刘苡轩^,1, 黄冬琳^,1, 刘娜¹, 姚致远¹, 尹丹¹, 蒙元永¹, 赵护兵¹, 高亚军¹, 王朝辉^1,21西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100
2西北农林科技大学/旱区作物逆境生物学 国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌 712100

The Increasing Effect and Influencing Factors of Leguminous Green Manure on Wheat Grain Zn in Weibei Highland

LIU YiXuan^,1, HUANG DongLin^,1, LIU Na¹, YAO ZhiYuan¹, YIN Dan¹, MENG YuanYong¹, ZHAO HuBing¹, GAO YaYun¹, WANG ZhaoHui^1,2 1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
2Northwest A&F University/ State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi

通讯作者: 刘苡轩,E-mail： liuyixuan930720@126.com。 黄冬琳,E-mail： dlynnhuang@nwafu.edu.cn

责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2018-05-10接受日期:2018-09-29网络出版日期:2018-11-01

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金青年项目.41401330 国家重点研发计划.2018YFD0200401 国家公益性行业农业科研专项.201503124

Received:2018-05-10Accepted:2018-09-29Online:2018-11-01


摘要
【目的】针对渭北旱塬石灰性土壤有效锌含量低,小麦籽粒锌含量不高的问题,研究不同豆科绿肥轮作对小麦籽粒锌的作用,揭示其提高小麦籽粒锌含量的影响因素,为改善居民锌摄入水平提供思路及实践依据。【方法】2016—2017年在永寿和长武两地开展田间试验,完全随机区组设计。永寿试验地处理为休闲-小麦、黑麦豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦3种处理;长武试验地为休闲-小麦、怀豆-小麦和绿豆-小麦3种处理。采集永寿、长武两地的绿肥、小麦和土壤样品进行分析。【结果】与休闲相比,永寿各豆科绿肥—小麦轮作的小麦各器官生物量显著降低了19.2%—38.3%;长武各豆科绿肥—小麦轮作显著减少了小麦茎叶、颖壳生物量,降幅为19.9%—33.2%。永寿黑麦豆—小麦和长武怀豆—小麦轮作较休闲显著提高了小麦籽粒锌含量,分别增加了14.2%和18.6%。黑麦豆—小麦、怀豆—小麦轮作对小麦的增锌作用一定程度上补偿了减产对小麦锌累积量的影响,长武怀豆—小麦轮作的小麦各器官及地上部锌累积量与休闲无显著差异。小麦籽粒锌含量与豆科绿肥的锌吸收量呈显著正相关关系,豆科绿肥锌吸收量每增加1.0 g·hm ^-2,小麦籽粒锌含量增加0.23 mg·kg ^-1。黑麦豆、怀豆的锌、氮吸收量相对较高,C/N较绿豆分别低了18.6%和20.4%。黑麦豆—小麦、怀豆—小麦轮作较休闲在小麦收获期显著提高了土壤硝态氮含量,增幅分别为36.7%和69.1%。豆科绿肥—小麦轮作在小麦生长过程中对土壤DTPA-Zn含量基本无显著影响。 【结论】黑麦豆、怀豆两种豆科绿肥因自身比较高的锌、氮吸收量以及较低的C/N,可显著提高后茬小麦籽粒锌含量。同时绿肥自身富集锌的能力可作为筛选小麦适宜增锌绿肥品种的依据。总之,豆科绿肥—小麦轮作模式是提高小麦籽粒锌含量,改善居民膳食锌摄入的有效生物强化手段。
关键词： 渭北旱塬;豆科绿肥;轮作;冬小麦;籽粒;锌含量

Abstract
【Objective】Weibei Highland is one of important winter wheat production areas in northwest China, where Zn concentration in wheat grain are generally low due to soil bioavailable Zn deficiency. So we decided to study leguminous green manure-wheat rotations whether could improve wheat Zn concentration in different regions of Weibei Highland, and to explore the factors affecting wheat Zn biofortification by leguminous green manure-wheat rotations.【Method】Two field experiments were carried out during 2016-2017 cropping seasons in Yongshou and Changwu with a completely randomized block design. There were three main treatments: Summer fallow-wheat (FW) as CK, black kidney bean-wheat (KW) and mung bean-wheat (MW) in Yongshou; Summer fallow-wheat (FW) as CK, huai bean-wheat (HW) and mung bean-wheat (MW) in Changwu. Plant samples of legumes, wheat and 0-20 cm soil samples at different wheat growing stages were collected for chemical analysis. 【Result】 In Yongshou, compare with FW, wheat grain yield and biomass were decreased by 19.2%-38.3% under leguminous green manure-wheat rotations,. In Changwu, leguminous green manure-wheat rotations did not significantly reduce wheat grain yield, but reduced wheat glumes and straw biomass by 19.9%-33.2%. KW rotation in Yongshou and HW rotation in Changwu significantly increased grain Zn concentration by 14.2% and 18.6%, respectively, which partially compensated the potential reduction of wheat grain Zn export and aboveground shoot Zn uptake by increasing Zn concentrations of wheat grain and straw Zn concentration due to the shrink of wheat yield and biomass. There was no significant difference of wheat Zn uptake between HW and FW treatments in Changwu. Wheat grain Zn concentration was positively correlated with leguminous manure shoot Zn uptake. Wheat grain Zn concentration increases 0.23 mg·kg ^-1 when green manure shoot Zn uptake increases 1.0 g·hm ^-2, correspondingly. Besides, the Zn, N content of black kidney bean and huai bean were both higher than that of mung bean. Moreover, compared with mung bean, C/N of black kidney bean and huai bean were lower by 18.6% and 20.4%, respectively. At wheat maturity stage, soil nitrate of KW and HW rotations were both higher than that of FW by 36.7% and 69.1%, respectively. Leguminous green manure-wheat rotations had rarely significant effect on soil DTPA-Zn concentration during the growth of wheat.【Conclusion】Relatively higher Zn and N content and lower in C/N of black kidney bean and huai bean made them more readily improved subsequently wheat Zn uptake and accumulation than that of mung bean. The positive correlation between wheat grain Zn concentration and leguminous green manure shoot Zn uptake could be the guidance for screening and optimizing green manure varieties for wheat Zn biofortification. Therefore, leguminous green manure-wheat rotations could be an effective biofortification method to enhance wheat Zn nutrition for residents which suffered from Zn deficiency.
Keywords：Weibei highland;leguminous green manure;rotation;winter wheat;grain;Zn concentration


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本文引用格式
刘苡轩, 黄冬琳, 刘娜, 姚致远, 尹丹, 蒙元永, 赵护兵, 高亚军, 王朝辉. 渭北旱塬豆科绿肥提高冬小麦籽粒锌的效应与影响因素研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(21): 4030-4039 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.003
LIU YiXuan, HUANG DongLin, LIU Na, YAO ZhiYuan, YIN Dan, MENG YuanYong, ZHAO HuBing, GAO YaYun, WANG ZhaoHui. The Increasing Effect and Influencing Factors of Leguminous Green Manure on Wheat Grain Zn in Weibei Highland[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(21): 4030-4039 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.003

0 引言

【研究意义】锌是维持人体健康不可缺少的必要营养元素,参与生长发育中重要的生理生化过程。人体缺锌会引发诸如生长发育迟缓,新陈代谢缓慢,免疫力低下等一系列严重的健康问题^[1,2,3,4]。日常膳食是人体补充锌营养的主要途径^[3],小麦是我国北方的主粮作物,小麦锌含量的高低直接影响以小麦为主食人群的锌营养状况。渭北旱塬土壤是典型的石灰性土壤,高pH、碳酸盐含量高、土壤有机质低和土壤水分缺乏等因素严重制约了土壤锌生物有效性^[5],该区域生产的小麦籽粒锌含量平均值低于30 mg·kg^-1[6,7,8,9],远低于满足人体锌需求的小麦籽粒推荐锌含量40—60 mg·kg^{-1 [5]},因此研究活化土壤锌、增加小麦籽粒锌含量的有效途径并探索其可能的影响因素,改善以小麦为主食人群的锌摄入状况,具有重要的科学意义。【前人研究进展】通过小麦育种获取锌高效型品种是提高小麦富锌能力的重要途径之一,但科研投入较高,耗时较长且依赖于土壤锌含量的高低^[9]。施用锌肥是较为常用、可短期提高小麦籽粒锌含量的农艺措施,但不同于土耳其等低锌地区研究结果^[10,11],我国石灰性土壤上的试验发现土施锌肥无法有效提高小麦锌含量^[7,12]。而喷施锌肥虽能够显著增加小麦锌含量^[7,12],但需要多次喷施,耗费人力,在我国目前农村缺乏劳力的情况下,喷施锌肥并不经济。豆科作物自古以来作为绿肥被广泛用于提高土壤有机质含量,改善土壤结构,并为后茬作物提供养分^[13,14]。近期有研究表明,豆科绿肥轮作还能够活化土壤锌,增加后茬作物锌含量。印度的小麦水稻轮作体系中,插播豆科绿肥能够显著提高小麦籽粒锌含量21.1%^[15]。伊朗低锌石灰性土壤种植豆科作物后显著增加后茬小麦籽粒锌含量^[16,17,18]。我国黄土高原进行的一年田间试验也发现,绿豆、怀豆和大豆3种豆科绿肥与小麦轮作均可显著提高小麦籽粒锌含量,增幅在7.1%—28.6%^[5]。【本研究切入点】渭北旱塬地区小麦籽粒锌含量偏低,当地居民膳食锌营养无法满足的问题亟待解决。利用豆科绿肥与小麦轮作模式,以生物强化途径提高小麦籽粒锌含量的研究较少,石灰性土壤地区不同地点不同种类豆科绿肥与小麦轮作对小麦锌含量的影响是否存在差异,产生这些差异的影响因素是什么,尚不清楚。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究通过渭北旱塬地区永寿和长武两个地点开展的田间试验,分析测定2016—2017年的绿肥、小麦及土壤样品,研究渭北旱塬永寿长武两地不同种类豆科绿肥与小麦轮作对小麦的增锌作用,并对绿肥自身性质和吸锌特点、土壤氮素及有效锌含量变化与小麦籽粒锌含量的关系进行分析,明确豆科绿肥与小麦轮作提高小麦籽粒锌含量的影响因素,为优选适宜小麦增锌的豆科绿肥品种,改善当地居民的锌营养状况提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验于2016—2017年在陕西省永寿县御中村（东经108°11′34″,北纬34°43′38″）及长武县十里铺村（东经107°40′30″,北纬35°12′00″）进行。永寿县试验是2015年开始的田间定位试验,该试验地海拔972 m,年平均气温10.5℃,年平均蒸发量1 100 mm,年平均降水量530 mm,2016年7月至2017年6月降雨量为445 mm（图1）,土壤类型为黄绵土。长武县试验地是2009开始的田间定位试验,试验地海拔1 220 m,年均温9.1℃,年平均蒸发量967 mm,年平均降雨量550 mm,2016年7月至2017年6月降雨量为562 mm（图1）,土壤为黄盖黏黑垆土。两试验地均位于黄土高原,为旱地雨养农业区,主要耕作制度为一年一熟,冬小麦生长期为9月下旬到次年的6月份,夏闲期为7—9月,该时期内耕地为裸地休闲。供试土壤基础理化性质见表1。

