第三门槛(互惠式→GPN/IIN吸收式)前,门槛效应拉大了企业类型晋升度不足率在东西地区间的差距。从投入要素来看,融资环境投入冗余率最高,空间上形成以长三角城市群为高地的凸形分布(图7a、图7b),说明该地区从融资方面保证了生物医药产业持续扩张的规模,但未能很好地与其他投入要素配合,即融资环境投入冗余未必是投入规模上的绝对冗余,而可能是其他要素投入不足引起的相对过剩。

图7

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图72000—2019年中国生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效静态分解的时空演化
Fig. 7Spatiotemporal evolution of static decomposition of GPN-IIN coupling performance in China's biopharmaceutical industry in 2000-2019



2007—2013年间,从产出要素来看,企业类型退化度的冗余率均值上升为最高,主要因为此阶段FDI企业和内资企业间难以形成稳健、互惠的战略连接。一方面,部分FDI企业在全球化→本地化→区域化进程中,采取“短平快”“撇油式”的投资战略,在当地成本优势流失后快速撤销、迁出市场,与当地建立的联系具有投机性和脆弱性;另一方面,部分内资企业在本地化→区域化→全球化进程中,将与FDI企业的合作视为开拓市场的跳板,强调利用有限资源更新外部联系,而不是巩固、深化原有的创新合作。另外,企业类型退化度冗余率和晋升度不足率在空间上分布高度一致(图7c),表明FDI企业与内资企业在建立或解绑连接时具有时空连锁效应。从投入要素来看,社会关系投入冗余率增长最快,空间上呈西高东低、北高南低分布(图7c),核心人员能够通过连锁任职网络及时获取市场、竞争对手和国家政策等重要信息;但过度利用信息优势,可能导致关联企业对非关联企业产生集聚阴影,增加非关联企业的退出风险,这种现象在西部和北方地区发生的概率较高。

2014—2019年间,部分城市产出无效率值过高的原因逐步由企业类型退化过频向境外业务拓展不足转化(图7d)。这一是因为中国医药技术认证标准与国际标准存在差距,产品出口受到较大限制;另一是因为中国企业在国际上没有形成企业品牌和区域品牌,难以从中国市场进入全球市场。这种技术差距和品牌效应导致的境外业务拓展不足率在空间上呈西高东低、南北对称分布。从投入要素来看,随着生物医药市场发展前景日益明确、市场管理逐渐规范,融资环境和社会关系投入冗余对GPN-IIN耦合绩效的负面影响有所收敛,诱导资本、技术成为抑制绩效提升的主导因素。资本、技术投入冗余率在东西方向上“此起彼伏”(图7d),说明生物医药产业向中西部转移时在资本和技术上存在脱钩问题,微观上表现为大型企业创新动力不足,难以获取国际优势,而中小型企业资本有限,难以支撑企业度过漫长的研发期。

4.2.2 GPN-IIN耦合绩效的动态分解

动态分解GPN-IIN耦合绩效,发现MI年均值约为1.017,技术进步、规模效率和纯技术效率的年均变化值均大于1(表3),说明研究期内GPN-IIN耦合绩效整体上提升明显,主要得益于2.98%的技术进步、0.13%的规模效率和0.03%的纯技术效率增长。2006年前,MI年均值以及技术进步、规模效率和纯技术效率的年均变化值均在1附近波动,表明以仿制为主的技术引进、尚未显现的规模报酬递增和缺乏经验的技术管理水平致使GPN-IIN耦合绩效提升效果不佳;2007—2013年间,GPN-IIN耦合绩效改善的原因主要来自技术进步和规模效率,而恶化的原因主要来自纯技术效率。除2008—2009年外,技术进步和规模效率提升对GPN-IIN耦合绩效的促进作用普遍强于纯技术效率下降带来的抑制作用;2014—2019年间,MI年均值以及技术进步和纯技术效率的年均变化值上升明显,而规模效率年均变化值有所下降,表明仅依靠投入规模的增加难以维持GPN-IIN耦合绩效的可持续发展,此时强调要素管理的纯技术效率对规模效率产生了替代效应。

Tab. 3
表3
表32000—2019年生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效的动态分解
Tab. 3Dynamic decomposition of GPN-IIN coupling performance in China's biopharmaceutical industry in 2000-2019
时段(年)MITecSecPec时段(年)MITecSecPec
2000—20011.00091.00051.00110.99932010—20111.02211.01211.00891.0011
2001—20021.00171.00121.00031.00022011—20121.01951.02031.01110.9882
2002—20030.99921.00090.99840.99992012—20131.03031.01011.01001.0099
2003—20041.00261.00111.00111.00042013—20141.03111.2960.99911.0123
2004—20050.99941.00060.99910.99972014—20151.03541.03350.98991.0121
2005—20061.00241.00171.00051.00022015—20161.03411.03520.99811.0009
2006—20071.01011.01051.01020.98992016—20171.03621.03440.98541.0166
2007—20081.01121.01181.01070.98882017—20181.03721.03010.98751.0195
2008—20090.98451.01001.00520.97092018—20191.03981.03020.99861.0109
2009—20101.02001.02541.01040.9845均值1.01671.02981.00131.0003

新窗口打开|下载CSV

从空间上看,MI年均值冷热点形成以北、上、广、渝为顶点的菱形结构,顶点处呈由内向外的小尺度圈层拓展,菱形内部呈由东向西的梯度分异,菱形外部则是广泛的空值和冷点低值区(图8a)。分析这种格局形成的原因,一是技术进步年均变化值热点呈现出“大分散、小集聚”的空间特征(图8b),即由技术进步驱动的集聚内核奠定了上述菱形顶点的“增长极”地位,通过涓滴效应不断带动腹地城市的技术进步;二是规模效率年均变化值冷热点在菱形顶点表现出“小尺度极化效应”,在菱形内部表现出“大尺度袭夺效应”(图8c),前者构造了以城市群为依托的腹地,后者拉大了东西地区间发展差距;三是纯技术效率年均变化值热点在菱形顶点呈现出“空心化”,冷点在菱形内部广泛分布(图8d),一方面表明顶点处的投入规模追赶对技术管理水平提升产生了挤出效应,另一方面表明,在大部分地区纯技术效率还未充分发挥对绩效的改善作用。

