The findings, published online this week in the early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, represent a clear challenge to quantum dot displays that rely upon traditional semiconductor nanocrystals to emit light. It could also influence the development of new applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, nanoscopic lasers, and ultrasensitive photodetectors, among others.
The researchers used electron beam lithography to fabricate halide perovskite nanowire heterojunctions, the junction of two different semiconductors. In device applications, heterojunctions determine the energy level and bandgap characteristics, and are therefore considered a key building block of modern electronics and photovoltaics.
The researchers pointed out that the lattice in halide perovskites is held together by ionic instead of covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, atoms of opposite charges are attracted to each other and transfer electrons to each other. Covalent bonds, in contrast, occur when atoms share their electrons with each other.
A cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) -- cesium lead chloride (CsPbCl3) heterojunction nanowire emitting green and blue light simultaneously under UV excitation. Credit: Letian Dou/Berkeley Lab and Connor G. Bischak/UC Berkeley
"With inorganic halide perovskite, we can easily swap the anions in the ionic bonds while maintaining the single crystalline nature of the materials," said study principal investigator Peidong Yang, senior faculty scientist at Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division. "This allows us to easily reconfigure the structure and composition of the material. That's why halide perovskites are considered soft lattice semiconductors. Covalent bonds, in contrast, are relatively robust and require more energy to change. Our study basically showed that we can pretty much change the composition of any segment of this soft semiconductor."
In this case, the researchers tested cesium lead halide perovskite, and then they used a common nanofabrication technique combined with anion exchange chemistry to swap out the halide ions to create cesium lead iodide, bromide, and chloride perovskites.
Each variation resulted in a different color emitted. Moreover, the researchers showed that multiple heterojunctions could be engineered on a single nanowire. They were able to achieve a pixel size down to 500 nanometers, and they determined that the color of the material was tunable throughout the entire range of visible light.
The researchers said that the chemical solution-processing technique used to treat this class of soft, ionic-bonded semiconductors is far simpler than methods used to manufacture traditional colloidal semiconductors.
A cesium lead iodide-cesium lead bromide-cesium lead chloride heterojunction nanowire simultaneously emitting red, green, and blue light under UV excitation. Credit: Letian Dou/Berkeley Lab and Connor G. Bischak/UC Berkeley
"For conventional semiconductors, fabricating the junction is quite complicated and expensive," said study co-lead author Letian Dou, who conducted the work as a postdoctoral fellow in Yang's lab. "High temperatures and vacuum conditions are usually involved to control the materials' growth and doping. Precisely controlling the materials composition and property is also challenging because conventional semiconductors are 'hard' due to strong covalent bonding."
To swap the anions in a soft semiconductor, the material is soaked in a special chemical solution at room temperature.
"It's a simple process, and it is very easy to scale up," said Yang, who is also a professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley. "You don't need to spend long hours in a clean room, and you don't need high temperatures."
The researchers are continuing to improve the resolution of these soft semiconductors, and are working to integrate them into an electric circuit.
Explore further: New perovskite research discoveries may lead to solar cell and LED advances
More information: Letian Dou el al., "Spatially resolved multicolor CsPbX3 nanowire heterojunctions via anion exchange," PNAS (2017). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1703860114
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