图1

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图12016—2017年及25年（1992-2016）平均降水量

Fig. 1Precipitation from 2016 to 2017 and 25 year average precipitation (from 1992 to 2016)



Table 1
表1
表1土壤基础理化性状
Table 1Physical and chemical properties of tested soils (0-20 cm)

地点 Site	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1)	矿质氮Inorganic nitrogen		DTPA-Zn (mg·kg-1)	pH
					NO3--N (mg·kg-1)	NH4+-N (mg·kg-1)
永寿县Yongshou	12.92	0.82	11.2	134.0	11.9	4.75	0.44	8.5
长武县Changwu	11.80	0.77	4.5	131.9	13.1	2.55	0.33	8.1

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1.2 试验设计

试验以夏休闲为对照,采用不同豆科绿肥与小麦轮作模式,完全随机区组设计。永寿试验地3个处理分别为休闲—小麦（FW）、黑麦豆—小麦（KW）和绿豆—小麦（MW）;长武试验地3个处理为休闲—小麦（FW）、怀豆—小麦（HW）和绿豆—小麦（MW）。永寿试验小区面积为66 m²（6 m×11 m）,小区间距40 cm,重复4次。长武试验小区面积是30 m²（5 m×6 m）,小区间距30 cm,重复3次。

黑麦豆和怀豆分别是永寿、长武地区当地豆科品种,绿豆品种为横山绿豆。黑麦豆和怀豆播量为165 kg·hm^-2,绿豆为135 kg·hm^-2。永寿、长武两地的小麦品种分别为小偃22和长武521,播量均为120 kg·hm^-2。绿肥季不施氮磷肥,小麦播前氮磷肥一次施入,永寿氮磷用量为100 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和160 kg N·hm^-2,长武为120 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和162 kg N·hm^-2,磷肥为过磷酸钙,氮肥为尿素,同一试验地所有小区氮磷用量一致。永寿和长武试验分别于2016年7月4日和6月24日播种豆科绿肥,2016年9月7日和9月5日豆科绿肥盛花期收获,后使用秸秆还田机切碎,并进行原地翻压还田。同年9月28日和9月25日播种冬小麦,2017年6月10日和6月25日收获小麦。作物生长期间的田间管理同当地农户。

1.3 样品采集与测定

绿肥使用4个1 m²样方计产。每个小区随机采集30株完整绿肥样品,分茎叶和根系,量取部分样品用去离子水清洗后90℃杀青0.5 h,65℃烘至恒重,用氧化锆球磨仪（莱驰MM400,德国）粉碎,用于后续分析。小麦收获采用4个1 m²样方计产。每个小区随机采集50株小麦,将植株连根拔起之后在茎根结合部剪掉根系,分为籽粒、茎叶、颖壳3部分用于后续分析,样品处理方法同绿肥。绿肥翻压前、小麦播前及小麦收获期,每小区随机选取3点采集0—20 cm土壤构成混合样品,室内阴凉处自然风干,去除植物残体,过2 mm尼龙筛备用。

粉碎的植物样品用 HNO₃-H₂O₂微波消解仪（安东帕MWPro）消解后,使用原子吸收分光光度计（日立Z2000）测定豆科绿肥和小麦各器官锌含量;豆科绿肥茎叶样品的碳氮含量采用有机元素分析仪（Elementar Vario micro）测定;土壤硝态氮含量采用KCl浸提法浸提、连续流动分析仪（德国Seal,AA3）测定;土壤有效锌含量采用DTPA浸提法浸提、原子吸收分光光度计测定。

1.4 数据计算与分析

试验中相关指标及其计算公式：

锌累积量（g·hm^-2）=生物量（kg·hm^-2）×锌含量（mg·kg^-1）/1000^[19];

收获指数（%）=小麦产量（kg·hm^-2）/地上部生物量（kg·hm^-2）×100;

锌收获指数（%）=籽粒锌累积量（g·hm^-2）/地上部锌累积量（g·hm^-2）×100^[20,21]。

试验数据采用Excel 2016软件进行整理与计算,并通过DPS7.05和SPSS 19.0统计分析软件分析,多重比较采用LSD（least significant difference）法,差异显著性水平为5%。

2 结果

2.1 豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦产量、生物量和收获指数的影响

较休闲—小麦（FW）处理,永寿、长武两地不同种类豆科绿肥—小麦轮作均不同程度影响了后茬小麦籽粒产量、颖壳、茎叶和地上部生物量（表2）。永寿试验地,夏闲期（7—9月）的降水量较25年同期平均降水量减少了51.3%（图1）,绿肥生长也消耗大量土壤水分,黑麦豆—小麦（KW）和绿豆—小麦（MW）轮作处理较FW处理显著降低了小麦籽粒产量、颖壳生物量、茎叶生物量和地上部生物量,降低幅度分别为28.5%和19.2%,37.8%和28.3%,38.3%和26.2%,34.3%和23.6%。长武试验地,夏闲期降水量较当地25年同期平均降水量减少了27.4%（图1）,怀豆—小麦（HW）和绿豆—小麦（MW）轮作处理相比于FW处理显著降低了小麦颖壳、茎叶生物量及地上部生物量,降幅分别为21.5%和33.2%,25.0%和26.0%,19.9%和22.4%。同时,HW和MW轮作处理有降低小麦籽粒产量的趋势,但未达显著差异。永寿长武两地不同豆科绿肥—小麦轮作较FW处理,对小麦收获指数均无显著影响。

Table 2
表2
表2豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦产量、各器官和地上部生物量及收获指数的影响
Table 2Effects of different leguminous green manure-wheat rotations on yield, biomass and harvest index of winter wheat

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm-2)	颖壳生物量 Glume biomass (kg·hm-2)	茎叶生物量 Stem biomass (kg·hm-2)	地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (kg·hm-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
永寿 Yongshou	休闲—小麦FW	4272a	1373a	5008a	10652a	40.5a
	黑麦豆—小麦KW	3053b	854b	3092b	6999b	43.8a
	绿豆—小麦MW	3452b*	984 ab*	3698b*	8135b*	42.5a
	平均Mean	3592	1070	3933	8595	42.3
长武 Changwu	休闲—小麦FW	2624a	967a	3444a	7036a	37.3a
	怀豆—小麦HW	2291a	759b	2583b	5633b	40.6a
	绿豆—小麦MW	2246a	646b	2547b	5458b	40.9a
	平均Mean	2387	791	2858	6042	39.6

Different small letters in the same column indicate significant differences at 0.05 level among different leguminous green manure-wheat rotation treatments at the same site. * indicates significant difference at 0.05 level between mung bean-wheat rotation treatment at Yongshou and Changwu. The same as below
同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一地点不同豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理之间差异性检验显著（P<0.05）。*代表绿豆—小麦轮作处理在永寿长武两地同一指标的差异性检验显著（P<0.05）。下同

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永寿、长武两地的MW轮作处理之间相比,小麦各器官生物量有显著差异。永寿MW轮作处理的小麦籽粒、颖壳、茎叶和地上部生物量较长武MW轮作处理分别显著增加了53.7%、52.3%、45.2%和49.0%。永寿长武两地MW轮作处理对小麦收获指数影响无显著差异。

2.2 豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦锌含量的影响

与FW处理相比,永寿、长武两地不同豆科绿肥—小麦轮作均可显著提高小麦籽粒和茎叶的锌含量,但对颖壳锌含量无显著影响（图2）。永寿KW轮作处理的小麦籽粒锌含量为23.3 mg·kg^-1,较FW处理显著提高了14.2%;长武HW轮作处理较FW处理显著提高了小麦籽粒锌含量18.6%,为18.5 mg·kg^-1。永寿、长武两地MW轮作处理均有提高小麦籽粒锌含量的趋势,但均未达显著差异。永寿、长武MW轮作处理皆可显著提高小麦茎叶锌含量,较FW处理分别增加了29.4%和44.8%,为6.6和4.2 mg·kg^-1。

图2

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图2豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦各器官锌含量的影响

图中相同类型的方柱上不同小写字母表示同一地点不同豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理之间差异性检验显著（P＜0.05），*代表绿豆—小麦轮作处理在永寿长武两地同一指标的差异性检验显著（P＜0.05）
Fig. 2Effects of different leguminous green manure-wheat rotations on Zn concentration of winter wheat (mg·kg-1)

Different small letters above the bars with the same symbols indicate significant differences at 0.05 level among different leguminous green manure-wheat rotation treatments at the same site. * indicates significant differences at 0.05 level between mung bean-wheat rotation treatment at Yongshou and Changwu


永寿、长武两地MW轮作处理之间相比,永寿MW轮作处理的小麦籽粒和茎叶锌含量较长武MW轮作处理分别显著提高了37.1%和55.1%,但两地MW轮作处理的小麦颖壳锌含量无显著差异。

2.3 豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦锌累积量及锌收获指数的影响

永寿长武两地,不同豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦各器官和地上部锌累积量影响不一（表3）。永寿KW和MW轮作处理较FW处理显著降低了小麦籽粒和地上部锌累积量,降幅分别为23.1%和15.2%,24.4%和12.7%。KW和MW轮作处理均有降低小麦颖壳和茎叶锌累积量的趋势,但未达显著差异水平。在长武,对比FW处理,HW和MW轮作处理没有显著降低小麦各器官及地上部锌累积量。HW轮作处理甚至有增加小麦籽粒、茎叶和地上部锌累积量的趋势,但未达显著差异水平。相比FW处理,各豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对永寿长武两地小麦锌收获指数无显著影响。

Table 3
表3
表3豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦各部分锌累积量和锌收获指数的影响
Table 3Effects of different leguminous green manure-wheat rotations on Zn accumulation and Zn harvest index of winter wheat

地点 Site	处理 Treatments	锌累积量 Zn content (g·hm-2)				锌收获指数 Zn harvest index (%)
		籽粒 Grain	颖壳 Glume	茎叶 Stem	地上部 Shoot
永寿 Yongshou	休闲—小麦FW	92.3a	6.0a	25.7a	124.0a	74.8a
	黑麦豆—小麦KW	71.0c	4.8a	17.9a	93.8c	75.7a
	绿豆—小麦MW	78.3b*	5.7a*	24.3a*	108.3b*	72.3a
	平均Mean	80.5	5.5	22.7	108.7	74.3
长武 Changwu	休闲—小麦FW	40.8a	4.1a	9.9a	54.9a	74.5a
	怀豆—小麦KW	42.6a	3.7a	11.0a	57.3a	74.3a
	绿豆—小麦MW	36.9a	2.8a	7.9a	47.6a	77.3a
	平均Mean	40.1	3.5	9.6	53.2	75.4

