申旭科^1,,
王建¹,
姚娟婷¹,
夏欢¹,
王倩倩²,
任晓燕²,
JorisOlaf³,
张东菊^1,,
1. 兰州大学资源环境学院, 西部环境教育部重点实验室, 甘肃 兰州 730000
2. 青海省文物考古研究所, 青海 西宁 810007
3. MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioral Evolution, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41771225）、科技部基础资源调查专项项目（批准号：2017FY101003）和兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项项目（批准号：lzujbky-2018-144）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 申旭科, 男, 23岁, 硕士研究生, 自然地理学专业, E-mail:shenxk14@lzu.edu.cn

通讯作者: 张东菊, E-mail:djzhang@lzu.edu.cn

中图分类号: K872;K876.2

收稿日期:2019-10-29
修回日期:2020-01-12
刊出日期:2020-03-30

A study of lithic raw material exploitation strategies of prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the Qinghai Lake Basin

Shen Xuke^1,,
Wang Jian¹,
Yao Juanting¹,
Xia Huan¹,
Wang Qianqian²,
Ren Xiaoyan²,
Joris Olaf³,
Zhang Dongju^1,,
1. Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu
2. Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xining 810007, Qinghai
3. MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Schloss Monrepos, 56567 Neuwied, Germany


More Information

Corresponding author: Zhang Dongju,E-mail:djzhang@lzu.edu.cn

MSC: K872;K876.2

--> Received Date: 29 October 2019
Revised Date: 12 January 2020
Publish Date: 30 March 2020


摘要
摘要:史前人类向青藏高原扩散的过程和适应高海拔缺氧环境的机制是多学科关注的热点科学问题。青海湖盆地是青藏高原旧石器-中石器时代遗址分布最为丰富的区域，对这些遗址出土的石制品原料的分析有助于深入理解青藏高原史前狩猎采集人群的石料开发策略、人群迁徙和交流联系。青海湖盆地151遗址出土的928件石制品的石料研究分析显示，处于末次冰消期的下文化层的石制品以近源的石英和石英岩为主要原料，而处于全新世早中期的上文化层在同类型近源石料仍占主体地位的情况下，开始出现较高比例和多样化的优质硅质石料，并且主要用于生产细石器。野外调查和查阅地质资料均未发现青海湖盆地内有151遗址中出现的同类型优质硅质石料产出，推测其来自远距离搬运。青海湖盆地内其他8个末次冰消期至全新世中期遗址的3269件石制品石料分析结果显示，与151遗址同类型的远源优质硅质石料在全新世早期开始在盆地内的遗址中出现。这一结果表明青海湖盆地末次冰消期古人类活动强度和范围有限，全新世早中期古人类受到全新世大暖期气候变好和周边地区农业人群兴起挤压活动空间的双重影响，在高原上的活动范围和强度大大增加，伴随着开始有意识地开发优质石料，较频繁地进行远距离迁移和人群交流。远源优质硅质石料的产地可能位于北祁连山区和青藏高原上的陆相火山岩区，需要未来更深入的研究揭示。该研究为深入理解青藏高原古人类的高海拔环境适应策略和移动模式提供了重要材料，为理解史前人类向高原扩散的机制提供了重要信息。
关键词: 青海湖盆地/
151遗址/
石料利用策略/
狩猎采集人群

Abstract:The process and mechanism by which prehistoric humans spread to the Tibetan Plateau is a major scientific question that is of great interest to a wide range of multi-disciplinary scientists. The analysis of the types of lithic raw materials at Paleolithic and Epi-Paleolithic sites and their geological provenance is important for the study of stone tool production technologies, resource exploitation strategies, space utilization, and mobility models of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. The Qinghai Lake Basin, located in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is currently one of the few regions of the plateau where abundant Paleolithic-Epi-Paleolithic sites have been found. Twelve Paleolithic-Epi-Paleolithic sites have been discovered in the basin, and here we present the results of a study of stone artifacts from 9 of the sites, dated to ca.15~5 ka. Site 151(36.56°N, 100.475°E; 3397 m a.s.l.), located in the southern part of the Qinghai Lake Basin, is one of the most important sites in the area and we collected 928 pieces of stone artefacts during excavations of the site in 2014 and 2016. At the same time, 3269 pieces of stone artefacts found in archaeological surveys from another 8 sites in Qinghai Lake Basin were studied. These 8 sites are Jiangxigou 1(JXG1), Jiangxigou 2(JXG2), Hudongzhongyangchang(HZYC), 10 Hearths, Bronze Wire Canyon 3(BWC3), Bronze Wire Canyon 4(BWC4), White Buddha Temple(WBT)and the Garhai site. Most of them are surface collections found during archaeological surveys, except for Jiangxigou 1 and Jiangxigou 2.
We analyzed the lithic raw material types and macroscopic characteristics of these stone artefacts and conducted a field investigation of the geological outcrops around the prehistoric sites and the adjacent Laji Mountains. The geological investigation showed that the main outcrops in the Qinghai Lake Basin are Paleoproterozoic gneiss, Triassic granite, diorite and sandstone, of Triassic to Neogene age. Twelve types of raw materials are identified in the stone artifact assemblage collected from site 151:quartz, quartzite, slate, granite, gneiss, granite porphyry, chalcedony, chert, jasper, lydite, gray-green cryptocrystalline quartzite and silicalite. Our results suggest that the Late Deglacial hunter-gatherers used mainly local quartz and quartzite as the principal raw materials for their stone tools; whereas the early-mid Holocene hunter-gatherers were able to obtain six new types of high-quality siliceous raw materials(chalcedony, chert, jasper, lydite, gray-green cryptocrystalline quartzite and silicalite), specifically for microblade production, in addition to the local quartz and quartzite which were mainly used for flake production. Analyses of lithic raw materials from other Paleolithic-Epi-Paleolithic sites in the Qinghai Lake Basin reveal the same pattern. Overall, high-quality siliceous raw materials started to appear at prehistoric sites in the Early-Middle Holocene. We failed to find outcrops of high-quality siliceous raw materials during a geological investigation excavation in the basin or the surrounding regions.
Overall, the evidence indicates that the intensity and spatial range of hunter-gatherer activities in the Qinghai Lake Basin increased and expanded significantly from the Late Deglacial to the Early-Middle Holocene. During the later period, especially, hunter-gatherers started to selectively exploit high-quality lithic raw materials, associated with more frequent long-distance migrations. Our study thus provides important evidence for improving our understanding of high-altitude environmental adaptation strategies and mobility patterns of prehistoric hunter-gatherers on the Tibetan Plateau, and of the mechanism of prehistoric human expansion to the Tibetan Plateau.
Key words:Qinghai Lake Basin/
site 151/
lithic raw material exploitation strategies/
prehistoric hunter-gatherers



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