图8

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图82000—2019年生物医药产业GPN-IIN耦合绩效动态分解的空间特征

注:基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图服务网站的标准地图(审图号:GS(2019)1697号)绘制,底图无修改。
Fig. 8Spatial characteristics of dynamic decomposition of GPN-IIN coupling performance in China's biopharmaceutical industry in 2000-2019



5 结论与讨论

5.1 结论

本文分析“走出去”全球化下中国医药产业的国际竞争力,发现其在国际分工中处于劣势地位,中国医药市场供给与高层次需求不匹配的矛盾日益显著。中国需要进一步统筹双边、多边、区域、次区域的贸易合作,提高医药产业创新水平,以实现外贸增长方式的转变。

基于FDI企业与内资企业建立的战略连接,文章分析“引进来”全球化下生物医药产业的GPN-IIN战略耦合过程,发现早期FDI企业对先进技术的垄断以及内资企业学习能力的不足,使战略连接具有“本土不结网”和“本土网络封闭”的特征;中期部分FDI企业向GPN价值链高端转移,内资企业向IIN核心转移,但转移过程中存在嵌入不足、松脚性等问题,使得GPN-IIN战略耦合相对脆弱;近期FDI企业与内资企业建立的战略连接日益加密和稳固,GPN-IIN战略耦合的韧性增强。GPN提供的国际资源具有强流动性,企业过度依附于FDI不利于形成稳定的竞争优势,而IIN内生的知识具有高空间粘性,过度区块化的知识生产削弱了创新溢出效应。因此,企业只有着重培育强竞争力的本地化优势,提高应对强流动性外部资源进入的响应能力,形成系统间的互补性权力作用机制,才能加快实现从GPN/IIN依附式企业向互惠式和GPN/IIN吸收式的演进,打造自主性、进取性和反脆弱性的新兴产业生态系统。

为了进一步探讨GPN-IIN战略耦合目标实现和达成效率的能力及机理,文章测度GPN-IIN耦合绩效,从静、动态视角剖析其时空变化的原因。结果发现:早期主要受价值链低端锁定、企业类型晋升困难的影响,GPN-IIN耦合绩效在空间上向“通道型”结构演化,中期主要受企业类型退化次数过频、社会关系冗余的影响,在空间上构造出“城市群”雏形,近期主要受境外业务拓展乏力、资本-技术脱钩的影响,在空间上形成“城市群级联秩序分异”格局。整体过程中技术进步对GPN-IIN耦合绩效促进效果最强,规模效率次之,纯技术效率最弱。各投入要素在时空维度上存在不同程度的错配,导致城市GPN-IIN耦合绩效损失、提升的原因有所差别。因此,各城市可以参考文章中对GPN-IIN耦合绩效的分解方式进行自我评测,设计全要素指标退化的预警红线,利用动态监测和差距分析,引导城市合理调节要素间投入、产出的平衡关系,定期盘查城市内企业发展的新动向和GPN-IIN耦合绩效的新变化,从宏观层面引导多元要素的区际流动、生物医药产业的转型升级和梯度转移。

5.2 讨论

文章基于生物医药企业微观数据,一方面识别FDI企业与内资企业建立的战略连接,定性分析GPN-IIN战略耦合过程;另一方面建立城市GPN-IIN战略耦合投入-产出体系,定量探究GPN-IIN战略耦合目标实现和达成效率的能力与机理,对“促进GPN、IIN各自内部的自我强化、自我积累机制转化为GPN-IIN互补性权力作用机制”作了有益的探索。后续研究还需将更多经济地理学变量引入GPN-IIN战略耦合框架,进一步剖析GPN-IIN战略耦合演化的传导、阻梗机制。


参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

刘逸. 战略耦合的研究脉络与问题
地理研究, 2018, 37(7): 1421-1434.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201807013 [本文引用: 3]
在回顾经济地理学中较为前沿的战略耦合概念的起源、发展与研究现状的基础上,对战略耦合研究的优点与问题展开评述,认为当前研究在战略耦合模式的探讨中,主要基于经验总结而缺乏对影响变量,特别是空间变量的阐述,存在一定的模糊性。为理解该问题的根源,追溯了全球生产网络和全球价值链两个学派的争论和最新进展。在认可全球价值链理论解释力的同时,认为当前全球生产网络2.0版本的研究框架仍然没有解决模糊性的问题,而且全球生产网络的分析框架主要侧重于主导企业视角来构建战略耦合的发生机制,忽略了后发地区和企业的主动性。因此,借鉴传统经济地理学研究,充分考虑主导企业和后发地区的行为逻辑,提出经济活动的空间粘性和区域的区位优势这两个变量,重构了战略耦合的分析框架,并进行理论阐述。该项理论构建有助于更好地厘清战略耦合的发生机制,帮助发展中国家和地区判读发展机遇,确立产业发展与升级战略。
[ Liu Yi. Theoretical thread and problems of strategic coupling
Geographical Research, 2018, 37(7): 1421-1434.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201807013.

[本文引用: 3]

徐海英, 周潮. 全球生产网络(GPNs)与区域发展的动态战略耦合: 苏南与苏北韩资汽车行业企业价值捕获轨迹的比较
人文地理, 2019, 34(4): 89-96.

[本文引用: 3]

[ Xu Haiying, Zhou Chao. The dynamic strategic couplings of global production networks(GPNs) and regional development: Comparison on firm-level value capture trajectories between Subei and Sunan
Human Geography, 2019, 34(4): 89-96.] DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2019.04.011.

[本文引用: 3]

陈俊营, 方俊智. 产品内分工视角下全球制造业生产网络的演化特征
世界地理研究, 2020, 29(4): 792-803.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Chen Junying, Fang Junzhi. Evolution of global manufacturing production networks from the perspective of intra-product specialization
World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(4): 792-803.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2020.04.2019007.

[本文引用: 1]

梁经伟, 毛艳华, 文淑惠. 东亚地区嵌入全球生产网络的演变路径研究: 基于生产分割的视角
国际贸易问题, 2019, (3): 56-70.

[本文引用: 2]

[ Liang Jingwei, Mao Yanhua, Wen Shuhui. Research on the evolution path of east Asia's embedding global production network: Based on the perspective of production fragmentation
Journal of International Trade, 2019, (3): 56-70.] DOI: 10.13510/j.cnki.jit.2019.03.005.