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永寿长武两地MW轮作处理相比较,永寿试验地MW轮作处理的小麦籽粒、颖壳、茎叶和地上部锌累积量较长武MW轮作处理分别显著增加了112.2%、103.5%、207.6%和127.5%。造成此差异的主要原因是永寿长武两地MW轮作处理的小麦产量、生物量和小麦锌含量有差异,影响了小麦各器官锌累积量。永寿长武两地MW轮作处理的小麦锌收获指数无显著差异。

2.4 豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理对小麦锌吸收的影响因素

2.4.1 豆科绿肥生物量及养分含量 两地试验结果表明（表4）,永寿黑麦豆的生物量较绿豆显著提高了24.1%,2种豆科生物量分别为1 886和1 520 kg·hm^-2。而在长武,怀豆和绿豆的生物量并无显著差别,分别为1 242和1 294 kg·hm^-2。永寿绿豆的生物量较长武绿豆有提高的趋势,可能与两地不同的土壤环境和气候条件差异有关。

Table 4
表4
表4豆科绿肥地上部生物量及养分含量
Table 4Shoot biomass and chemical properties of leguminous green manures

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm-2)	锌含量 Zn concentration (mg·kg-1)	锌吸收量 Zn uptake (g·hm-2)	C/N	氮含量 N concentration (g·kg-1)	氮吸收量 N uptake (kg·hm-2)
永寿 Yongshou	黑麦豆—小麦KW	1886a	21.9b	41.4a	13.1b	33.5a	63.2a
	绿豆—小麦 MW	1520 b	25.2a*	38.5a*	16.1a	26.0b	39.5b
长武 Changwu	怀豆—小麦 KW	1242a	20.4a	25.4a	13.3b	32.8a	40.8a
	绿豆—小麦MW	1294a	13.6b	17.7a	16.7a	25.4b	32.7a

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永寿黑麦豆植株的锌含量较绿豆降低了13.1%。长武怀豆的锌含量较绿豆显著提高了50.0%,达到20.4 mg·kg^-1。永寿绿豆锌含量较长武绿豆显著提高,增幅为85.3%。永寿黑麦豆的锌吸收量较绿豆有提高的趋势,长武怀豆的锌吸收量对比绿豆亦有增加的趋势,但均未达显著性差异。永寿绿豆的锌累积量较长武绿豆显著提高了117.5%。

豆科绿肥自身的C/N、氮含量及氮吸收量的高低均可改变豆科绿肥的腐解速率以及土壤硝态氮含量,进而影响后茬小麦对锌的吸收（表4）。在永寿,黑麦豆的C/N为13.1,较绿豆降低了18.6%,相对应黑麦豆的氮含量和氮吸收量较绿豆显著提高,增幅分别为28.8%和60.1%。在长武,怀豆的C/N对比绿豆显著降低,降幅为20.4%,怀豆氮含量较绿豆显著增加了29.1%。怀豆的氮吸收量较绿豆亦有增加的趋势,但未达显著差异水平。永寿长武两地绿豆相比,C/N、氮含量及氮吸收量均无显著差异。

2.4.2 小麦籽粒锌含量与豆科绿肥锌吸收量的关系 对小麦籽粒锌含量与豆科绿肥锌吸收量进行相关性分析可知（图3）,小麦籽粒锌含量与豆科绿肥锌吸收量之间呈极显著正相关关系（R²=0.59**）,意味着绿肥吸锌能力越强,则其翻压还田后对后茬小麦籽粒锌含量的提升作用越大。绿肥锌吸收量每增加1.0 g·hm^-2,小麦籽粒锌含量随之增加0.23 mg·kg^-1。绿肥的富锌能力（锌含量×生物量）是影响后茬小麦锌吸收及籽粒锌累积的重要因素。

图3

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图3小麦籽粒锌含量与豆科绿肥锌吸收量的相关关系

Fig. 3Correlation between wheat grain Zn concentration and leguminous green manure Zn uptake



永寿、长武两地MW轮作处理相比,样点在图中分布有所差异,永寿MW轮作处理的数据点主要位于右上侧,而长武的则位于左下侧,表明不同地点生长条件下,同一品种绿豆锌吸收量存在差异。锌吸收量直接影响后茬小麦锌含量的变化,豆科绿肥锌吸收量越高则后茬小麦籽粒锌含量越高。

2.4.3 豆科绿肥—小麦轮作对小麦关键生育时期土壤DTPA-Zn和硝态氮含量的影响 除永寿绿肥翻压前,MW轮作处理较FW处理显著提高了土壤DTPA-Zn含量,增幅为30.4%外,其他豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理并未对绿肥翻压前、小麦播前及小麦收获期土壤DTPA-Zn的含量产生显著影响（表5）。永寿、长武两地MW轮作处理间相比,绿肥翻压前、小麦播前及小麦收获期的土壤DTPA-Zn含量亦无显著差异。豆科绿肥—小麦轮作虽未显著提高土壤DTPA-Zn含量,但在不同品种豆科绿肥生长和腐解过程中释放的有机酸类物质可能改变了土壤中不同形态锌组分的分布,促进了较难利用的锌形态向交换态、有机结合态等易被植物吸收的形态转化,从而促进了小麦对锌的吸收。

Table 5
表5
表5豆科绿肥—小麦轮作在小麦关键生育期对0—20 cm土层DTPA-Zn及土壤硝态氮含量的影响
Table 5Effects of different leguminous green manure rotations on the DTPA-Zn and NO₃^- in 0-20 cm soil at the critical growing stages of wheat (mg·kg^-1)

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	土壤有效锌含量DTPA-Zn			土壤硝态氮含量NO3--N content
		绿肥翻压前 GMI	小麦播前 SOW	小麦收获期 MAT	小麦播前 SOW	小麦收获期 MAT
永寿 Yongshou	休闲—小麦FW	0.23b	0.23a	0.52a	9.2a	3.0b
	黑麦豆—小麦KW	0.29ab	0.27a	0.44a	8.8a	4.1a
	绿豆—小麦MW	0.30a	0.29a	0.47a	5.0b	3.6ab
	平均Mean	0.28	0.26	0.48	7.7	3.6
长武 Changwu	休闲—小麦FW	0.36a	0.34a	0.47a	15.3a	9.7b
	怀豆—小麦HW	0.35a	0.37a	0.45a	14.6a	16.4a
	绿豆—小麦MW	0.34a	0.39a	0.44a	16.4a*	13.2ab*
	平均Mean	0.35	0.37	0.45	15.4	13.1

GMI：绿肥翻压前Green manure incorporation stage;SOW：小麦播前Sowing stage of wheat;MAT：小麦成熟期 Maturity stage of wheat

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豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理显著影响了小麦收获期土壤硝态氮含量的变化（表5）。小麦收获期,与FW处理相比,永寿KW轮作处理和长武HW轮作处理均显著增加了土壤硝态氮含量,增幅分别为36.7%和69.1%。永寿长武两地MW轮作处理均表现出提高土壤硝态氮含量的趋势,但未达显著差异。在小麦播前和收获期,永寿MW轮作处理的土壤硝态氮含量较长武MW轮作处理显著降低,降幅分别为69.5%和72.7%。

3 讨论

与休闲—小麦（FW）处理相比,永寿、长武两地豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理均可显著提高小麦籽粒的锌含量,且黑麦豆—小麦（KW）和怀豆—小麦（HW）轮作处理的小麦籽粒锌含量较绿豆—小麦（MW）轮作处理显著增加。这与同在渭北旱塬进行的其他研究结果一致,豆科绿肥与小麦轮作可有效增加小麦籽粒锌含量^[6,7]。且本研究中黑麦豆—小麦（KW）和怀豆—小麦（HW）轮作处理较绿豆—小麦（MW）轮作处理对小麦的增锌效果更为显著。分析豆科绿肥的各指标可知,相比绿豆,黑麦豆与怀豆C/N比较低,且地上部锌吸收量相对较高（表4）。小麦籽粒锌含量与绿肥地上部锌吸收量的相关性分析发现,后茬小麦锌含量与豆科绿肥锌吸收量呈极显著正相关关系（图3）,说明豆科绿肥吸收富集锌的高低直接影响后茬小麦锌的吸收和累积。C/N较低的豆科绿肥不仅拥有较低的锌残留率,能较快的释放体内贮藏的锌进入土壤^[22,23],而且生长和腐解时也更易释放柠檬酸,苹果酸,草酸等可溶性有机酸,降低土壤pH,增加土壤溶解性有机碳含量,而这些有机物质可以通过络合作用解离土壤颗粒固定的锌,提高土壤溶液的锌含量,被后茬作物吸收利用,增加后茬小麦籽粒中的锌含量^{[16-18, 24-25]}。黑麦豆和怀豆分别为永寿长武当地的绿肥品种,相比横山绿豆,更适应当地土壤环境气候,生物量更高,其生长和腐解过程可能释放较多的有机酸类物质,对土壤中锌的活化作用较强,是后茬小麦锌含量提高的重要原因^{[5, 26-27]}。

绿豆在永寿长武两地生物量、锌含量以及其对后茬小麦产量及锌含量的影响均存在显著差异,这可能与两地土壤理化性质、降水条件以及两地小麦品种存在差异有关^[28,29]。永寿绿豆锌含量及锌吸收量较长武绿豆均显著增加,绿豆翻压还田后,永寿绿豆—小麦（MW）轮作处理对小麦锌含量的提升幅度相比长武绿豆—小麦（MW）轮作处理更高,符合绿肥锌吸收量与小麦籽粒锌含量之间的正相关关系（图3）。

作物锌含量与土壤有效锌含量密切相关,DTPA-Zn含量一般用于表征中性及碱性土壤有效锌的含量。而土壤中不同锌形态组分对DTPA-Zn含量贡献不同,主要由交换态锌、松解有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态、紧结有机结合态锌构成^[30]。YANG等^[7]的研究中发现,种植豆科绿肥并翻压增加了小麦播前、扬花、收获期土壤DTPA-Zn含量,也提高了后茬小麦籽粒锌含量。贺建群等^[31]研究表示土壤DTPA-Zn有效锌含量与小麦籽粒锌累积量呈显著正相关关系。但近几年也有研究发现,土壤DTPA-Zn含量并非总是能够反映土壤锌的生物有效性的变化,如在黄土高原田间试验中,土施锌肥可显著提高土壤DTPA-Zn含量1.8—3倍,但小麦锌吸收并未显著增加^[8,32]。前茬作物还田能够增加小麦锌含量和累积量,但土壤DTPA-Zn变化幅度不大^[16]。本试验结果也发现,永寿KW和长武HW轮作处理能够显著增加小麦的锌含量,但土壤DTPA-Zn含量与FW处理无显著差异。这是因为DTPA-Zn反映的是土壤交换态、松解有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态、氧化铁锰结合态等形态锌的总和,植物利用这些结合态锌的难易程度有所不同^[30]。KW、HW轮作处理虽没有增加DTPA-Zn的含量,但会改变土壤锌形态的分布,促进土壤各形态锌之间的转化。绿肥生长和腐解过程产生的小分子有机酸类物质能促进植物较难利用的碳酸盐结合态、氧化铁锰结合态向较易利用的交换态及松结有机结合态转化,从而增加了小麦对锌的吸收和累积^[30,33-34]。

