吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
研究方向: 膜材料与膜过程
电池膜
水处理膜
气体分离膜
能源与环保

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
研究方向: 膜材料与膜过程
电池膜
水处理膜
气体分离膜
能源与环保

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
讲授课程: 化工分离过程（本科生）
化工分离过程（留学生）
先进分离材料及应用（研究生）
化学工艺学科前沿（博士生）

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
学术兼职: 担任Nat Commun、J Am Chem Soc、J Membr Sci、AIChE J、ACS Appl Mater Interf、Adv Funct Mater、J Mater Chem A、Sep Purif Techn等20余种国内外学术期刊审稿人。北京膜学会会员。

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
学术成就: 主持和参加国家自然科学基金、国家863计划、国家重点研发项目、国家基金重大项目、天津市自然科学基金等国家和省部级项目；在Adv Mater、Adv Funct Mater、Chem Commn、J Mater Chem A、ACS Appl Mater Interf、J Membr Sci等学术期刊发表论文220余篇，H因子46；获授权发明专利20余项；获天津市自然科学一等奖、教育部自然科学二等奖、中石化联合会科技进步一等奖。获优秀硕士论文指导教师、优秀本科生毕业论文指导教师、天津大学三八红旗手、天津大学教书育人先进个人等。入选教育部新世纪优秀人才、天津市131创新型人才培养工程第一层次人选、天津市131创新型人才团队负责人、天津大学北洋青年****、天津大学长聘教授。

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
科研项目: 主持和参加国家自然科学基金、国家973项目、国家863项目、国家基金重大项目、天津市自然科学基金等国家级和省部级项目。

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
论著专利: 在NatureCommun、EnergyEnviron Sci、AdvMater、AdvFunct Mater、ChemCommn、JMater Chem A、ACSAppl Mater Interf、JMembr Sci等学术期刊发表论文220余篇，H因子46；获授权发明专利20余项。 代表性论文： Metal-coordinated sub-10 nmmembranes for water purification. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 10: 4160, 2019.
Covalent organic frameworkmembranes through a mixed-dimensional assembly for molecular separations. NATURECOMMUNICATIONS, 10: 2101, 2019.
Imidazolium-functionalizedcarbon nanotubes crosslinked with imidazole poly(ether ether ketone) forfabricating anion exchange membranes with high hydroxide conductivity anddimension stability. ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 318:572-580, 2019.
Control of Edge/in-PlaneInteractions toward Robust, Highly Proton Conductive Graphene Oxide Membranes. ACSNano, 2019.
Mixed Nanosheet MembranesAssembled from Chemically Grafted Graphene Oxide and Covalent OrganicFrameworks for Ultra-high Water Flux. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, 11(32):28978-28986, 2019.
Mixed matrix membrane contactorcontaining core-shell hierarchical Cu@ 4A filler for efficient SO2 capture. JOURNALOF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, 376:160-169, 2019.
Constructing interconnectedionic cluster network in polyelectrolyte membranes for enhanced CO2 permeation.CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 199: 275-284, 2019.
Constructing channel-mediatedfacilitated transport membranes by incorporating covalent organic frameworknanosheets with tunable microenvironments. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, 7(16):9912-9923, 2019.
Ultrathin nanofiltrationmembrane with polydopamine-covalent organic framework interlayer for enhancedpermeability and structural stability. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 376:131-141,2019.
Preparation of anion exchangemembrane with enhanced conductivity and alkaline stability by incorporatingionic liquid modified carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 573: 1-10,2019.
Porous organosilicon nanotubesin pebax-based mixed-matrix membranes for biogas purification. JOURNAL OFMEMBRANE SCIENCE, 573: 301-308, 2019.
Enhanced carbon dioxide flux bycatechol-Zn2+ synergistic manipulation of graphene oxide membranes. CHEMICALENGINEERING SCIENCE, 195: 230-238, 2019.
High-efficiency water-selectivemembranes from the solution-diffusion synergy of calcium alginate layer andcovalent organic framework (COF) layer. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 572:557-566, 2019.
Layer-by-layer self-assemblednanocomposite membranes via bio-inspired mineralization for pervaporationdehydration. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 570: 44-52, 2019.
Incorporating phosphoricacid-functionalized polydopamine into Nafion polymer by in situ sol-gel methodfor enhanced proton conductivity. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 570: 236-244,2019.
Fabrication ofNafion/zwitterion-functionalized covalent organic framework composite membraneswith improved proton conductivity. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 568: 1-9, 2018.