[本文引用: 2]

何金廖, 黄贤金, 司月芳. 产业集群的地方嵌入与全球生产网络链接: 以上海文化创意产业园区为例
地理研究, 2018, 37(7): 1447-1459.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj201807015 [本文引用: 2]
以全球生产网络理论为基础,通过问卷调查和深度访谈法,再现了上海创意产业集群在地方—区域—全球三个不同地理维度的产业链接网络结构和联系强度,运用三角坐标法分别考察上海创意产业在劳动力市场、外部供给、消费市场、合作关系四个产业链环节的地方嵌入性和全球链接性,探讨学习和创新网络的重要作用。研究结果显示:首先,上海创意产业集群在各个产业链环节都表现出很强的地方黏性,尤其是在地方劳动力市场方面,上海创意产业集群的地方嵌入性最为显著。其次,上海创意产业集群的外部链接存在异质性,其中技术类创意部门与文化类创意部门在劳动力市场、消费市场和合作关系等方面均表现出较大差异,本文从知识分化视角出发对以上异质性进行了解释。最后,总结了上海创意产业集群全球生产网络的基本特征及其地方—全球互动关系,为揭示中国大都市地区文化创意产业集群的地方嵌入和全球网络形成机理提供了详实的案例分析。
[ He Jinliao, Huang Xianjin, Si Yuefang. Local embeddedness and global production network of industrial clusters: Case study of the cultural creative districts in Shanghai
Geographical Research, 2018, 37(7): 1447-1459.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201807015.

[本文引用: 2]
<p>The recent emergence of creative industries in Shanghai received much attention from policy and urban studies. Previous literature concentrated primarily on local cluster policy and the association with urban regeneration, while the embeddedness to what extent creative clusters in Shanghai are linked with different geographical levels of market has yet been fully understood. This paper aims to examine the structure of economic linkages of highly agglomerated creative clusters in Shanghai from the perspective of global production networks (GPNs) theory. By GPNs, both local and non-local forces are taken into account through an examination of the value-chains of production and consumption, namely labor market, external supply of intermediate inputs, customers, firms, and collaborators. Results show that the creative clusters in Shanghai are globally embedded into multi-scale markets. First, there is an evident tendency towards localization in every branch of linkages, especially in the labor market and external supply sides. Whereas, the international interactions are strongly observed in the consumption and collaboration sides, such as culture media and R&D industries. In addition, foreign collaboration in the operation of the creative economy in Shanghai is particularly significant because of their interdependent and complimentary relationship. This study also provides an important reference to reveal the mechanism of the formation of GPNs and local embeddedness of creative clusters in the metropolitan areas of China.</p>

邱斌, 叶龙凤, 孙少勤. 参与全球生产网络对我国制造业价值链提升影响的实证研究: 基于出口复杂度的分析
中国工业经济, 2012, (1): 57-67.

[本文引用: 2]

[ Qiu Bin, Ye Longfeng, Sun Shaoqin. An empirical study on the impact of GPNs on China's manufacturing industries' upgrading in global value chains: An analysis from the perspective of ESI
China Industrial Economics, 2012, (1): 57-67.] DOI: 10.19581/j.cnki.ciejournal.12.01.006.

[本文引用: 2]

乔小勇, 魏晓. 贸易摩擦是否真正阻碍了中国制造业参与全球价值链生产网络? 基于跨境生产视角
科学决策, 2020, (7): 22-48.



[ Qiao Xiaoyong, Wei Xiao. Are trade frictions really preventing Chinese manufacturing industry from participating in global value chain production networks? Based on the cross-border production perspective
Scientific Decision Making, 2020, (7):22-48.] DOI: cnki:%20SUN:%20KXJC.0.2020-07-003.

URL

朱晟君, 黄永源, 胡晓辉. 多尺度视角下的产业价值链与空间升级研究框架与展望
地理科学进展, 2020, 39(8): 1367-1384.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zhu Shengjun, Huang Yongyuan, Hu Xiaohui. Research framework and prospect of industrial value chain upgrading and spatial upgrading based on a multiple scale perspective
Progress in Geography, 2020, 39(8): 1367-1384.] DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.08.011.

[本文引用: 1]

孙少勤, 邱斌. 全球生产网络条件下FDI的技术溢出渠道研究: 基于中国制造业行业面板数据的经验分析
南开经济研究, 2011, (4): 50-66.

[本文引用: 2]

[ Sun Shaoqin, Qiu Bin. Research on conduit of technology spillover of FDI under global production networks: An analysis based on the panel data of Chinese manufacturing industries
Nankai Economic Studies, 2011, (4): 50-66.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.01-4691.2011.04.004.

[本文引用: 2]

贺灿飞, 陈航航. 参与全球生产网络与中国出口产品升级
地理学报, 2017, 72(8): 1331-1346.

DOI:10.11821/dlxb201708001 [本文引用: 1]
随着技术进步和贸易自由化发展,在全球范围内组织生产的跨国公司所主导的全球生产网络迅速发展并不断深化。全球生产网络为发展中国家融入全球经济体系、实现技术进步和产业升级提供了契机。同时,中国经济发展进入“新常态”,出口贸易的发展方式亟待转变,对出口产品升级的研究显得尤为重要,而参与全球生产网络可能是中国出口产品升级的重要途径。本文利用2000-2011年中国海关贸易数据库对中国出口产品质量进行了测算,并以此为基础衡量出口产品升级。研究发现,中国出口产品质量有波动上升迹象,东中西区域产品质量基本呈现递减趋势。统计分析结果表明,参与全球生产网络直接促进了中国出口产品的升级,尤其是深入融合到价值链中对出口产品质量有明显的正向促进作用。东部地区的研发投入能够促进出口质量升级,但研发投入不能通过提高垂直专业化的程度来提升质量,印证了出口企业提升价值链地位能力的不足。地区财政自主权在中部地区和东北地区起到了至关重要的作用,并且地方政府倾向于支持技术密集型产品的升级。
[ He Canfei, Chen Hanghang. Participation in global production networks and export product upgrading
Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(8): 1331-1346.] DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201708001.