黑麦豆和怀豆自身的氮含量及氮吸收量相比绿豆更高,且C/N均较低,腐解过程中利于自身氮素的释放,增加土壤中硝态氮的含量（表4—5）。有研究表明,土壤硝态氮含量的增加有利于小麦根系对锌的吸收,小麦体内增加的含氮配体也有利于锌的累积和运输,从而提高小麦籽粒锌含量^[35,36]。与之类似,本研究中永寿KW轮作处理和长武HW轮作处理在小麦收获期的土壤硝态氮含量相比FW处理显著增加,同时KW和HW轮作处理的小麦籽粒锌含量较FW处理也显著提高。因此,豆科绿肥通过释放自身氮,增加土壤硝态氮含量可能也是促进小麦籽粒锌含量增加的重要原因。

此外,各豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理在永寿长武两地由于夏闲期降水较少,绿肥生长消耗土壤水分造成了后茬小麦产量显著降低,而籽粒产量的减少可能也会引起豆科绿肥—小麦轮作处理的小麦籽粒锌含量较FW处理显著增加^[16,17]。

虽然本试验中不同豆科绿肥—小麦轮作降低了小麦产量及生物量,但豆科绿肥—小麦轮作通过增加小麦籽粒、茎叶锌含量补偿了小麦产量及生物量降低对小麦锌累积量及地上部锌累积量^[7,16]的影响,使得豆科绿肥—小麦轮作的小麦锌累积量与FW处理相比差异变小,甚至长武HW轮作处理有增加小麦籽粒和地上部锌累积量的趋势。

4 结论

研究表明渭北旱塬地区豆科绿肥—小麦轮作模式较传统夏休闲—小麦处理可显著提高小麦籽粒锌含量。C/N是代表豆科绿肥腐解速率的重要指标,同时豆科绿肥生长时富集的锌、氮营养在绿肥腐解过程中会对土壤中锌、氮元素的活性产生作用,从而影响后茬小麦籽粒锌含量的高低。黑麦豆和怀豆由于具有较高的生物量、锌和氮吸收量以及较低的C/N,能够快速腐解释放自身锌、氮,从而活化土壤锌,增加土壤氮含量促进后茬小麦对锌的吸收和累积,增锌效果显著。同时,豆科绿肥自身富集锌的多少与后茬小麦籽粒锌含量也存在极显著的正相关关系,凭此筛选条件可优选增锌绿肥品种,促进小麦籽粒锌含量增加,缓减该地区居民锌营养摄入偏低的状况。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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系统介绍了微量元素锌与人体健康的关系 ,阐述了人体缺锌的状况下进行补锌应注意的问题 ,在临床上有一定的指导意义
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Aims Multiple functions in the human body are affected by zinc deficiency. Here the etiology, assessment, health consequences, and intervention strategies for human zinc deficiency are discussed. Methods A literature review was conducted to identify papers on the topics itemized using electronic databases. Results A major factor in the etiology of zinc deficiency is inadequate intakes, followed by physiological states increasing requirements, and pathological conditions resulting in poor absorption, excessive losses, or impaired utilization. High risk groups comprise infants, preschoolers, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. Zinc deficiency can result in impairments in growth, immune competence, and reproductive function, leading to increased risk of stunting, diarrhea, respiratory diseases, and mortality during childhood, and preterm births in pregnancy. Intervention strategies include supplementation, fortification, dietary diversification/modification, and biofortification, the choice depending on the magnitude of risk, life-stage group, and setting. Conclusions Zinc supplementation is recommended for treating acute diarrhea, and for preventing stunting, diarrhea, pneumonia, and mortality in high risk children. Zinc fortified cereals are appropriate for urban households, whereas dietary diversification/modification and biofortification are suitable for the rural poor. For maximum impact, interventions should be integrated with effective public health programs that address underlying causes of zinc deficiency.

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[6] 李可懿, 王朝辉, 赵护兵, 赵娜, 高亚军, LYONS G . 黄土高原旱地小麦与豆科绿肥轮作及施氮对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响
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小麦与豆科绿肥轮作和合理施用氮肥对黄土高原旱地缺素地区具有特别重要意义。本试验以夏休闲为对照,比较了小麦与绿豆、大豆、秋豆轮作和氮肥水平（0、108、1351、62 kg/hm2）对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响。结果表明,小麦与豆科绿肥轮作,在黄土高原旱地受水分限制影响,小麦产量降低9.7%~26.6%;同时,与休闲处理相较,小麦籽粒养分携出量显著降低或表现出降低的趋势,其中,与绿豆轮作,小麦籽粒养分携出量降低最多,为10.5%~29.3%,大豆次之,为3.1%~12.8%,与当地大豆品种秋豆轮作,小麦籽粒养分携出量降低最少,为0.98%~11.7%。然而,小麦籽粒营养元素锌、磷、钾、钙、镁的含量与休闲处理相比,分别增加22.0%、18.5%、8.8%、7.9%、7.8%。小麦与绿肥轮作后,108 kg N/hm2（当地常规施氮量的80%）获得了较高小麦生物量和产量。同时,随施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒氮、硫、钙、铁、铜、锌的含量和养分携出量均表现出增加趋势;小麦籽粒含磷量和养分携出量有下降趋势;小麦籽粒锰含量呈现降低趋势但养分携出量增加;钾、镁的含量和养分携出量随施氮量无显著变化。
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小麦与豆科绿肥轮作和合理施用氮肥对黄土高原旱地缺素地区具有特别重要意义。本试验以夏休闲为对照,比较了小麦与绿豆、大豆、秋豆轮作和氮肥水平（0、108、1351、62 kg/hm2）对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响。结果表明,小麦与豆科绿肥轮作,在黄土高原旱地受水分限制影响,小麦产量降低9.7%~26.6%;同时,与休闲处理相较,小麦籽粒养分携出量显著降低或表现出降低的趋势,其中,与绿豆轮作,小麦籽粒养分携出量降低最多,为10.5%~29.3%,大豆次之,为3.1%~12.8%,与当地大豆品种秋豆轮作,小麦籽粒养分携出量降低最少,为0.98%~11.7%。然而,小麦籽粒营养元素锌、磷、钾、钙、镁的含量与休闲处理相比,分别增加22.0%、18.5%、8.8%、7.9%、7.8%。小麦与绿肥轮作后,108 kg N/hm2（当地常规施氮量的80%）获得了较高小麦生物量和产量。同时,随施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒氮、硫、钙、铁、铜、锌的含量和养分携出量均表现出增加趋势;小麦籽粒含磷量和养分携出量有下降趋势;小麦籽粒锰含量呈现降低趋势但养分携出量增加;钾、镁的含量和养分携出量随施氮量无显著变化。

[7] YANG N, WANG Z H, GAO Y J, ZHAO H B, LI K Y, LI F C, MALHI S S . Effects of planting soybean in summer fallow on wheat grain yield, total N and Zn in grain and available N and Zn in soil on the loess plateau of China
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Dryland wheat is the major contributor to wheat production in the world, where water deficiency and poor soil fertility are key factors limiting wheat grain yields and nutrient concentrations. A field experiment was carried out from June 2008 to June 2011 at Shilipu (latitude 35.12°N, longitude 107.45°E and altitude 1200m above sea level) on the Loess Plateau (a typical dryland) in China, to investigate the effects of rotation with soybean (Glycine max) green manure (GM) on grain yield, total N and total Zn concentrations in subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and on nitrate-N and available Zn in the soil. The benefits of crop rotation with soybean GM on wheat grain yields became more evident with time. In the second and third years, the grain yields of wheat rotated with soybean GM reached 4871 and 5089kgha611 at the 108kgNha611 rate. These yields were 21% and 12% higher than the highest yields of wheat under a fallow-winter wheat (FW) rotation. Rotation with soybean GM reduced the amount of N fertilizer required to obtain wheat grain yields and biomass levels similar to wheat grown in the FW rotation by 20–33%. In the first 2 years, average grain N concentrations over all N rates increased by 6% and 12%, and those of Zn increased by 26% and 14% under the soybean GM-winter wheat (SW) rotation, compared with the FW rotation. The increased grain N and Zn concentrations were found to be related to the increased concentrations of nitrate-N and available Zn in the soil, particularly at the sowing of winter wheat. However, grain N and Zn concentrations were not improved by rotation with soybean GM in the third year. This was attributed to the dilution effect caused by the more grain yield increase than its nutrient export. In conclusion, planting soybean for GM in fallow fields reduced the need for N fertilizer to enhance wheat yields in this dryland region. Change in wheat grain N and Zn concentrations was related to soil nutrient concentrations, and to the balance between increased grain yield and its nutrient export.

