Neuropsychiatric disorders affect hundreds of millions of patients and families worldwide. To decode the molecular framework of these diseases, many studies use human postmortem brain samples. These studies reveal brain-specific genetic and epigenetic patterns via high-throughput sequencing technologies. Identifying best practices for the collection of postmortem brain samples, analyzing such large amounts of sequencing data, and interpreting these results are critical to advance neuropsychiatry. We provide an overview of human brain banks worldwide, including progress in China, highlighting some well-known projects using human postmortem brain samples to understand molecular regulation in both normal brains and those with neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we discuss future research strategies, as well as state-of-the-art statistical and experimental methods that are drawn upon brain bank resources to improve our understanding of the agents of neuropsychiatric disorders.
脑疾病的研究是中国脑计划的重要内容,神经精神疾病是脑疾病中重要的组成部分。全世界四分之一的人都会在一生中某个时刻受到精神或神经疾病的困扰。然而,我们对神经精神疾病的认识一直没有重要突破,研发新的有效治疗方法举步维艰。神经精神疾病呈现的遗传性的特点为了解疾病提供了契机。多种神经精神疾病的全基因组关联分析鉴定了数百个与疾病相关的遗传位点,且多数位于非编码区。对这些遗传信号进行解释和功能分析,是目前神经精神疾病研究的热点。 遗传信号可以通过调控基因表达或者其他组学水平变化而发挥作用。研究神经精神疾病,就需要研究遗传信号在人脑组织发挥的多组学调控作用。脑库是脑组织的主要提供机构,在研究神经精神疾病中发挥着最基础的作用。Le Wang 等的综述从脑库情况入手,介绍了国内外建立的主要脑库,总结了获取高质量尸检脑样的注意事项,以及这些因素对后续进行高通量测序等分子层面的实验的影响。Le Wang等进一步综述了世界各地的科研团队充分利用脑库样本,从脑发育的不同阶段、不同的脑区、不同疾病状态等方面,开展的一系列与脑发育和脑疾病相关研究项目,以及取得的相应重要研究成果。 同时,如何充分利用脑样本资源,整合多组学数据来探索疾病的发病机理仍然有很多挑战。Le Wang等从样本数据质控、多组学整合和实验验证等方面,深入总结了目前在神经精神疾病多组学研究中主要的遗传分析方法和功能实验手段,提出了神经精神疾病研究可供参考的研究策略。 最后,Le Wang 等综述了脑样本研究神经精神疾病的未来前景和挑战。更大规模的多脑库中心合作共享,脑组织单细胞水平的分析,利用胎脑和类脑揭示脑发育机制,建立中国人自己的人脑遗传调控图谱等是重中之重。神经精神疾病广泛存在于人群,要减轻病人痛苦、家人负担和社会损失,还需要多学科多中心持续不断的合作与努力。
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Brain Banks Spur New Frontiers in Neuropsychiatric Research and Strategies for Analysis and Validati
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