[本文引用: 1]
<p>Organized globally and led by trans-national enterprises, global production networks (GPNs) develop rapidly along with the advancement of technology and deepening of trade liberalization. GPN provides great opportunities for developing countries to blend in global economy and realize their technological advance, as well as value chain upgrading. Facing the pressure of shifting model of economic development, China has urgent need of optimizing export trade though she has experienced marvelous success especially on export trade during the past few decades, so that the study on export product upgrading can be particularly important. Based on such consideration, this article focuses on how participating GPN influences China's export product upgrade. This article uses the conception of quality to quantitively describe product upgrade, and we calculate the product quality based on data of customs trade database from 2000 to 2011. The result shows that export product quality presents a declining trend from east to west of China, and the average quality of the whole country fluctuates a lot during 2000-2011 with a slight rising trend showing up recently. We then build several econometric models to examine whether participating in GPN matters, and how exactly this influence works. The results show that participating in GPN has remarkable influence on export product upgrading especially in eastern China, but market dispersion does not help in product upgrading. We also find that R&D investment cannot promote regional position in global value chain in eastern China, forming a typical "Low-end lock-in". Capital- and technology-intensive products benefit a lot from participating in GPN while labour-intensive exports may open markets with low-quality products. Fiscal decentralization is a key determinant in eastern and central provinces, and local governments tend to give more support to technology-intensive product upgrading.</p>

宋耘, 王婕, 曾子欣, . 中国企业是如何重构全球价值链的? 基于扎根理论的研究
南开管理评论, 2021, 30: 1-23.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Song Geng, Wang Jie, Zeng Zixin. How are Chinese companies reconstructing the global value chains? Research based on the grounded theory
Nankai Business Review, 2021, 30: 1-23.]

[本文引用: 1]

盛彦文, 苟倩, 宋金平. 城市群创新联系网络结构与创新效率研究: 以京津冀、长三角、珠三角城市群为例
地理科学, 2020, 40(11): 1831-1839.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.11.008 [本文引用: 1]
引入修正引力模型、社会网络分析方法、DEA模型以及Tobit模型,探讨2001—2015年京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大城市群的创新联系网络结构对创新效率的影响。研究表明:① 创新联系格局方面,京津冀城市群呈现以“京津”为核心的放射状发展特征,长三角城市群呈现以“Z”字形为主轴的类钻石型空间格局,珠三角城市群形成了以珠江口两侧城市为核心、其他城市为重要节点的空间格局;② 在创新联系网络结构特征方面,京津冀城市群呈极核式发展,群内创新联系高度依赖于核心城市,长三角和珠三角城市群由单中心驱动转变为多中心驱动,呈均衡发展特征,京津冀和珠三角城市群创新联系网络具有“小世界”网络特征;③ Tobit模型回归结果显示,三大城市群中,城市节点在城市群创新联系网络中的中心位置、中介地位、对结构洞的运用能力和集聚程度对其创新效率的影响存在差异。
[ Sheng Yanwen, Gou Qian, Song Jinping. Innovation linkage network structure and innovation efficiency in urban agglomeration: A case of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta
Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(11): 1831-1839.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.11.008.

[本文引用: 1]
Based on the modified Gravity Model, SNA method, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model and Tobit model, this article analyzes the effect of spatial structure of the innovation linkage network on the innovation efficiency in cities. The main findings of this study are drawn as follows: 1) The innovation linkage showed a radial expansion with the core of Beijing-Tianjin in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), and a diamond-shaped structure in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), the innovation linkage presented a spatial pattern with the cities on both sides of the Pearl River estuary as the core and other cities as important nodes. 2) The innovation linkage network had a polar core development and the innovation linkage highly depended on the core cities in the BTH, but in the YRD and the PRD, the innovation linkage network showed the balanced development from single-center driving to multi-center driving. In addition, the innovation linkage networks in the BTH and PRD were characterized by the ‘small world’. 3) Tobit regression results showed that the central position, betweenness position, occupying capacity of structural holes and agglomeration had different effects on the innovation efficiency in the three urban agglomerations.

周晓艳, 侯美玲, 李霄雯. 独角兽企业内部联系视角下中国城市创新网络空间结构研究
地理科学进展, 2020, 39(10): 1667-1676.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.10.006 [本文引用: 1]
独角兽企业是新经济时代不同形式创新的集中组织和整合,其内部联系及空间组织反映了区域创新网络的格局和特征。论文基于独角兽企业内部联系,通过总部—分支机构联系模型构建中国城市创新网络,运用社会网络分析方法从网络层级、关联模式、网络节点3个层面探究新经济时代中国城市创新网络的空间结构和特征。研究表明:① 独角兽企业内部联系视角下中国城市创新网络呈现“1+3+N”的核心城市驱动发展格局,“北上杭深”组合领跑全局,空间极化现象明显;② 中国城市创新网络的空间结构整体呈菱形结构,且明显呈东强西弱的格局;强联系主要发生在核心节点城市之间,其他城市通过与重要节点城市连接进入网络,网络核心—边缘结构突出;③ 重要的节点城市在城市创新网络中展示出较强的权力和威望,但在网络中发挥的作用有一定差异。研究可为新时代中国城市创新网络的研究提供新的视角,文中构建的独角兽指数亦可为城市创新综合实力评估研究提供参考。
[ Zhou Xiaoyan, Hou Meiling, Li Xiaowen. Spatial structure of urban innovation network based on the Chinese unicorn company network
Progress in Geography, 2020, 39(10): 1667-1676.] DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.10.006.