[8] 李孟华, 王朝辉, 王建伟, 毛晖, 戴健, 李强, 邹春琴 . 低锌旱地施锌方式对小麦产量和锌利用的影响
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<p>西北地区是我国典型的旱地低锌区。本文选择黄土高原中部两个典型地点，通过田间试验，在两个施氮水平下，研究了不施锌、 土施锌、 叶喷锌和土施+叶喷锌4种方式对冬小麦产量、 锌的吸收和累积以及锌肥利用效率的影响。结果表明，不同施锌方式对小麦产量均无显著影响，但均提高了小麦子粒锌含量，提高幅度因施锌方式而异。与不施锌相比，叶喷和土施+叶喷锌肥可使小麦子粒锌含量提高40%左右，平均达到 40 mg/kg；单独土施锌肥虽使土壤有效锌提高3倍左右，但子粒锌含量无显著变化。叶喷锌肥的锌利用效率远高于土施和土施+叶喷处理，每公顷喷施1 kg锌可使小麦子粒锌含量提高6.70~13.04 mg/kg；子粒锌利用率为6.02%~9.40%， 达到土施锌肥的80倍左右；总锌利用率为19.78%~30.91%，是土施锌肥的132~221倍。施氮水平对小麦产量及锌肥利用效率均无显著影响。可见，在旱地低锌区，与土施锌相比，叶喷是更加经济有效、 环境友好的锌肥施用方式，是提高小麦锌营养品质切实可行的措施。</p>
LI M H, WANG Z H, WANG J W, MAO H, DAI J, LI Q, ZOU C Q . Effect of Zn application methods on wheat grain yield and Zn utilization in Zn-deficient soils of dryland
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2013,19(6):1346-1355. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0608Magsci [本文引用: 2]
<p>西北地区是我国典型的旱地低锌区。本文选择黄土高原中部两个典型地点，通过田间试验，在两个施氮水平下，研究了不施锌、 土施锌、 叶喷锌和土施+叶喷锌4种方式对冬小麦产量、 锌的吸收和累积以及锌肥利用效率的影响。结果表明，不同施锌方式对小麦产量均无显著影响，但均提高了小麦子粒锌含量，提高幅度因施锌方式而异。与不施锌相比，叶喷和土施+叶喷锌肥可使小麦子粒锌含量提高40%左右，平均达到 40 mg/kg；单独土施锌肥虽使土壤有效锌提高3倍左右，但子粒锌含量无显著变化。叶喷锌肥的锌利用效率远高于土施和土施+叶喷处理，每公顷喷施1 kg锌可使小麦子粒锌含量提高6.70~13.04 mg/kg；子粒锌利用率为6.02%~9.40%， 达到土施锌肥的80倍左右；总锌利用率为19.78%~30.91%，是土施锌肥的132~221倍。施氮水平对小麦产量及锌肥利用效率均无显著影响。可见，在旱地低锌区，与土施锌相比，叶喷是更加经济有效、 环境友好的锌肥施用方式，是提高小麦锌营养品质切实可行的措施。</p>

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植物营养与肥料学报, 2010,16(6):1394-1401.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0614URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
为揭示潜在性缺锌土壤上不同施锌方式对小麦子粒锌含量及其生物有效性的影响,选用5个冬小麦品种进行了土施和喷施锌肥的田间裂区试验。结果表明，供试土壤条件下，不同施锌方式对小麦产量均无明显影响，但是在一定施锌方式下小麦子粒锌含量大幅度提高。与对照相比，土施、喷施及土施+喷施锌肥提高小麦子粒锌含量幅度分别为-6.1%、64%和83%，提高小麦子粒锌携出量幅度分别为-3.6%、69%和83%。3个施锌处理降低子粒中植酸含量的幅度分别为-2.4%、7.2%和1.5%，降低植酸与锌摩尔比的幅度分别为-25%、41%和44%，且不同品种之间也存在一定差异; 虽然植酸与锌的摩尔比有所下降，但仍高于20。此外，单独土施锌肥虽可大幅度提高耕层土壤有效锌含量，但对子粒锌含量及生物有效性的影响很小。总之，在小麦生长后期喷施锌肥是提高潜在性缺锌土壤上小麦子粒锌含量和生物有效性较为经济的方式，对改善小麦锌营养品质有较好作用。
CAO Y X, TIAN X H, YANG X W, LU X C, CHEN H L, NAN X X, LI X L . Effects of soil and foliar applications of Zn on winter wheat grain Zn concentration and bioavailability
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010,16(6):1394-1401. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0614URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
为揭示潜在性缺锌土壤上不同施锌方式对小麦子粒锌含量及其生物有效性的影响,选用5个冬小麦品种进行了土施和喷施锌肥的田间裂区试验。结果表明，供试土壤条件下，不同施锌方式对小麦产量均无明显影响，但是在一定施锌方式下小麦子粒锌含量大幅度提高。与对照相比，土施、喷施及土施+喷施锌肥提高小麦子粒锌含量幅度分别为-6.1%、64%和83%，提高小麦子粒锌携出量幅度分别为-3.6%、69%和83%。3个施锌处理降低子粒中植酸含量的幅度分别为-2.4%、7.2%和1.5%，降低植酸与锌摩尔比的幅度分别为-25%、41%和44%，且不同品种之间也存在一定差异; 虽然植酸与锌的摩尔比有所下降，但仍高于20。此外，单独土施锌肥虽可大幅度提高耕层土壤有效锌含量，但对子粒锌含量及生物有效性的影响很小。总之，在小麦生长后期喷施锌肥是提高潜在性缺锌土壤上小麦子粒锌含量和生物有效性较为经济的方式，对改善小麦锌营养品质有较好作用。

[13] 张达斌 . 黄土高原地区种植豆科绿肥协调土壤水分和氮素供应的效应及机理
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016.
[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG D B . Effects of leguminous green manure on soil water and nitrogen supply and its mechanism in the Loess Plateau
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2016. ( in Chinese)
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[14] 萧道庸 . 中国古代耕作与施肥辑要. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2014: 328-338.
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XIAO D Y. The Introduction of Tillage and Fertilization in Ancient China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2014: 328-338. (in Chinese)
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[15] SINGH A, SHIVAY Y S . Residual effect of summer green manure crops and Zn fertilization on quality and Zn concentration of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under a Basmati rice-durum wheat cropping system.
Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 2013,29(4):271-287.
DOI:10.1080/01448765.2013.832381URL [本文引用: 1]
Field experiments were conducted during the summer-rainy (June090009November) and winter (November090009April) seasons of 20090900092010 and 20100900092011 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. The objectives were to determine the residual effects of zinc (Zn) fertilizer sources [Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)-chelated Zn (12% Zn), ZnSO400·7H2O (21% Zn), ZnSO400·H2O (33% Zn), ZnO (82% Zn) and ZnSO400·7H2O+ZnO (50%+50%)] and summer green manure crops [Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha), Crotalaria juncea (sunhemp) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)] on yield, Zn concentration and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under a Basmati rice090009durum wheat cropping sequence. Basmati rice was harvested at maturity and durum wheat (variety PDW 291) was grown to evaluate residual effects of Zn fertilizer sources and summer green manure crops. Beneficial residual effects of Zn fertilizer sources and summer green manures on durum wheat response were observed, with significant increases in all of the determined parameters, in comparison with the control (no Zn application or summer fallow in preceding Basmati rice). The rates of increase varied among Zn sources and summer green manures. Residual effect of S. aculeata incorporation led to a significant increase in grain and straw yields, Zn concentration and quality parameters of durum wheat. Among the Zn fertilizer sources, residual effect of EDTA-chelated Zn was found to be the greatest with respect to grain and straw yields, Zn concentration and quality parameters. Highest Zn concentration in durum wheat grain and straw was recorded with residual effect of EDTA-chelated Zn, followed by ZnSO400·7H2O, ZnSO400·H2O, ZnSO400·7H2O+ZnO, ZnO and control. S. aculeata incorporation and EDTA-chelated Zn treatments were found to be the best combination with respect to residual effects for higher quality durum wheat production.

[16] SOLTANI S, KHOSHGOFTARMANESH A H, AFYUNI M, SHRIVANI M, SCHULIN R . The effect of preceding crop on wheat grain zinc concentration and its relationship to total amino acids and dissolved organic carbon in rhizosphere soil solution
Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2013,50(2):239-247.
DOI:10.1007/s00374-013-0851-1URL [本文引用: 5]
The role of cropping systems practices in agronomic biofortification programs with the aim of increasing micronutrient density in food plants has to be clarified. In these field experiments, the effect of four preceding crops, i.e., sunflower ( Heliantus annus L. cv. Allstar), Sudan grass ( Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Speed Feed), clover ( Trifolium pratense L.), and safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Koseh-e-Isfahan), on the total amino acids (AA) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in rhizosphere soil solution and grain Zn content of successive wheat ( Triticum aestivum cvs. Back Cross and Kavir) was investigated during 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 growing seasons. A fallow treatment was also considered as the control. In both growing seasons, preceding crops increased the concentrations of AA and DOC in the soil solution in comparison with the fallow control treatment; although the magnitude of this increase varied upon the preceding crop type and wheat cultivar. In general, clover and sunflower had greater effect on increasing soil solution DOC probably due to higher decomposability of their litter residues in soil. Preceding crops increased the total AA concentration, on average, by 45.902% for the first year and 10.802% for the second year. The preceding sorghum and clover had the highest and lowest influence on the concentration of AA in wheat rhizosphere soil solution, respectively. The preceding crops increased grain wheat Zn concentration and content over the fallow control treatment, although this effect was dependent on the crop type. For “Back Cross”, a positive and significant correlation was found between grain Zn concentration and soil solution DOC concentration ( r 65=650.60, P 65<650.05) and particularly AA ( r 65=650.76, P 65<650.001), while no such correlation was found for “Kavir”. At the second growing season, the concentration of AA in the rhizosphere of Back Cross was greater than that of Kavir, probably due to higher release of these compounds from the roots. According to the results, the preceding crop significantly affect grain Zn density of the successive wheat, that is, at least in part, by releasing soluble organic ligands into soil solution.

[17] HABIBY H, AFYUNI M, KHOSHGOFTARMANESH A H, SCHULIN R . Effect of preceding crops and their residues on availability of zinc in a calcareous Zn-deficient soil
Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014,50(7):1061-1067.
DOI:10.1007/s00374-014-0926-7URL [本文引用: 2]
Limited information is available on the effect of preceding crop on phytoavailability of zinc (Zn) in soil. This pot experiment examined the effect of four preceding crops including clover, sunflower, safflower, and sorghum residues on shoot and grain Zn uptake by two wheat genotypes differing in Zn-deficiency tolerance Back Cross and Kavir in a calcareous Zn-deficient soil. Incorporation of all preceding crop residues into the soil significantly increased organic matter (OM) content, dissolved organic C (DOC), and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn concentration in the soil. Residues of safflower and clover had the greatest effect on increasing DOC. Shoot and grain Zn concentrations were increased by incorporating all pre-crop residues into the soil although this increase was greater at safflower and clover treatments. Incorporation of sorghum residues into the soil had a negative effect on shoot and grain dry matter yield of wheat. Incorporation of safflower and clover residues into the soil increased Zn uptake by wheat shoot and grain. There was a positive significant correlation between shoot and grain Zn concentration with DOC in soil solution. It shows that DOC, produced from decomposition of crop residues, has facilitated Zn uptake by roots of wheat plants and particularly its transfer to grains.