Heterostructured filler in mixedmatrix membranes to coordinate physical and chemical selectivities for enhancedCO2 separation. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 567: 272-280, 2018.
Incorporatingimidazolium-functionalized graphene oxide into imidazoliumfunctionalizedpoly(ether ether ketone) for enhanced hydroxide conductivity. Journal ofMembrane Science, 565: 233–240, 2018.
Constructing robust andhighly-selective hydrogel membranes by bioadhesion-inspired method for CO2separation. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 563: 229-237, 2018.
Graphene oxide quantum dotsincorporated nanocomposite membranes with high water flux for pervaporativedehydration. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 563: 903-913, 2018.
Hierarchical pore architecturesfrom 2D covalent organic nanosheets for efficient water/alcohol separation.JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 561: 79-88, 2018.
Precise nanopore tuning for ahigh-throughput desalination membrane via co-deposition of dopamine andmultifunctional POSS. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, 6(27): 13191-13202,2018.
Influence of blendingzwitterionic functionalized titanium nanotubes on flux and anti-foulingperformance of polyamide nanofiltration membranes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALSSCIENCE, 53(14): 10499-10512, 2018.
Ahighly conductive androbust anion conductor obtained via synergistic manipulation in intra- andinter-laminate of layered double hydroxide nanosheets. JOURNAL OF MATERIALSCHEMISTRY A, 6(22): 10277-10285, 2018.
Water-selective permeation inhybrid membrane incorporating multi-functional hollow ZIF-8 nanospheres.JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 555: 146-156, 2018.
Phosphorylated graphenemonoliths with high mixed proton/electron conductivity. JOURNAL OF MATERIALSCHEMISTRY A, 6(18): 8499-8506, 2018.
Manipulation of interactions atmembrane interfaces for energy and environmental applications. PROGRESS INPOLYMER SCIENCE, 80: 125-152, 2018.
Embedding Ag+@COFs within Pebaxmembrane to confer mass transport channels and facilitated transport sites forelevated desulfurization performance. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE,552:1-12, 2018.
Enhanced dehydration performanceof hybrid membranes by incorporating fillers with hydrophilic-hydrophobic regions.CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 178: 273-283, 2018.
Significantly enhanced CO2capture properties by synergy of zinc ion and sulfonate in Pebax-pitch hybridmembranes. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 549:670-679, 2018.
Heterobimetallic metal-organicframework nanocages as highly efficient catalysts for CO2 conversion under mildconditions. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, 6(7): 2964-2973, 2018.
Zwitterionic functionalized"cage-like" porous organic frameworks for nanofiltration membranewith high efficiency water transport channels and anti-fouling property.JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 548: 194-202, 2018.
Nanoporous ZIF-67 embeddedpolymers of intrinsic microporosity membranes with enhanced gas separationperformance. JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE, 548: 309-318, 2018.
One-pot fabrication ofchitin-shellac composite microspheres for efficient enzyme immobilization.JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 266: 1-8, 2018.
Enhanced dehydration performanceof hybrid membranes by incorporating lanthanide-based MOFs. Journal of MembraneScience, 546: 31-40, 2018.
Functionally graded membranesfrom nanoporous covalent organic frameworks for highly selective waterpermeation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, 6(2): 583-591, 2018.
Structurally stable grapheneoxide-based nanofiltration membranes with bioadhesive polydopamine coating.Applied Surface Science, 427: 1092-1098, 2018.
Bimetallic metal-organicframeworks nanocages as multi-functional fillers for water-selective membranes.Journal of Membrane Science,545: 19-28, 2018.
Constructing facilitatedtransport pathway in hybrid membranes by incorporating MoS2 nanosheets. Journalof Membrane Science, 545: 29-37, 2018.
Fabrication of compositenanofiltration membrane by incorporating attapulgite nanorods duringinterfacial polymerization for high water flux and antifouling property.Journal of Membrane Science, 544: 79-87, 2017.
One-pot fabrication ofchitin-shellac composite microspheres for efficient enzyme immobilization.Journal of biotechnology, 266: 1-8, 2017.
Enhanced CO2 selectivities byincorporating CO2-philic PEG-POSS into polymers of intrinsic microporositymembrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 543: 69-78, 2017.
Channel-facilitated molecule andion transport across polymer composite membranes. Chemical Society Reviews,46(22): 6725-6745, 2017.
