李康康^1,2,,
秦小光^1,,,
张磊¹,
顾兆炎¹,
许冰¹,
穆桂金³,
林永崇³,
魏东⁴,
王春雪⁴,
吴勇⁵,
田小红⁵,
吕厚远¹,
吴乃琴¹,
贾红娟⁶,
焦迎新⁷
1. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 中国科学院新生代地质与环境重点实验室, 北京 100029
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
4. 吉林大学, 吉林 长春 130012
5. 新疆文物考古研究所, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
6. 河北地质大学, 河北 石家庄 050031
7. 若羌县文物局, 新疆 若羌 841800

基金项目: 科技部国家科技基础性工作专项重点项目"罗布泊地区自然与文化遗产综合科学考察"（批准号：2014FY210500）和国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41372187）共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 李康康, 男, 27岁, 博士研究生, 第四纪地质学专业, E-mail:kangkangli@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

通讯作者: 秦小光, E-mail:xiaoguangqin@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

中图分类号: P597⁺.3, P534.63⁺2

收稿日期:2017-12-13
修回日期:2018-03-05
刊出日期:2018-05-30

The ancient oasis and human activity in Lop Nur(Loulan) region during 1260~1450 A.D.

Li Kangkang^1,2,,
Qin Xiaoguang^1,,,
Zhang Lei¹,
Gu Zhaoyan¹,
Xu Bing¹,
Mu Guijin³,
Lin Yongchong³,
Wei Dong⁴,
Wang Chunxue⁴,
Wu Yong⁵,
Tian Xiaohong⁵,
Lü Houyuan¹,
Wu Naiqin¹,
Jia Hongjuan⁶,
Jiao Yingxin⁷
1. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
2. University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049
3. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vrümqi 830011, Xinjiang
4. Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin
5. Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology, Vrümqi 830011, Xinjiang
6. Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei
7. Bureau of Cultural Heritage of Ruoqiang County, Ruoqiang 841800, Xinjiang


More Information

Corresponding author: Qin Xiaoguang,E-mail:xiaoguangqin@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

MSC: P597⁺.3, P534.63⁺2

--> Received Date: 13 December 2017
Revised Date: 05 March 2018
Publish Date: 30 May 2018


摘要
摘要:历史时期塔里木盆地周缘绿洲演化和人类活动与气候控制的水文条件变化密切相关。罗布泊西岸地区是古塔里木河尾闾三角洲区，曾是东西方交往的重要通道和著名的楼兰古国所在地，而如今却变为不毛之地。自然与人文环境的剧烈变化，使罗布泊地区成为研究干旱区人类活动-气候-水文三者之间相互关系最具代表性的区域。文章对楼兰地区大量自然植物遗存和古代人类活动遗址进行系统的AMS ¹⁴C年代学分析，结合塔里木盆地人类活动历史记录和已有的高分辨率气候记录，对其所指示的古绿洲环境格局和人类活动进行初步研究。结果表明，1260~1450 cal.A.D.是罗布泊地区自古楼兰之后的又一次绿洲湿润期，在罗布泊西岸三角洲区生长大量的植被，对应中世纪暖期向小冰期转变的过渡阶段。¹⁴C年龄的统计结果显示湿润期内存在多次洪水事件，表现为多次洪水期与枯水期脉冲式交替出现。同时多处古代遗址的¹⁴C年代结果显示元明时期楼兰地区再次出现人类居住，并修建引水渠、灌溉耕地。气候变化导致区域性水文条件变好应该是驱动元明时期人类再次定居楼兰地区的主要因素。
关键词: 罗布泊/
楼兰/
AMS ¹⁴C/
元明绿洲期/
人类活动

Abstract:The oasis evolution and human activity strongly related to hydrological conditions in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, in historic time. The Lop Nur(Loulan) region, southern Xinjiang, was the terminal lake of the Tarim River and the famous ancient Loulan kingdom located on the west bank of the Lake Lop Nur. However, the area has been experienced dramatic changes from oasis to wasteland. In this paper, we conducted systematical radiocarbon dating(AMS ¹⁴C) with 30 specimens of subfossil Populus euphratica lying on ancient riverbeds, which may be driftwoods transported by floods or be dead trees grew on both sides of the river, 10 specimens of Tamarix chinensis and reed in Yardang area between ancient rivers, and 5 specimens sampled from three archaeological sites(two settlements and an artificial canal). The statistical characteristics of ¹⁴C ages were also analyzed. Finally by compared with historical documents and reported palaeoclimatic records, the relation between oasis environment and human activity was discussed.
Results show good consistency between natural plant remains and archaeological sites, corresponding with the Yuan-Ming Dynasty(1271~1644 A.D.). It was found that the difference on age distribution of two aforementioned sources of subfossil P. euphratica is obvious. The presence of three age peaks of P. euphratica, corresponding with our driftwood samples, implies that the Loulan area experienced at least three flood events and re-experienced oasis environment from 1260 cal. A.D. to 1450 cal. A.D., which is the climate transition stage from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. Specifically, results show that reed and tamarisk samples appear to be dated to the end of flood events, indicating a decrease in groundwater level during intermittent periods. Therefore, it is concluded that several pulse-like flood event-featured wet-dry alternative cycles constitute the wet period. In the meantime, human re-settled in the Loulan area and built canals to irrigate farmlands. Buried reed layers were found on the artificial bank because the people who lived in the Loulan area at this time dredged the canal and placed sediments directly onto growing reeds in the banks of the canal during the flooding periods. The presence of reddish sintered-clay breccia in the artificial bank can also be interpreted as evidence of human activity at this time, which may be related to people maintaining the canal after flooding events. By compared with high-resolution palaeoclimatic records(ice core, tree ring, and stalagmite) from Kunlun Mountains, Qilian Mountains, and Tianshan Mountains, around Tarim Basin, it was believed that human resettlement in the area during the Yuan-Ming Dynasties was primarily dominated by an increase in runoff resulted from mountain precipitation. Furthermore, Lop Nur region is the core arid area of Eurasia, the enlargement of Loulan oasis strongly suggests the wet climate and a prosperous oasis environment in the whole central Asia, that may be a major environmental factor for the three times of Mongol westward conquest in 13^th century.
Key words:Lake Lop Nur (Loulan)/
plant remains AMS ¹⁴C/
oasis/
climate change/
human activity



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