[18] KHOSHGOFTARMANESH A H, NOROUZI M, AFYUNI M, SCHULIN R . Zinc biofortification of wheat through preceding crop residue incorporation into the soil
European Journal of Agronomy, 2017,89:131-139.
DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2017.05.006URL [本文引用: 2]
Abstract We conducted a two-year field experiment to investigate the potential benefit of preceding crop residue incorporation into the soil as a strategy to enhance the density of bioavailable grain zinc (Zn) in a subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Sunflower (Heilianthus annuus L. cv. Allstar), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Speed Feed), clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. cv. Koseh-e-Isfahan) were grown as preceding crop (precrop) on a Zn-deficient calcareous soil in central Iran, followed by a culture of two wheat cultivars i.e., Kavir and Back Cross Rushan. The harvested aboveground plant matter was air-dried, crushed into pieces of 0.5 2 cm size, mixed, and after taking a sample for analysis, incorporated manually into the upper 15 cm of the soil of one half of the same plot from which it had been harvested, while the other half received no residues. The aboveground residues of precrops were incorporated into soil or removed. A treatment with no preceding crop (fallow) and no residue incorporation, but with the same management otherwise, was implemented as control treatment. For both wheat cultivars studied, higher grain yield was obtained after clover (between 14 and 25.6%) and sunflower (between 11.3 and 19.5%) than that after safflower, sorghum and the fallow. All precrop treatments significantly increased the accumulation of grain Zn and N and decreased the phytic-acid-to-Zn (PA:Zn) molar ratio (by 5 41% in Kavir and by 11 48% in Back Cross), most effectively the clover treatment. The treatment effects on grain Zn were closely correlated with soil pH and dissolved soil organic carbon (DOC). The results show that the cultivation of appropriate precrops, especially legumes, can be an effective strategy to biofortify wheat grains with Zn without compromising yields.

[19] 靳静静, 王朝辉, 戴健, 王森, 高雅洁, 曹寒冰, 于荣 . 长期不同氮、磷用量对冬小麦籽粒锌含量的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20(6):1358-1367.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0605URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】小麦是我国西北地区主要的粮食作物,主要种植在低锌的石灰性土壤上,其籽粒锌含量普遍较低,难以满足人们的锌营养需求,因此提高冬小麦籽粒中的锌含量对保证人体健康具有非常重要的意义。氮素、 磷素供应不足或过量会影响冬小麦对锌的吸收与利用,本文基于黄土高原南部9年的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同氮、 磷肥用量对旱地冬小麦籽粒锌含量的影响及籽粒锌含量与氮、 磷吸收与分配的关系,以期为有效调控冬小麦籽粒锌营养品质和优化旱地冬小麦氮、 磷肥管理提供理论依据和切实可行的措施。【方法】田间定位试验开始于2004年10月,位于陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学农作一站。采用单因素完全随机区组设计,重复4次。供试小麦品种为小偃22,整个生育期不灌水。试验一为小麦施氮量试验,在施磷量为P₂O₅100kg/hm²的基础上,设置0、 80、 160、 240、 320kg/hm² 5个氮肥(N)水平;试验二为小麦施磷量试验,在施氮量为N 160kg/hm²的基础上,设置P₂O₅0、 50、 100、 150、 200kg/hm²5个磷肥水平。分别于2011<img src='波浪.TIF'/>2013年连续两年进行田间取样,测定小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素,籽粒、 茎叶和颖壳中的氮、 磷、 锌含量,计算小麦地上部的氮、 磷、 锌吸收量。【结果】小麦施氮量试验表明,氮肥用量不超过N 320kg/hm²时,小麦籽粒锌含量和地上部锌吸收量与施氮量呈极显著的正相关关系,施氮量每增加N 100kg/hm²,籽粒锌含量平均提高4.0mg/kg,地上部锌吸收量平均提高36.4 g/hm²;籽粒中的锌含量与氮含量之间、 地上部的锌吸收量与氮吸收量之间也均呈极显著的正相关关系,籽粒氮含量每增加1g/kg,籽粒锌含量平均提高2.0mg/kg,地上部氮吸收量每增加100kg/hm²,其锌吸收量平均提高142.9 g/hm²。小麦施磷量的试验结果表明,施磷量不超过200kg/hm²时,籽粒锌含量与施磷量呈极显著的负相关关系,施磷量每增加P₂O₅100kg/hm²,籽粒锌含量平均下降9.2mg/kg;籽粒锌含量与磷含量也呈极显著的负相关关系,籽粒磷含量每增加1g/kg,籽粒锌含量平均降低24.0mg/kg;地上部锌吸收量与施磷量、 地上部磷吸收量之间均没有显著相关关系。【结论】综合考虑冬小麦籽粒产量和籽粒锌含量,建议这一地区冬小麦的施氮量和施磷量分别控制在N 160<img src='波浪.TIF'/>240kg/hm²和P₂O₅ 50<img src='波浪.TIF'/>100kg/hm²。
JIN J J, WANG Z H, DAI J, WANG S, GAO Y J, CAO H B, YU R . Effects of long-term N and P fertilization with different rates on Zn concentration in grain of winter wheat
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014,20(6):1358-1367. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0605URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
【目的】小麦是我国西北地区主要的粮食作物,主要种植在低锌的石灰性土壤上,其籽粒锌含量普遍较低,难以满足人们的锌营养需求,因此提高冬小麦籽粒中的锌含量对保证人体健康具有非常重要的意义。氮素、 磷素供应不足或过量会影响冬小麦对锌的吸收与利用,本文基于黄土高原南部9年的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同氮、 磷肥用量对旱地冬小麦籽粒锌含量的影响及籽粒锌含量与氮、 磷吸收与分配的关系,以期为有效调控冬小麦籽粒锌营养品质和优化旱地冬小麦氮、 磷肥管理提供理论依据和切实可行的措施。【方法】田间定位试验开始于2004年10月,位于陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学农作一站。采用单因素完全随机区组设计,重复4次。供试小麦品种为小偃22,整个生育期不灌水。试验一为小麦施氮量试验,在施磷量为P₂O₅100kg/hm²的基础上,设置0、 80、 160、 240、 320kg/hm² 5个氮肥(N)水平;试验二为小麦施磷量试验,在施氮量为N 160kg/hm²的基础上,设置P₂O₅0、 50、 100、 150、 200kg/hm²5个磷肥水平。分别于2011<img src='波浪.TIF'/>2013年连续两年进行田间取样,测定小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素,籽粒、 茎叶和颖壳中的氮、 磷、 锌含量,计算小麦地上部的氮、 磷、 锌吸收量。【结果】小麦施氮量试验表明,氮肥用量不超过N 320kg/hm²时,小麦籽粒锌含量和地上部锌吸收量与施氮量呈极显著的正相关关系,施氮量每增加N 100kg/hm²,籽粒锌含量平均提高4.0mg/kg,地上部锌吸收量平均提高36.4 g/hm²;籽粒中的锌含量与氮含量之间、 地上部的锌吸收量与氮吸收量之间也均呈极显著的正相关关系,籽粒氮含量每增加1g/kg,籽粒锌含量平均提高2.0mg/kg,地上部氮吸收量每增加100kg/hm²,其锌吸收量平均提高142.9 g/hm²。小麦施磷量的试验结果表明,施磷量不超过200kg/hm²时,籽粒锌含量与施磷量呈极显著的负相关关系,施磷量每增加P₂O₅100kg/hm²,籽粒锌含量平均下降9.2mg/kg;籽粒锌含量与磷含量也呈极显著的负相关关系,籽粒磷含量每增加1g/kg,籽粒锌含量平均降低24.0mg/kg;地上部锌吸收量与施磷量、 地上部磷吸收量之间均没有显著相关关系。【结论】综合考虑冬小麦籽粒产量和籽粒锌含量,建议这一地区冬小麦的施氮量和施磷量分别控制在N 160<img src='波浪.TIF'/>240kg/hm²和P₂O₅ 50<img src='波浪.TIF'/>100kg/hm²。

[20] XUE Y F, YUE S C, ZHANG Y Q, CUI Z L, CHEN X P, YANG F C, CAKMAK I, MCGRATH S P, ZHANG F S, ZOU C Q . Grain and shoot zinc accumulation in winter wheat affected by nitrogen management
Plant and Soil, 2012,361(1/2):153-163.
DOI:10.1007/s11104-012-1510-2URL [本文引用: 1]
Background and aims: Nitrogen (N) nutrition is a critical factor in zinc (Zn) acquisition and its allocation into grain of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Most of the information collected about this topic is, however, derived from the pot experiments. It is also not known whether optimal N management by decreasing N input could affect the Zn status in grain and plant in the field. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of N management on grain and shoot Zn status of winter wheat. Methods: Field experiments were conducted in two cropping seasons. Results: Results showed applying N at optimal rate (198 kg N ha in 2007-2008 and 195 kg N ha in 2008-2009) maintained or resulted in significantly higher grain Zn concentration and especially grain content of Zn compared to no or lower N treatments. For example, grain Zn concentration increased from 21.5 mg kg in the control to 30.9 mg kg with optimized N supply in 2007-2008 and from 24.7 mg kg in the control to 29.1 mg kg with optimized N supply in 2008-2009. Further increasing N supply from optimal to excessive N supply resulted in non-significant increases in grain Zn concentration and content. Generally, similar trends were also found in shoot Zn. Moreover, 72 % to 100 % of the shoot Zn requirement had been accumulated at anthesis, and accordingly 67 % to 100 % of grain Zn content was provided by Zn remobilization from pre-anthesis Zn uptake with N supply. Grain Zn accumulation mainly originates from Zn remobilization and the optimal N management would ensure better shoot Zn nutrition to contribute to increasing Zn remobilization from vegetative tissues and to maintain relatively higher grain Zn for better human nutrition.

[21] ZHANG W, LIU D, LI C, CUI Z L, CHEN X P, RUSSELL Y, ZOU C Q . Zinc accumulation and remobilization in winter wheat as affected by phosphorus application
Field Crops Research, 2015,184(6):155-161.
DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.002URL [本文引用: 1]