[本文引用: 1]
Unicorn company, a new term in today's business climate, is the integration of different types of innovations in the new era, and its internal relations and spatial organization reflect the pattern and characteristics of regional innovation networks. Consistent with the emerging entrepreneurship and the rapid development of the Internet, increasingly more unicorn companies appear in China, which provides an opportunity for us to catch a glimpse of China's innovation development through a new perspective. In this study, we used the ownership linkage model to map China's urban innovation network based on 164 Chinese unicorn companies' internal relations, and analyzed the spatial structure through the following social network analysis perspectives: urban hierarchy, association pattern, and city nodes. The "unicorn index" was developed as an indicator to evaluate the development and magnitude of a city's unicorn companies as well as its innovation environment and position in the network. Cities of high unicorn index values rank high in the urban innovation network hierarchy, which constitutes four tiers in a pyramid-shaped structure with 253 cities, only nine of which are in the top three tiers. Among them, Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen show their innovative activity and advanced development in the unicorn entrepreneurship. To analyze the association pattern, we calculated the network density, assortativity coefficient, and the degree correlation for the network. The results show that most cities are not closely linked with each other in this generally loose-association urban innovation network, while intensive connections only happen between the cities with high unicorn index, highlighting an intensive-connection diamond-shaped structure. To further examine each city node, we regard outdegree as its innovative influence and "power", indegree as its innovative attraction and "prestige", and eigenvector centrality as its connectivity. We found that Beijing and Shanghai still play leading roles in the innovation network, but Nanjing and Wuhan start to exhibit innovative attraction and potential. In conclusion, the development of urban innovation network is driven by four leading cities—Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Shenzhen, showing a spatial polarization character. The network pattern highlights a diamond structure whose activity weakens from the east to the west. Cities having high unicorn index are strongly linked to each other and playing important roles while other cities enter the network by establishing links to those cities, shaping the core-periphery network structure. Moreover, those important cities enjoy power and prestige and have various influences in the innovation network. This study provides a new look into China's urban innovation network and some insights for policymakers to promote urban innovation. Also, the unicorn index can be considered in city innovation evaluation.

顾伟男, 刘慧, 王亮. 国外创新网络演化机制研究
地理科学进展, 2019, 38(12): 1977-1990.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.12.013 [本文引用: 1]
创新网络研究是创新地理学研究的热点,其中创新网络的演化机制是当前创新网络研究的核心问题之一。论文通过CiteSpace知识图谱定量分析和文献深度分析相结合,对国外创新网络演化机制的研究进行全面解析,结果表明:① 网络内生效应,包括网络的整体特征、根植性、外部性、技术守门员与吸收能力等,对创新网络的演化主要体现在组织要素对当地的依赖程度、对外部知识的吸收能力,以及对整体网络的控制能力;② 网络组织要素的规模、性质和大小等对创新网络的形成演化也有一定的作用;③ 多维邻近性对于创新网络的形成和演化具有重要作用,单一邻近性和邻近性之间的综合作用对于创新网络的演化具有阶段性特征;④ 不同发展阶段创新网络的演化机制不同,机制之间的组合模式也存在差异。最后,在总结国外创新网络演化机制研究的主要内容和方法的基础上,提出了当前该领域研究中存在的不足及未来研究的方向。
[ Gu Weinan, Liu Hui, Wang Liang. International research on the evolution mechanisms of innovation networks
Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(12): 1977-1990.] DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.12.013.

[本文引用: 1]
The research of innovation networks is a hot topic in innovation geography, and the evolution mechanisms of innovation networks are one of the core issues in the research of innovation networks. Based on CiteSpace knowledge map and deep literature analysis, this article summarizes the international research on the evolution mechanisms of innovation networks. The results show that: The endogenous effects of networks, including the overall characteristics, embeddedness, externality, technology gatekeeper, and absorptive capacity of networks, mainly reflect the evolution of innovation networks in terms of the degree of dependence of organizations on local areas, the absorptive capacity of external knowledge, and the ability to control overall networks. The characteristics of network organizations, which are embodied in the scale, nature, and size of different organizations, also have effects on the evolution of innovation networks. Multidimensional proximities play an important role in the evolution of innovation networks, and the single proximity and multidimensional proximities have periodic characteristics for the evolution of innovation networks. The evolution mechanisms of innovation networks differ at various stages of development, and the combination modes among mechanisms are also different. Finally, based on the analysis of the contents and methods of international research on the evolution mechanisms of innovation networks, the shortcomings of current research and directions for future research are put forward.

段德忠, 杜德斌, 谌颖, . 中国城市创新网络的时空复杂性及生长机制研究
地理科学, 2018, 38(11): 1759-1768.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.11.003 [本文引用: 1]
以国家知识产权局专利转让记录为数据源,采用大数据挖掘与分析技术、空间分析技术、复杂网络模型和负二项回归模型,系统描绘了2001~2015年中国城市创新网络的拓扑结构、空间结构和生长机制。研究发现:① 中国城市创新网络规模迅速扩张,在两极分化下涌现出显著的小世界性和等级层次性,以北京、上海、深圳为核心的核心-边缘格局不断强化;② 以三角结构为基础的中国城市创新网络的四边形格局逐渐形成,京津、长三角、珠三角是中国城市专利转移的核心三角;③ 中国城市创新网络的生长与城市科技创新实力显著相关,且受到地理距离的阻抗作用,凸显出强烈的地理邻近性,另外城市经济发展水平相似度和产业结构相似度也是影响城市创新网络生长的重要因素。
[ Duan Dezhong, Du Debin, Chen Ying, et al. Spatial-temporal complexity and growth mechanism of city innovation network in China
Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(11): 1759-1768.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.11.003.

[本文引用: 1]
At present, China’s city innovation system is gradually taking shape. As the core component of innovation resources, innovative technology represented by patents has become the focus of competition among all cities. Its gathering and diffusion channels urgently need to build a compatible city technology transfer system. The construction of a national technology transfer system in line with the law of science and technology innovation, the law of technology transfer and the law of industrial development is an inevitable choice for serving the strategy of innovation development. Based on data mining from National Intellectual Property Office of China, the heterogeneities and its evolution characteristics of city innovation network depicted by patent transfer in topology and space from 2001 to 2015 were sketched using lots of visualizing tools such as Pajek, Gephi, VOSviewer, ArcGIS, and so on. Topologically, from 2001 to 2015, with the increasing number of cities involved in technology transfer, China city innovation network has emerged a significant small-world feature with the smaller average path length and the extremely large cluster coefficient compared to its counterpart. In addition, the entire network presents a core- periphery structure with hierarchies, which dominated by Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen. Spatially, the quadrilateral pattern of China city innovation network based on the triangular structure is gradually formed. Last but not least, the growth mechanism of city innovation network were also verified by correlational analysis, negative binomial regression approach and gravity model of STATA. The growth of city innovation network in China is significantly related to the technological innovation strength represented by the number of patent application. The findings further confirm that geographical distance has weakened cross-city patents transfer. Meanwhile, the similarity of economic development and industrial structure between cities are also important factors influencing the growth of city innovation network.

王琛, 林初昇, 戴世续. 产业集群对技术创新的影响: 以电子信息产业为例
地理研究, 2012, 31(8): 1375-1386.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Wang Chen, Research on the relationship between industrial cluster and technological innovation of China's electronics and information industry
Geographical Research, 2012, 31(8): 1375-1386.] DOI: 10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-7274.2019.09.226.