Graphene Oxide Membranes withHeterogeneous Nanodomains for Efficient CO2 Separations. Angewandte ChemieInternational Edition, 56 (45): 14246-14251, 2017.
Construction ofmolecule-selective mixed matrix membranes with confined mass transferstructure. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25 (11): 1563-1580, 2017.
Hybrid membranes forpervaporation separations. Journal of Membrane Science, 541: 329-346, 2017.
Enhancing the permeation fluxand antifouling performance of polyamide nanofiltration membrane byincorporation of PEG-POSS nanoparticles. Journal of Membrane Science, 540:454-463, 2017.
One-pot synthesis ofsilica-titania binary nanoparticles with acid-base pairs via biomimeticmineralization to fabricate highly proton-conductive membranes. Journal ofMaterials Chemistry A, 5 (35): 18585-18593, 2017.
Nanocomposite membranes based onalginate matrix and high loading of pegylated POSS for pervaporationdehydration. Journal of Membrane Science, 538, 86-95, 2017.
In situ biosynthesis ofultrafine metal nanoparticles within a metal-organic framework for efficientheterogeneous catalysis. Nanotechnology, 28(36): 365604, 2017.
Preparation of ultrathin, robustmembranes through reactive layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly for pervaporationdehydration. Journal of Membrane Science, 537, 229-238, 2017.
Highly Hydroxide-ConductiveNanostructured Solid Electrolyte via Predesigned Ionic Nanoaggregates. ACSApplied Materials & Interfaces, 9(34): 28346-28354, 2017.
Facilitating Proton Transport inNafion-Based Membranes at Low Humidity by Incorporating MultifunctionalGraphene Oxide Nanosheets. ACS Applied Materials& Interfaces, 9(33):27676-27687, 2017.
Bioinspired Ultrastrong SolidElectrolytes with Fast Proton Conduction along 2D Channels. Advanced materials,2017, **.
Embedding Molecular AmineFunctionalized Polydopamine Submicroparticles into Polymeric Membrane forCarbon Capture. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56 (28):8103-8110,2017.
Coordination PolymerNanocapsules Prepared Using Metal-Organic Framework Templates for pH-ResponsiveDrug Delivery. Nanotechnology, 28(27): 275601, 2017.
Proton exchange nanohybridmembranes with high phosphotungstic acid loading within metal-organic frameworksfor PEMFC applications. Electrochimica Acta, 240, 186-194, 2017.
Enhancing Hydroxide Conductivityand Stability of Anion Exchange Membrane by Blending Quaternary AmmoniumFunctionalized Polymers. ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, 240, 486-494, 2017.
Mixed matrix membranescomprising polymers of intrinsic microporosity and covalent organic frameworkfor gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 528, 273-283, 2017.
Enhanced desulfurizationperformance and stability of Pebax membrane by incorporating Cu+ and Fe2+ ionsco-impregnated carbon nitride. Journal of Membrane Science, 526, 94-105, 2017.
Hghly conductive and robustcomposite anion exchange membranes by incorporating quaternized MIL-101(Cr).Science Bulletin, 62(4), 266-276, 2017.
Pervaporation performancecomparison of hybrid membranes filled with two-dimensional ZIF-L nanosheets andzero-dimensional ZIF-8 nanoparticles. Journal of Membrane Science, 523,185-196, 2017.
Facilitated transport membranesby incorporating graphene nanosheets with high zinc ion loading for enhancedCO2 separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 522, 351-362, 2017.
Widening CO2-facilitatedtransport passageways in SPEEK matrix using polymer brushes functionalizeddouble-shelled organic submicrocapsules for efficient gas separation. Journalof Membrane Science, 525, 330-341, 2017.
Enhanced proton conductivity ofNafion composite membrane by incorporating phosphoric acid-loaded covalentorganic framework. Journal of Power Sources, 332, 265-273, 2016.
Enhanced proton conductivity ofNafion nanohybrid membrane incorporated with phosphonic acid functionalizedgraphene oxide at elevated temperature and low humidity. Journal of MembraneScience, 518, 243-253, 2016.
Tuning the performance of CO2separation membranes by incorporating multifunctional modified silicamicrospheres into polymer matrix. Journal of Membrane Science, 514, 73-85,2016.
Mixed matrix membranesfabricated by a facile in situ biomimetic mineralization approach for efficientCO2 separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 508, 84-93, 2016.
Sulfonated poly(ether etherketone)-based hybrid membranes containing graphene oxide with acid-base pairsfor direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta, 203, 178-188, 2016.