[22] 赵娜, 赵护兵, 鱼昌为, 曹群虎, 李敏, 曹卫东, 高亚军 . 旱地豆科绿肥腐解及养分释放动态研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2011,17(5):1179-1187.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2011.0205Magsci [本文引用: 1]
采用田间埋袋法对长武怀豆、大豆和绿豆在土壤中长达287 d的养分释放状况进行了监测，旨在查明三种豆科绿肥分解及其养分释放规律。结果表明，三种绿肥均表现为前期腐解快、后期腐解慢，高峰均出现在最初的1个月内。在残留率平稳的阶段，长武怀豆残留率显著高于大豆和绿豆。不同养分的释放有差异：氮、磷、钾在最初的21d内快速释放，其中钾的释放最彻底，287d 后钾的残留率仅为3.2%～5.9%。钙的残留率最高，而且始终没有显著的变化，287d后残留率仍为74.8%～89.8%。镁在前28d 矿化速率较快，残留率已降至30%左右。铜的释放有较明显的波浪起伏。铁在最初的21d内有明显释放，随后变幅不大。锌的残留率在最初的49d内呈下降趋势，49～175d内变化不大，175d后，三种绿肥锌残留率均显著降低。锰残留率的变化在起伏中呈下降趋势，至 287d 时，残留率降到了67.3%～74.1%，仅低于钙。三种绿肥养分释放状况的差异因养分种类而不同：氮、钙、铁、铜和锌的残留率在三种绿肥之间差异较大，钾和镁的残留率差异不显著。除了碳、氮、铜和锌外，其他养分残留率均表现为绿豆最低；除了碳、氮、铜和铁外，其他养分残留率均表现为大豆最高。
ZHAO N, ZHAO H B, YU C W, CAO Q H, LI M, CAO W D, GAO Y J . Nutrient releases of leguminous green manures in rainfed lands
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011,17(5):1179-1187. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2011.0205Magsci [本文引用: 1]
采用田间埋袋法对长武怀豆、大豆和绿豆在土壤中长达287 d的养分释放状况进行了监测，旨在查明三种豆科绿肥分解及其养分释放规律。结果表明，三种绿肥均表现为前期腐解快、后期腐解慢，高峰均出现在最初的1个月内。在残留率平稳的阶段，长武怀豆残留率显著高于大豆和绿豆。不同养分的释放有差异：氮、磷、钾在最初的21d内快速释放，其中钾的释放最彻底，287d 后钾的残留率仅为3.2%～5.9%。钙的残留率最高，而且始终没有显著的变化，287d后残留率仍为74.8%～89.8%。镁在前28d 矿化速率较快，残留率已降至30%左右。铜的释放有较明显的波浪起伏。铁在最初的21d内有明显释放，随后变幅不大。锌的残留率在最初的49d内呈下降趋势，49～175d内变化不大，175d后，三种绿肥锌残留率均显著降低。锰残留率的变化在起伏中呈下降趋势，至 287d 时，残留率降到了67.3%～74.1%，仅低于钙。三种绿肥养分释放状况的差异因养分种类而不同：氮、钙、铁、铜和锌的残留率在三种绿肥之间差异较大，钾和镁的残留率差异不显著。除了碳、氮、铜和锌外，其他养分残留率均表现为绿豆最低；除了碳、氮、铜和铁外，其他养分残留率均表现为大豆最高。

[23] 潘福霞, 鲁剑巍, 刘威, 耿明建, 李小坤, 曹卫东 . 三种不同绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2011,17(1):216-223.
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2011.0130Magsci [本文引用: 1]
利用网袋法模拟研究旱地条件下箭筈豌豆（<i>Vicia sativas</i> L.）、苕子（<i>Vicia villosa</i> Roth. Var.）、山黧豆（<i>Lathyrus palustris</i> L. Var. <i>Pilosus ledeb</i>） 三种绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征。结果表明，三种绿肥均在翻压15 d内腐解较快，腐解率均在50%以上，之后腐解速率逐渐减慢，翻压70 d时，箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆的累积腐解率分别达71.7%、67.3%和74.1%。氮和钾在翻压10 d内释放较快，碳和磷在翻压15 d内释放较快，之后释放速率均减慢。箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆在翻压70 d时的碳累积释放率分别为71.3%、67.0%和74.1%。三种绿肥的养分累积释放率均是K>P>N，在翻压70 d时钾的累积释放率均在90%以上，磷的累积释放率为73.3%～78.7%，氮的累积释放率为59.9%～71.2%，其中山黧豆的氮和磷累积释放率高于箭筈豌豆和苕子，而三种绿肥钾的累积释放率无显著差异。养分释放量结果表明，箭筈豌豆和苕子的养分累积释放量表现为K>N>P，而山黧豆表现为N>K>P，不同绿肥的养分累积释放量不同，山黧豆的氮累积释放量最高，箭筈豌豆的磷和钾累积释放量最高，苕子各养分的累积释放量都最低。
PAN F X, LU J W, LIU W, GENG M J, LI X K, CAO W D . Study on characteristics of decomposing and nutrients releasing of three kinds of green manure crops
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011,17(1):216-223. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2011.0130Magsci [本文引用: 1]
利用网袋法模拟研究旱地条件下箭筈豌豆（<i>Vicia sativas</i> L.）、苕子（<i>Vicia villosa</i> Roth. Var.）、山黧豆（<i>Lathyrus palustris</i> L. Var. <i>Pilosus ledeb</i>） 三种绿肥的腐解和养分释放特征。结果表明，三种绿肥均在翻压15 d内腐解较快，腐解率均在50%以上，之后腐解速率逐渐减慢，翻压70 d时，箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆的累积腐解率分别达71.7%、67.3%和74.1%。氮和钾在翻压10 d内释放较快，碳和磷在翻压15 d内释放较快，之后释放速率均减慢。箭筈豌豆、苕子和山黧豆在翻压70 d时的碳累积释放率分别为71.3%、67.0%和74.1%。三种绿肥的养分累积释放率均是K>P>N，在翻压70 d时钾的累积释放率均在90%以上，磷的累积释放率为73.3%～78.7%，氮的累积释放率为59.9%～71.2%，其中山黧豆的氮和磷累积释放率高于箭筈豌豆和苕子，而三种绿肥钾的累积释放率无显著差异。养分释放量结果表明，箭筈豌豆和苕子的养分累积释放量表现为K>N>P，而山黧豆表现为N>K>P，不同绿肥的养分累积释放量不同，山黧豆的氮累积释放量最高，箭筈豌豆的磷和钾累积释放量最高，苕子各养分的累积释放量都最低。

[24] ANDREW E J . Influence of low molecular weight organic acids on zinc distribution within micronutrient pools and zinc uptake by wheat1
Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1991,14(12):1307-1318.
DOI:10.1080/01904169109364287URL [本文引用: 1]
A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the effects of four soil solution organic acids on the distribution of Zn within various soil micro nutrient pools and their influence on Zn uptake by wheat. L090006malic, malonic, oxalic, and succinic acids at four concentration levels, 0,100900062 mol/L, 100900063 mol/L, and 100900064 mol/L were applied to pots growing wheat (Triticum aestivum) over a period of 10 weeks. A sequential Zn extraction technique was performed on the soil for each treatment, with the quantity amount of Zn in each fraction being determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Soil Zn fractions significantly affected by the organic acid treatments were the exchangeable, organic and Mn oxide fractions. An inverse relationship existed between Zn extracted from the exchangeable fraction and organic acid concentration for all acid treatments. Succinic and malonic acids at higher concentrations were the only treatments to be significantly higher in organic Zn compared to the control. All treatments were significantly less than the control for Zn levels in the manganese oxide fraction, however there were nonsignificant differences between organic acid treatments. Organic acids had no affect on the quantity of Zn associated with the amorphous and crystalline Fe oxide soil fractions. Zinc concentration in wheat tissue showed an inverse relationship between exchangeable Zn and organic acid concentration similiar to that in the exchangeable fraction. Differences in amounts of Zn in wheat tissue were attributed to both organic acid type and concentration. It was concluded that organic acids may be important in influencing the distribution of Zn between the various soil fractions and thus affecting its availability to the plant.

[25] GRüTER R, MEISTER A, SCHULIN R, TANDY S . Green manure effects on zinc and cadmium accumulation in wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) on high and low zinc soils.
Plant and Soil, 2018,422(1/2):437-453.
DOI:10.1007/s11104-017-3486-4URL [本文引用: 1]
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global problem in human nutrition due to imbalanced diets based on staple foods of low Zn contents. This study investigated the potential of using clover (Trifolium alexandri

[26] TARIQ M, HAMEED S, MALIK K A, HAFEEZ F Y . Plant root associated bacteria for zinc mobilization in rice
Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2007,39(1):245-253.
[本文引用: 1]

[27] 芦小军, 李博文, 杨卓, 贾莹, 李术娜 . 微生物对土壤Cd Pb和Zn生物有效性的影响研究
农业环境科学学报, 2010,29(7):1315-1319.
URL [本文引用: 1]
采用土壤盆栽模拟试验方法,研究了接种不同微生物对重金属富集植物——印度芥菜修复土壤中 Cd、Pb、Zn的作用效果。结果表明,接入菌株JA27、JC55、JC40不仅显著促进植物的生长,提高印度芥菜的生物量,降低了土壤pH,并且对土 壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生活化作用,使土壤Cd、Pb、Zn有效态含量显著增加,增强印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量,显著提高了富集植物的修复效 果。以上3个处理使印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量分别提高了117%～137%、37%～62%、9%～15.1%。接种JB37对土壤Cd、 Pb、Zn产生钝化作用,并且抑制印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的吸收。JB37处理印度芥菜地上部Pb、Zn吸收量分别降低了72.5%、27%,对 Cd吸收量无显著影响。
LU X J, LI B W, YANG Z, JIA Y, LI S N . Effects of microorganisms on the bioavailability of cadmium, lead and zinc in soil
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010,29(7):1315-1319. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
采用土壤盆栽模拟试验方法,研究了接种不同微生物对重金属富集植物——印度芥菜修复土壤中 Cd、Pb、Zn的作用效果。结果表明,接入菌株JA27、JC55、JC40不仅显著促进植物的生长,提高印度芥菜的生物量,降低了土壤pH,并且对土 壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生活化作用,使土壤Cd、Pb、Zn有效态含量显著增加,增强印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量,显著提高了富集植物的修复效 果。以上3个处理使印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量分别提高了117%～137%、37%～62%、9%～15.1%。接种JB37对土壤Cd、 Pb、Zn产生钝化作用,并且抑制印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的吸收。JB37处理印度芥菜地上部Pb、Zn吸收量分别降低了72.5%、27%,对 Cd吸收量无显著影响。

[28] 王浩, 马艳明, 李增嘉, 赵春, 宁堂原, 焦念元 . 不同土壤类型对优质小麦品质及产量的影响
新疆农业大学学报, 2005,24(3):17-20.
[本文引用: 1]

WANG H, MA Y M, LI Z J, ZHAO C, NING T Y, JIAO N Y . Effect of different soil types on quality traits and grain yield of the high-quality wheat
Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2005,24(3):17-20. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[29] 居辉, 熊伟, 许吟隆, 林而达 . 气候变化对我国小麦产量的影响
作物学报, 2005,31(10):1340-1343.
Magsci [本文引用: 1]
<P>本研究采用英国Hadley中心的区域气候情景PRECIS (Providing Regional Climate for Impacts Study)，结合校正的CERES-Wheat 模型，对21世纪70年代（2070s）气候变化情景下我国小麦的产量变化进行了研究。结果表明，在PRECIS预测的2070s气候变化条件下，我国雨养小麦和灌溉小麦的平均单产较基准年（1961－1990平均值）约减少20%，其中雨养小麦的减产幅度略高于灌溉小麦，春小麦或春性较强的冬小麦减产明显，减产的区域主要集中在东北春麦区和西南冬麦区。</P>
JU H, XIONG W, XU Y L, LIN E D . Impacts of climate change on wheat yield in China
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2005,31(10):1340-1343. (in Chinese)
Magsci [本文引用: 1]
<P>本研究采用英国Hadley中心的区域气候情景PRECIS (Providing Regional Climate for Impacts Study)，结合校正的CERES-Wheat 模型，对21世纪70年代（2070s）气候变化情景下我国小麦的产量变化进行了研究。结果表明，在PRECIS预测的2070s气候变化条件下，我国雨养小麦和灌溉小麦的平均单产较基准年（1961－1990平均值）约减少20%，其中雨养小麦的减产幅度略高于灌溉小麦，春小麦或春性较强的冬小麦减产明显，减产的区域主要集中在东北春麦区和西南冬麦区。</P>

