邵孔兰^1,2,,
张健平^1,3,
丛德新⁴,
贾伟明⁵,
崔安宁^1,2,
吴乃琴^1,2,6
1. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 中国科学院新生代地质与环境重点实验室, 北京 100029
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3. 中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心, 北京 100101
4. 中国社会科学院考古研究所, 北京 100710
5. 悉尼大学考古系, 悉尼大学中国研究中心, 澳大利亚, 悉尼 2006
6. 中国科学院地球科学研究院, 北京 100029

基金项目: 中国科学院（B类）战略性先导科技专项项目（批准号：XDB26000000）、国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41472154和41430103）和中国科学院青年创新促进会项目（批准号：2017096）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 邵孔兰, 女, 26岁, 博士研究生, 环境考古、植物考古研究, E-mail: shaokl@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

中图分类号: Q913.84;K854;K871.13

收稿日期:2018-10-20
修回日期:2018-11-29
刊出日期:2019-01-30

Analysis of plant microfossils reveals the ancient survival strategy of the Adunqiaolu site in Xinjiang, China

Shao Konglan^1,2,,
Zhang Jianping^1,3,
Cong Dexin⁴,
Jia Peter⁵,
Cui Anning^1,2,
Wu Naiqin^1,2,6
1. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101
4. Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100010
5. Department of Archaeology, China Studies Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
6. Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029


MSC: Q913.84;K854;K871.13

--> Received Date: 20 October 2018
Revised Date: 29 November 2018
Publish Date: 30 January 2019


摘要
摘要:新疆地区是史前游牧文化与农业文化交融的重要区域，而地处新疆西天山地区的阿敦乔鲁青铜时代遗址，是古代人类活动、文化发展与演化过程的重要时空节点。但是目前对该遗址古人生存策略，尤其是对于当时人们的饮食结构和遗址的季节性使用的认识，存在不同观点。本研究通过对阿敦乔鲁遗址中房址内堆积物、羊粪化石以及遗址周边现代羊粪、自然地层进行植硅体、孢粉分析，发现了农作物植硅体以黍（Panicum miliaceum）和麦类作物的稃片为主，遗址使用后期出现少量的粟（Setaria italica），揭示了该遗址农作物组成以黍、大/小麦（Hordeum spp./Triticum spp.）为主，兼有粟的混合结构。在秋季（9月份）采集的现代羊粪中，孢粉种类（24个科/属）和浓度（平均65533粒/g）显著高于羊粪化石的孢粉种类（9个科/属）和浓度（平均27189粒/g），且现代羊粪以蒿属（Artemisia）植物（7~10月开花结籽）花粉为主（平均54.95%），羊粪化石中蒿属植物花粉仅有19.20%。来自早熟禾亚科（Pooideae）种子稃片的植硅体，在现代羊粪中的含量（平均3.62%）显著低于在羊粪化石中的含量（平均13.84%），羊粪孢粉和植硅体分析结果，揭示了阿敦乔鲁遗址羊类放牧时间应该处于花期结束后，植物已结籽的秋-冬季节，为阿敦乔鲁遗址冬季牧场的性质提供了植物学证据。同时房址内火塘、活动面和储藏间的堆积中植硅体组合与羊粪化石植硅体组合接近，暗示了羊粪可能被大量收集储藏，作为主要的铺垫物和冬季燃料使用。研究结果对于深化青铜时代以来新疆西天山地区古人生存策略、食物结构等的认识具有重要的推动作用。
关键词: 欧亚草原/
农作物/
植硅体/
孢粉/
粪化石/
黍和粟

Abstract:Understanding survival strategies is an important way to reavel the ancient human activities and cultural development and evolution. It is also a critical issue to be concerned in geology, archaeology and biology. Xinjiang area is a cross interaction region of prehistoric nomadic culture and agriculture culture. One of the evidence of this interaction is the Bronze Age site Adunqiaolu(45°01'28.12"N, 80°32'34.71"E), in western Tian Shan of Xinjiang. There is a controversal point about properties and ancient survival strategies, especially the structure of diet and seasonally used of this sites. 17 phytolith and 2 pollen samples are collected from surface, cultural layers, and sheep/goat coprolites at this ancient site. Also 14 phytolith and 2 pollen samples of modern sheep faeces and natural deposites around Adunqiaolu sites are collected. The result shows that the inflorescence bracts phytoliths of common millet(Panicum miliaceum) and wheat(Triticum spp.)/barley(Hordeum spp.) were the mainly composition of cereals phytoliths, and a small amount of foxtail millet(Setaria italica) phytoliths appeared at the late period of the site. It reminds that the cereals structure of this site were mainly the common millet and wheat/barley, mixed with foxtail millet. The pollen species(24 families/genera) and mean concentration(65533 grains/g) of modern sheep faeces collected in September are definitely higher than sheep/goat coprolites(9families/genara and 27189 grains/g). And Artemisia, which flowers and bears seeds from July to October, is the main pollen of modern sheep faeces. The mean percentage of Artemisia pollen is 54.95% which is higher than sheep/goat coprolites(19.20%), too. At the same time, the phytoliths from the inflorescence bracts of sheep/goat coprolites(average 13.84%) are definitely higher than modern sheep faeces(average 3.62%). This indicates the grazing time of sheep/goat in Adunqiaolu site should be after flowering and producing seeds in autumn to winter, which provides plant evidence of winter usage of Adunqiaolu. The phytolith assemblage of fire pools, active surfaces and sheep/goat coprolites of the ancient site is similar. It indicates that sheep/goat coprolites were collected as bedding materials and fuels and stored at stored room. Our study demonstrates crop structure of ancient people and provides direct plant evidence of site properties and functions, which can help us to better understand ancient survival strategies by pastoralist in the western Tian Shan in the Bronze Age.
Key words:Eurasian steppe/
cereal/
phytolith/
pollen/
coprolite/
common millet and foxtail millet



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