Fabrication of electro-neutralnanofiltration membranes at neutral pH with antifouling surface via interfacialpolymerization from a novel zwitterionic amine monomer. Journal of MembraneScience, 503, 101-109, 2016.
Conferring Natural-DerivedPorous Microspheres with Surface Multifunctionality through FacileCoordination-Enabled Self-Assembly Process. ACS Applied Materials &Interfaces, 8(12), 8076-8085, 2016.
Enhanced proton conductivity ofproton exchange membranes by incorporating phosphorylated hollow titaniaspheres. RSC Advances, 6(72), 68407-68415, 2016.
Advances in high permeabilitypolymer-based membrane materials for CO2 separations. Energy& EnvironmentalScience, 9(6), 1863-1890, 2016.
Enhancing the permeationselectivity of sodium alginate membrane by incorporating attapulgite nanorodsfor ethanol dehydration. RSC Advances, 6(17), 14381-14392, 2016.
High-performance compositemembranes incorporated with carboxylic acid nanogels for CO2 separation.Journal of Membrane Science, 495, 72-80, 2015.
Janus composite nanoparticle-incorporatedmixed matrix membranes for CO2 separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 489,1-10, 2015.
Preparing alkaline anionexchange membrane with enhanced hydroxide conductivity via blendingimidazolium-functionalized and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone). Journal ofPower Sources, 288, 384-392, 2015.
Incorporating one-dimensionalaminated titania nanotubes into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane toconstruct CO2-facilitated transport pathways for enhanced CO2 separation.Journal of Membrane Science, 488, 13-29, 2015.
Mixed matrix membranes composedof sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and a sulfonated metal organic frameworkfor gas separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 488, 67-78, 2015.
Synergistic effect of combiningcarbon nanotubes and graphene oxide in mixed matrix membranes for efficient CO2separation. Journal of Membrane Science, 479,1-10, 2015.
Efficient CO2 Capture byFunctionalized Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Fillers To FabricateMulti-Permselective Mixed Matrix Membranes. ACS Applied Materials &Interfaces, 7(9), 5528-5537, 2015.
Fabrication of sulfonatedpoly(ether ether ketone)-based hybrid proton-conducting membranes containingcarboxyl or amino acid-functionalized titania by in situ sol-gel process.Journal of Power Sources, 276, 271-278, 2015.
Enhancing the separationperformance by introducing bioadhesive bonding layer in composite pervaporationmembranes for ethanol dehydration. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23,372-378, 2015.
Enhanced Interfacial Interactionand CO2 Separation Performance of Mixed Matrix Membrane by IncorporatingPolyethylenimine-Decorated Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Applied Materials& Interfaces, 7(2), 1065-1077, 2015.
Enhancing catalytic activity andstability of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase by encapsulation iitosan-calciumphosphate hybrid beads. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 54(2),597-604, 2015.
Constructing CO2 transportpassageways in Matrimid (R) membranes using nanohydrogels for efficient carboncapture. Journal of Membrane Science, 474, 156-166, 2015.
Stereoselective Assembly ofAmino Acid-Based Metal-Biomolecule Nanofibers. Chemical Communications, 51(29),6329-6332, 2015.
Enhancing CO2 separationperformance of composite membrane by incorporation of amino acid-functionalizedgraphene oxide. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3(12), 6629-6641, 2015.
Enhanced proton conductivity ofproton exchange membrane at low humidity based on poly(methacrylic acid)-loadedimidazole microcapsules. RSC Advances, 5(12), 9079-9088, 2015.
Novel sulfonated poly (etherether ketone)/phosphonic acid-functionalized titania nanohybrid membrane by anin situ method for direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 273,544-553, 2015.
Fabrication ofchitosan/zwitterion functionalized titania-silica hybrid membranes withimproved proton conductivity. Journal of Membrane Science, 469, 355-363, 2014.
SPEEK/amine-functionalized TiO2submicrospheres mixed matrix membranes for CO2 separation. Journal of MembraneScience, 467, 23-35, 2014.
Facilitated transport mixed matrix membranesincorporated with amine functionalized MCM-41 for enhanced gas separationproperties. Journal of Membrane Science, 465, 78-90, 2014.
Preparation and performance of differentamino acids functionalized titania-embedded sulfonated poly (ether etherketone) hybrid membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of MembraneScience, 463, 134-144, 2014.