[30] 丁婷婷 . 土壤各形态锌对DTPA-Zn的贡献量及土壤供锌能力的影响
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016.
[本文引用: 3]

DING T T . Contribution of zinc fractions to DTPA-Zn and zinc supply capacity
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2016. ( in Chinese)
[本文引用: 3]

[31] 贺建群, 许嘉琳 . 土壤中有效态Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb提取剂的选择
农业环境保护, 1994,13(6):246-251.
[本文引用: 1]

HE J Q, XU J L . Study of the extractents for available Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in soils
Agro-Environmental Protection, 1994,13(6):246-251. (in Chinese)
[本文引用: 1]

[32] 贾舟, 陈艳龙, 赵爱青, 刘娟花, 李萌, 王少霞, 刘珂, 田霄鸿 . 硫酸锌和EDTA-Zn不同施用方法对第二季小麦籽粒锌和壤锌有效性的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(6):1595-1602.
URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】在潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上,特别是种植小麦并以此为主粮的地区,缺锌问题日益受到人们的关注。提高小麦籽粒锌含量以满足人体锌需求,对于改善人体锌营养不良的现状具有重要意义。【方法】以ZnSO_4和Zn-EDTA为锌源,布置了2个为期两年的田间定位试验。试验均采用裂区设计,即主因子为喷施锌肥,设喷施与不喷2个主处理;副因子为土施方法,设不施锌、均施、条施3个副处理。在第1季试验基础上,第2季不再土施锌肥,调查了小麦籽粒锌含量、土壤有效锌含量及锌组分含量,分析了第1季锌肥的后效。【结果】第2季单独喷施ZnSO_4小麦籽粒Zn含量提高了11.13 mg/kg,提高幅度为33%,而喷Zn-EDTA无明显效果。不喷Zn时,第1季均施和条施的ZnSO_4在第2季均表现出一定后效,小麦籽粒锌含量比对照分别提高了6.05、3.51 mg/kg,提高幅度为20%和11%;喷Zn时,第2季均施和条施ZnSO_4处理的小麦籽粒锌含量增加了28.59和21.59 mg/kg,增幅100%和76%,表现出显著富锌作用,但增加幅度比单独喷施要小很多。第1季土施的两种锌肥在第2季小麦收获后DTPA-Zn仍维持在1 mg/kg以上,即不喷Zn时,均施和条施ZnSO_4处理的土壤有效锌含量分别为1.99和1.65 mg/kg,均施和条施Zn-EDTA的有效锌含量分别为1.23和1.01 mg/kg;喷Zn时,均施和条施ZnSO_4处理的土壤有效锌含量分别为1.44和2.22 mg/kg,均施和条施ZnEDTA处理的有效锌含量分别为1.16和1.10 mg/kg。土壤各锌组分含量均表现为:松结有机态Zn碳酸盐结合态Zn氧化锰结合态Zn紧结有机态Zn交换态Zn。具体而言,第1季均施和条施ZnSO_4,第2季结束后交换态Zn(Ex-Zn)、松结有机态Zn(Wbo-Zn)、碳酸盐结合态Zn(Car-Zn)含量均显著提高,其提高幅度分别为184%和116%;75%和85%;53%和43%。而均施和条施Zn-EDTA仅Ex-Zn、Wbo-Zn含量显著提高,其提高幅度分别为232%和132%;18%和10%。均施Zn-EDTA处理的锌肥利用率为0.27%,条施为0.70%,后者约为前者的3倍;而条施与均施ZnSO_4无差异。【结论】在潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上,单独喷施ZnSO_4显著提高了小麦籽粒锌含量,而喷施Zn-EDTA效果不显著;土施ZnSO_4和Zn-EDTA,不论条施或均施,虽然会使有效锌(DTPA-Zn)及较高活性锌形态(Ex-Zn、Wbo-Zn)长时间维持较高含量,但对第2季小麦籽粒富锌的后效有限;土施基础上配合喷施ZnSO_4对小麦籽粒锌的含量效果最令人满意。
JIA Z, CHEN Y L, ZHAO A Q, LIU J H, LI M, WANG S X, LIU K, TIAN X H . Effects of different application method of ZnSO₄ and EDTA-Zn on wheat grain zinc biofortification and soil zinc availability in the next year
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2016,22(6):1595-1602. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】在潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上,特别是种植小麦并以此为主粮的地区,缺锌问题日益受到人们的关注。提高小麦籽粒锌含量以满足人体锌需求,对于改善人体锌营养不良的现状具有重要意义。【方法】以ZnSO_4和Zn-EDTA为锌源,布置了2个为期两年的田间定位试验。试验均采用裂区设计,即主因子为喷施锌肥,设喷施与不喷2个主处理;副因子为土施方法,设不施锌、均施、条施3个副处理。在第1季试验基础上,第2季不再土施锌肥,调查了小麦籽粒锌含量、土壤有效锌含量及锌组分含量,分析了第1季锌肥的后效。【结果】第2季单独喷施ZnSO_4小麦籽粒Zn含量提高了11.13 mg/kg,提高幅度为33%,而喷Zn-EDTA无明显效果。不喷Zn时,第1季均施和条施的ZnSO_4在第2季均表现出一定后效,小麦籽粒锌含量比对照分别提高了6.05、3.51 mg/kg,提高幅度为20%和11%;喷Zn时,第2季均施和条施ZnSO_4处理的小麦籽粒锌含量增加了28.59和21.59 mg/kg,增幅100%和76%,表现出显著富锌作用,但增加幅度比单独喷施要小很多。第1季土施的两种锌肥在第2季小麦收获后DTPA-Zn仍维持在1 mg/kg以上,即不喷Zn时,均施和条施ZnSO_4处理的土壤有效锌含量分别为1.99和1.65 mg/kg,均施和条施Zn-EDTA的有效锌含量分别为1.23和1.01 mg/kg;喷Zn时,均施和条施ZnSO_4处理的土壤有效锌含量分别为1.44和2.22 mg/kg,均施和条施ZnEDTA处理的有效锌含量分别为1.16和1.10 mg/kg。土壤各锌组分含量均表现为:松结有机态Zn碳酸盐结合态Zn氧化锰结合态Zn紧结有机态Zn交换态Zn。具体而言,第1季均施和条施ZnSO_4,第2季结束后交换态Zn(Ex-Zn)、松结有机态Zn(Wbo-Zn)、碳酸盐结合态Zn(Car-Zn)含量均显著提高,其提高幅度分别为184%和116%;75%和85%;53%和43%。而均施和条施Zn-EDTA仅Ex-Zn、Wbo-Zn含量显著提高,其提高幅度分别为232%和132%;18%和10%。均施Zn-EDTA处理的锌肥利用率为0.27%,条施为0.70%,后者约为前者的3倍;而条施与均施ZnSO_4无差异。【结论】在潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上,单独喷施ZnSO_4显著提高了小麦籽粒锌含量,而喷施Zn-EDTA效果不显著;土施ZnSO_4和Zn-EDTA,不论条施或均施,虽然会使有效锌(DTPA-Zn)及较高活性锌形态(Ex-Zn、Wbo-Zn)长时间维持较高含量,但对第2季小麦籽粒富锌的后效有限;土施基础上配合喷施ZnSO_4对小麦籽粒锌的含量效果最令人满意。

[33] BERTIN C, YANG X H, WESTON L A . The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere
Plant and Soil, 2003,256(1):67-83.
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[34] CHANTIGNY M H . Dissolved and water-extractable organic matter in soils: A review on the influence of land use and management practices
Geoderma, 2003,113(3):357-380.
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[35] ERENOGLU E B, KUTMAN U B, CEYLAN Y, YILDIZ B, CAKMAK I . Improved nitrogen nutrition enhances root uptake, root-to-shoot translocation and remobilization of zinc ((65) Zn) in wheat
New Phytologist, 2011,189(2):438-448
DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03488.xURLPMID:21029104 [本文引用: 1]
090004This study focussed on the effect of increasing nitrogen (N) supply on root uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of zinc (Zn) as well as retranslocation of foliar-applied Zn in durum wheat (Triticum durum).090004Nutrient solution experiments were conducted to examine the root uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn in seedlings precultured with different N supplies. In additional experiments, the effect of varied N nutrition on retranslocation of foliar-applied 65Zn was tested at both the vegetative and generative stages.090004When N supply was increased, the 65Zn uptake by roots was enhanced by up to threefold and the 65Zn translocation from roots to shoots increased by up to eightfold, while plant growth was affected to a much smaller degree. Retranslocation of 65Zn from old into young leaves and from flag leaves to grains also showed marked positive responses to increasing N supply.090004The results demonstrate that the N-nutritional status of wheat affects major steps in the route of Zn from the growth medium to the grain, including its uptake, xylem transport and remobilization via phloem. Thus, N is a critical player in the uptake and accumulation of Zn in plants, which deserves special attention in biofortification of food crops with Zn.

[36] CAKMAK I, KUTMAN U B . Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: A review
European Journal of Soil Science, 2018,69(1):172-180.
DOI:10.1111/ejss.12437URL [本文引用: 1]
Zinc (Zn) still represents an important health problem in developing countries, caused mainly by inadequate dietary intake. A large consumption of cereal-based foods with small concentrations and low bioavailability of Zn is the major reason behind this problem. Modern cultivars of cereals have inherently very small concentrations of Zn and cannot meet the human need for Zn. Today, up to 50% of wheat-cultivated soil globally is considered poor in bioavailable Zn. Agricultural strategies that are used to improve the nutritional value of crop plants are known as biofortification strategies. They include genetic biofortification, which is based on classical plant breeding and genetic engineering for larger nutrient concentrations, and greater agronomic biofortification, which is based on optimized fertilizer applications. This review focuses on agronomic biofortification with Zn, which has proved to be very effective for wheat and also other cereal crops including rice. Molecular and genetic research into Zn uptake, transport and grain deposition in cereals are critically important for identifying ‘bottlenecks’ in the biofortification of food crops with Zn. Transgenic plants with large Zn concentrations in seeds are often tested under controlled laboratory or glasshouse conditions with sufficient available Zn in the growth medium for the entire growth period. However, they might not always show the same performance under ‘real-world’ conditions with limited chemical availability of Zn and various stress factors such as drought. What purpose can an upgraded transport and storage system serve if the amount of goods to be transported and stored is limited anyway? Given the fact that the Zn concentrations required to achieve a measurable impact on human health are well above those required to avoid any loss of yield from Zn deficiency, providing crop plants with sufficient Zn through the soil and foliar fertilizer strategy under field conditions is critically important for biofortification efforts.