[本文引用: 1]

Wang C C, Lin G C S. Geography of knowledge sourcing, heterogeneity of knowledge carriers and innovation of clustering firms: Evidence from China's software enterprises
Habitat International, 2018, 71: 60-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.10.012.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Yeung H W. From followers to market leaders: Asian electronics firms in the global economy
Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 2007, 48(1): 1-25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8373.2007.00326.x.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Yang C. Strategic coupling of regional development in global production networks: Redistribution of Taiwanese personal computer investment from the Pearl River Delta to the Yangtze River Delta, China
Regional Studies, 2009, 43(3): 385-407. DOI: 10.1080/00343400802508836.

URL

Yeung H W. Regional development and the competitive dynamics of global production networks: An East Asian perspective
Regional Studies, 2009, 43(3): 325-351. DOI: 10.1080/00343400902777059.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Mackinnon D. Beyond strategic coupling: Reassessing the firm-region nexus in global production networks
Journal of Economic Geography, 2012, 12(1): 227-245. DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lbr009.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Yeung H W. Regional development in the global economy: A dynamic perspective of strategic coupling in global production networks
Regional Science Policy & Practice, 2015, 7(1): 1-24. DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12055.

[本文引用: 1]

Nilsen T. Global production networks and strategic coupling in value chains entering peripheral regions
The Extractive Industries and Society, 2019, 6(3): 815-822. DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2019.04.004.

URL [本文引用: 1]

罗芊, 贺灿飞, 郭琪. 基于地级市尺度的中国外资空间动态与本土产业演化
地理科学进展, 2016, 35(11): 1369-1380.

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.11.007 [本文引用: 1]
伴随着全球化不断深入,国际劳动分工体系下全球生产网络逐步形成,推动跨国公司以外资直接投资为途径在全球范围内寻找有利区位。低廉的要素成本、友好的政策制度以及广阔的潜在市场使得发展中国家成为外资活跃的重要地区。外资空间动态不仅涉及发展中国家对接全球生产网络的效果,更关系到其生产格局的演变。而演化理论下的技术邻近度也会对外资空间动态和本土产业演化产生作用,使之呈现出更多样的空间差异。本文基于1998-2008年中国337个地级市的制造业数据,研究内、外资技术邻近度作用下外资空间动态对本土产业演化的影响,研究发现:①外资进入、退出等空间动态显著促进了中国本土产业演化,其中中西部最强,东部最弱,东北地区外资进入作用相对明显。②技术邻近度削弱了外资空间动态对本土产业演化的积极影响,但具体到不同区域也会出现差异。东部地区的技术关联反而有利于外资进入带来的知识溢出和外资退出带来的资源释放,表现为典型的“战略耦合”。而中部、西部和东北地区的技术关联则成为阻碍外资进入、退出促进内资产业发展的重要原因。
[ Luo Qian, He Canfei, Guo Qi. Interaction between the spatial dynamics of foreign direct investment and domestic industrial change in Chinese prefecture-level cities
Progress in Geography, 2016, 35(11): 1369-1380.]

DOI:10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.11.007 [本文引用: 1]
Technological progress and institutional change are key drivers for industrial development. The rapid development of information and communication technology has weakened the demand of industrial production for local resources and promoted the free flow of capital, knowledge, labor, and other factors of production in a wider area. The "temporal and spatial compression" formed by technological evolution has further changed the pattern of global interests and led to institutional reform aimed at regional integration and trade liberalization. This loosens the restriction of trade costs on location options for productive activities and provides more possibilities for cross-regional production linkages and the establishment of global production network (GPN). With the formation of GPN, transnational enterprises (TNE) tend to locate in regions with cheaper labor cost, more preferential policies, and greater market potential in order to optimize their cost-benefit of operation on a global scale by means of foreign direct investment (FDI). Under this trend, developing countries become essential destinations for FDI, which in return makes FDI a key factor that affects the industrial change of host countries through spillover and competition effects, for example. Technological proximity between foreign and domestic parts in one industry also contributes to enhancing or weakening the effects of spillover and competition, then influences the interaction between the spatial dynamics of foreign direct investment and domestic industrial change, and further exerts impacts on regional economic growth. Based on the theories of global production network and Evolutionary Economic Geography and using four-digit manufacturing data of China's prefectural-level cities in ASIFs from 1998 to 2008, this study analyzed the interaction between FDI spatial dynamics (including FDI enterprise entry and FDI enterprises exit) and domestic industrial change and the impact of technological proximity on FDI spatial dynamics and domestic industrial change by using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. The results show that the entry and exit of TNEs both induced change of domestic industries, while the spatial dynamics of FDI demonstrated the most significant effect in central and western China, followed by eastern cities. FDI entry contributed more in promoting domestic industrial change than FDI exit in the Northeastern. Technological proximity between domestic industries and FDI industries mostly weakened the positive effect of different spatial dynamics of FDI on domestic industrial change, except for the entry of FDI during 1998-2003. From a regional perspective, technological proximity in eastern cities showed positive effect on both entry and exit of FDI, suggesting a typical example of "strategic coupling." On the other hand, in middle, western and northeastern cities, higher technological relatedness has become an essential reason that prevents FDI from promoting the development of domestic industries.

周玲玲, 张恪渝, 冯晟昊. 中美贸易摩擦对我国汽车零部件产业的影响评估
国际经贸探索, 2020, 36(5): 4-15.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zhou Lingling, Zhang Keyu, Feng Shenghao. Impact of Sino-US trade frictions on China's automobile parts industry
International Economics and Trade Research, 2020, 36(5): 4-15.] DOI: 10.13687/j.cnki.gjjmts.2020.05.001.

[本文引用: 1]

樊纲, 关志雄, 姚枝仲. 国际贸易结构分析: 贸易品的技术分布
经济研究, 2006, (8): 70-80.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Fan Gang, Guan Zhixiong, Yao Zhizhong. Analyzing the foreign trade structure based on technologies of traded goods
Economic Research Journal, 2006, (8):70-80.] DOI: cnki:%20SUN:%20JJYJ.0.2006-08-007.