Facile fabrication of organic–inorganiccomposite beads by gelatin induced biomimetic mineralization for yeast alcoholdehydrogenase encapsulation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 100,49-58, 2014.
Composite proton conductive membranescomposed of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and phosphotungstic acid-loadedimidazole microcapsules as acid reservoirs. Journal of Membrane Science, 451,74–84, 2014.
Merging of covalent crosslinking andbiomimetic mineralization into an LBL self-assembly process for theconstruction of robust organic-inorganic hybrid microcapsules. Journal ofMaterials Chemistry B, 2(27), 4346-4355, 2014.
Enhancing Structural Stability andPervaporation Performance of Composite Membranes by Coating Gelatin ontoHydrophilically Modified Support Layer. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering,22(1), 19-27, 2014.
Dopamine-modified alginate beads reinforcedby crosslinking via titanium coordination or self-polymerization and itsapplication in enzyme immobilization. Industrial& Engineering ChemistryResearch, 52 (42), 14828-14836, 2013.
Methods for Nicotinamide CoenzymesRegeneration. Green Chemistry, 15, 1773-1789, 2013.
Chitosan/sulfonatedpolyethersulfone–polyethersulfone (CS/SPES-PES) composite membranes forpervaporative dehydration. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52,5772-5780, 2013.
Catechol modification and covalentimmobilization of catalase on titania submicrospheres. Journal of MolecularCatalysis B: Enzymatic, 92, 44-50, 2013.
Enhanced proton conductivity of the protonexchange membranes by the phosphorylated silica submicrospheres. Journal ofPower Sources, 224, 28-36, 2013.
Enhanced stability of catalase covalentlyimmobilized on functionalized titania submicrospheres. Materials Science &Engineering: C Materials for Biological Applications, 33, (3), 1438-1445, 2013.
Metal-organic coordination-enabledlayer-by-layer self-assembly to prepare hybrid microcapsules for efficientenzyme immobilization. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 4(7), 3476-3483,2012.
Sulfonated poly(ether etherketone)/amino-acid functionalized titania hybrid proton conductive membranes.Journal of Power Sources, 213, 83-92, 2012.
Integral PVA-PES composite membranes bysurface segregation method for pervaporation dehydration of ethanol. ChineseJournal of Chemical Engineering, 19, 5, 855-862, 2011.
Lamellar crystals as proton conductors toenhance the performance of proton exchange membrane for direct methanol fuelcell. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 15, 6015-6021, 2011.
Sulfonated titania submicrospheres-dopedsulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid membranes with enhanced protonconductivity and reduced methanol permeability. Journal of Power Sources, 196,11, 4934-4942, 2011.
Chitosan membranes filled with biomimeticmineralized hydroxyapatite for enhanced proton conductivity. Solid StateIonics, 187, (1), 33-38, 2011.
Enhanced pervaporative desulfurization bypolydimethylsiloxane membranes embedded with silver/silica core-shellmicrospheres. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187, (1-3), 324-332, 2011.
Enzyme-polysaccharide interaction and itsinfluence on enzyme activity and stability. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82, (1),160-166, 2010.
Preparation and properties of hybrid directmethanol fuel cell membranes by embedding organophosphorylated titaniasubmicrospheres into a chitosan polymer matrix. Journal of Power Sources, 195,(13), 4104-4113, 2010.
Constructing inorganic shell onto LBLmicrocapsule through biomimetic mineralization: A novel and facile method forfabrication of microbioreactors. Soft Matter, 6, (3), 542-550, 2010.
Enhancing the interfacial stability andsolvent-resistant property of PDMS/PES composite membrane by introducing abifunctional aminosilane. Journal of Membrane Science, 337, (1-2), 61-69, 2009.
Molecularly imprinted organic-inorganichybrid membranes for selective separation of phenylalanine isomers and itsanalogue. Separation and Purification Technology, 68, (1), 97-104, 2009.
Protamine-induced biosilica as efficientenzyme immobilization carrier with high loading and improved stability.Materials Science & Engineering: C Materials for Biological Applications,29, (6), 2029-2035, 2009.
Improving the recycling and storagestability of enzyme by encapsulation in mesoporous CaCO₃-alginatecomposite gel. Composites Science and Technology, 69, (3-4), 539-544, 2009.

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吴　洪现任职称/职务：教授，博士生导师
通讯地址：天津大学化工学院
电子邮箱：wuhong@tju.edu.cn
办公电话：
合作交流: 参加国内外学术会议；德国斯图加特大学访问****。