URL [本文引用: 1]

张战仁, 杜德斌. 跨国研发投资与中国发展影响研究: 基于中国创新自主发展基础的面板联立方程分析
地理科学, 2015, 35(8): 976-983.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2015.08.976 [本文引用: 1]
利用中国各省市2009~2012年的面板联立数据,研究了跨国研发投资与中国发展的影响。结果发现,基于目前的创新自主发展水平,跨国研发投资对中国的创新自主促进效应较为明显;凭借当前的创新自主发展基础,中国还将在国际研发分工调整过程中,实现提高国际分工位置目的。但与跨国研发投资的总体影响不同,中国东部、中部、西部等分组省市与跨国研发投资的关系差异明显。其中,以目前的创新自主发展基础,中国只有东部分组省区达到了跨国公司全球研发建网的区位据点条件,中西部分组省区则受薄弱的创新自主发展基础制约,不能通过与跨国研发投资的良性互动,达到提高国际分工位置、加快创新自主发展的目的。这表明在一国内部,跨国研发投资的实际影响,也将随着投资地自主创新发展基础的变化而变化;要实现对跨国研发投资影响的辩证认识,就必须结合考虑东道国的创新自主发展基础。
[ Zhang Zhanren, Du Debin. Transnational R&D investment and Chinese development: The panel simultaneous equation analysis based on indigenous innovation of China
Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(8): 976-983.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2015.08.006.

[本文引用: 1]
<p>As a vital performance of international network division’s development in depth, the dialectical influence of transnational R&D investment is based on the innovative independent development of the host country. According to the provincial panel simultaneous data in 2009-2012, the article studies the influence of transnational R&D investment to China. The results show that based on the current level of self-development of innovation, the foreign R&D has an obvious promoting effect on China’s independent innovation, and China will achieve the goal of obtaining a higher place in international division during the adjustment period of international R&D division of labor. However, differing from the overall impact of foreign R&D investment, the relations between China's eastern, central and western provinces and foreign R&D investment are different. Among them, based on the current innovative independent development, only provinces in the eastern China have reached the regional conditions that multinational companies can establish its global R&D network. The majority of the midwest provinces and regions are restricted by the weak basis of innovative independent development, cannot achieve the goal of obtaining a higher place in international division and accelerating the development of innovative independent through the positive interaction with multinational R&D investment. On the policy implications, it indicates that the actual influence of foreign R&D will change with different indigenous innovation foundation in host place. To realize the dialectical understanding of foreign R&D, the foundation of innovation and independent development of the host country must be taken into account.</p>

夏丽丽, 王润晓, 梁新怡, . 全球-地方背景下东道国企业研发行为的演变及其影响因素研究: 基于技术溢出视角的广州市本土制造企业微观实证
地理科学, 2019, 39(2): 277-284.

DOI:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.02.012 [本文引用: 1]
以广州市本土制造企业为例,通过半结构式问卷及有序多分类logistic模型,从企业微观尺度阐明全球-地方背景下本土企业研发行为的演变,从技术联系、生产联系及劳动力联系3个方面探究跨国资本技术溢出对本土企业研发行为演变的影响与机制。结果表明:20世纪90年代以来,本土企业研发行为经历由技术依赖型向自主研发主导下兼有研发内部化与国际化扩张的模式转变。跨国与本土企业技术差距减小、更紧密地嵌入全球产业链、劳动力从跨国向本土企业流动均显著提升本土企业的自主研发强度,国际技术采购则具有显著的负效应。
[ Xia Lili, Wang Runxiao, Liang Xinyi, et al. Evolution of R&D behavior and influential factors of indigenous enterprises of host countries under the global-local background: A case study of manufacturing enterprises in Guangzhou from the perspective of technology spillover
Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(2): 277-284.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.02.012.

[本文引用: 1]
<p>The global-local relationship generated in the process of innovation and transnational innovative mechanism has become a new topic of regional development. The research on the impact of globalizing forces on the innovation of host countries is mainly based on the perspective of technology spillover and the impact on the evolution of economic and innovation consequence of host countries has attracted great attention during the last two decades. Few literatures, however, have focused on the impact on the process of innovation,which is more significant for developing host countries to achieve technical transition and value upgrading in global production network. Based on a case study of Guangzhou, this article begs the question of what effect the technology spillover of transnational enterprises has on the process of innovation of China, especially on indigenous manufacturing firms, which play a key role in industrialization and face increasingly urgent environmental regulation and the demand of technical transition in China. Fieldwork is carried out to obtain R&D behavior’s characteristics of indigenous manufacturing firms using semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews with owners or responsible persons of the firms selected by convenient and snowball sampling. Location of the samples covers major manufacturing area in Guangzhou. The results show that since the 1990s, the indigenous firms have gradually increased R&D input, established independent R&D institutions as well as actively promoted R&D internationalization. Meanwhile, the R&D behavior of technology import and external cooperation are relatively weak. These changes indicate the indigenous manufacturing firms have experienced a R&D mode transition from highly dependent on introducing technology from developed Countries to the internalization and internationalization of R&D behavior dominated by self-dependent innovation. Promoting the motivation of self-dependent innovation of indigenous enterprises underlies the evolution of R&D behavior under the circumstance of integrating multinational innovation network. The study further investigates what impacts the technical spillover from foreign investments have on the evolution of R&D mode of indigenous manufacturing firms and its mechanism by building an ordinal polytomous logistic regression model. In the model, the effect of technical relation, productive cooperation and labor turnover between translational and indigenous manufacturing enterprises have been examined. The results show that technical spillover from foreign investments has a significant impact on the transition of R&D mode of local enterprises. Both of the decreased technical gaps and the free flow of labor force between international and local enterprises have significantly promoted the motivation of independent R&D behavior of local enterprises. More closely embedded in global production networks also has a positive effect. However, international technology procurement has a significant negative effect on self-dependent innovation of indigenous manufacturing firms. The results of this paper can help to enrich the understanding of the evolution of local innovation process and its mechanism under the background of globalization, and provide inspiration for the policy-making of regional innovation system integrated global forces.</p>

叶士琳, 蒋自然, 祁新华. 长三角集装箱码头效率时空演化及其影响因素
地理研究, 2020, 39(8): 1782-1793.

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190737 [本文引用: 1]
集装箱码头效率对区域经济发展具有重要影响。采用超效率SBM模型对2008—2017年长三角地区15家集装箱码头效率进行测度,分析其时空演化特征及关键影响因素。结果表明:长三角集装箱码头效率总体水平不高,但整体保持增长态势;纯技术效率的提高是推动集装箱码头效率增长的主要动力;长三角集装箱码头效率空间格局发生显著调整,表现出明显的阶段性特征,且近年来其空间差异向均衡化方向发展;沿海集装箱码头与沿江集装箱码头效率演化态势差异明显,前者总体表现更好;人力资源、集疏运条件和港口功能对集装箱码头效率具有显著的正向作用,股权结构与腹地经济等相关指标未通过模型检验,作用并不显著。
[ Ye Shilin, Jiang Ziran, Qi Xinhua. Spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of container terminals efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta
Geographical Research, 2020, 39(8): 1782-1793.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020190737.

[本文引用: 1]
With the continuous development of the global port and shipping market, inter-port competition is increasingly manifesting as competition at the terminal level. The efficiency of container terminals will significantly affect the efficiency and competitiveness of the whole port supply chain, and then have an important impact on regional economic development. It has grown up to be a challenging task for many countries to measure and understand the efficiency characteristics of container terminals scientifically, especially for developing countries and emerging market countries. Therefore, research on container terminal efficiency has received more and more attention in recent years, but there are the research results based on the geographical perspective. In this paper, 15 main container terminals in the Yangtze River Delta region are chosen as the research object, and their efficiency between 2008 and 2017 is measured by using the super-efficiency SBM model, and then the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics are analyzed. On this basis, the Tobit model is utilized to analyze the key factors affecting the efficiency of container terminals. The result shows that: (1) the overall level of comprehensive technical efficiency of the Yangtze River Delta container terminal is not high, the highest efficiency value is only 0.581, but the overall growth trend remains unchanged. During the study period, the average scale efficiency value of container terminals showed a slowly decreasing trend year by year, while the average pure technical efficiency value maintained a steady growth trend. The gap between them is narrowing year by year. Besides, the principal driving force for the slow growth of comprehensive technical efficiency comes from the improvement of pure technical efficiency. (2) From 2008 to 2017, the change trends of container terminal efficiency in the study region were different, which jointly promote the significant adjustment of the spatial pattern of container terminals efficiency. During the study period, the coefficient of variation of the comprehensive technical efficiency of the delta container terminal fluctuated between 0.159 and 0.318, and the spatial pattern evolution of container terminals efficiency has obvious phase characteristics. Since 2013, this spatial difference has developed towards equalization. At the same time, there are noticeable differences in efficiency evolution between the coastal and the riverside container terminals, and the former performs better. (3) Depending on the regression analysis results of influencing factors, human resources, port collection and distribution conditions, and port functions have a significant positive effect on container terminal efficiency. Also, the relevant indicators of ownership structure and hinterland economy have not passed the model test, and their impact is not significant.

孙秀梅, 张慧, 王格. 基于超效率SBM模型的区域碳排放效率研究: 以山东省17个地级市为例
生态经济, 2016, 32(5): 68-73.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Sun Xiumei, Zhang Hui, Wang Ge. Evaluation of regional carbon emissions performance based on SE-SBM model: Taking Shandong province as an example
Ecological Economy, 2016, 32(5): 68-73.] DOI: cnki:%20SUN:%20STJJ.0.2016-05-014.

URL [本文引用: 1]

刘懿, 方玉. 国有上市企业运营效率测算和时空演进分析
经济地理, 2020, 40(2): 117-124, 131.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Liu Yi, Fang Yu. Measurement of operational efficiency and analysis of spatiotemporal evolution of state-owned listed enterprises
Economic Geography, 2020, 40(2): 117-124, 131.] DOI: http://www.dlyj.ac.cn/article/2021/1000-0585/10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2020.02.013.

URL [本文引用: 1]

刘会政, 宗喆. 融资约束对中国区域全球价值链嵌入的影响
国际贸易问题, 2020, (4): 121-139.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Liu Huizheng, Zong Zhe. The impact of financial constraints on China's regional global value chain embeddedness
Journal of International Trade, 2020, (4): 121-139.] DOI: 10.13510/j.cnki.jit.2020.04.008.

[本文引用: 1]

陈玉荣. 科技型中小企业各生命周期阶段的特点及融资策略
科技进步与对策, 2010, 27(14): 91-93.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Chen Yurong. The characteristics and financing strategies of the life cycle stages of high-tech SMEs
Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2010, 27(14): 91-93.] DOI: cnki:%20SUN:%20KJJB.0.2010-14-024.

URL [本文引用: 1]

张战仁, 杜德斌. 全球研发网络嵌入障碍及升级困境问题研究述评
经济地理, 2016, 36(8): 1-7, 46.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Zhang Zhanren, Du Debin. A review on the study of the embed barriers and upgrade dilemma of the global R&D network
Economic Geography, 2016, 36(8): 1-7, 46.] DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2016.08.001.

DOI:10.2307/142020URL [本文引用: 1]

陈隆. 中国海关进出口信用体系建设成效分析与关键问题研究
海关与经贸研究, 2017, 38(5): 60-67.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Chen Long. A study on the results and essential problems of the development of import and export credit system of China customs
Journal of Customs and Trade, 2017, 38(5): 60-67.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-1765.2017.05.006.

[本文引用: 1]

李俊杰, 景一佳. 基于SBM-GIS的绿色发展效率评价及时空分异研究: 以中原城市群为例
生态经济, 2019, 35(9): 94-101, 107.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Li Junjie, Jing Yijia. Research on green development efficiency evaluation and spatial-temporal differentiation based on SBM-GIS: Take the central plains urban agglomeration as an example
Ecological Economy, 2019, 35(9): 94-101, 107.] DOI: cnki:%20SUN:%20STJJ.0.2019-09-018.

URL [本文引用: 1]

王泽宇, 张梦雅, 王焱熙, . 中国海洋三次产业经济效率时空演变及影响因素分析
经济地理, 2020, 40(11): 121-130.

[本文引用: 1]

[ Wang Zeyu, Zhang Mengya, Wang Yanxi, et al. Temporal and spatial evolution of the economic efficiency of China's marine three industries and its influencing factors
Economic Geography, 2020, 40(11): 121-130.] DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2020.11.014.

[本文引用: 1]

相关话题/网络 创新 技术 城市 生物医药