研究发现:在4种发酵基质(无抗牛粪+玉米秸秆、无抗牛粪+小麦秸秆、有抗牛粪+玉米秸秆、有抗牛粪+小麦秸秆)上栽培双孢蘑菇,可以蘑菇氮的形式回收秸秆和粪便中总氮的3.33-5.88%。由于残留的莫能菌素抑制了基质中氨化与反硝化菌的活性,从而降低了基质发酵过程中的氮损失,提高了氮转化效率(表1)。然而,由于发酵和栽培过程中,基质中与氮转化相关的酶活性(表2)以及微生物群落结构和演替变化(图1)引起的氮损失变化,莫能菌素最终降低了整个循环系统中氮回收率的0.13%-1.57%。本研究结果为构建高效的种养一体化循环农业技术模式提供了数据支撑。
表1. 基质发酵、蘑菇栽培及采收过程中的氮回收率
Stages | Items | Treatment1 | SEM | P value | |||||
No-antibiotic | Antibiotic | ||||||||
NC | NW | AC | AW | Straw | Antibiotic | Straw×Antibiotic | |||
Start of fermentation | Starting substrate (kg) | 15.12 | 15.22 | 15.18 | 15.21 | 0.042 | 0.129 | 0.650 | 0.378 |
N concentration in starting substrate (g/kg) | 16.45c | 18.96a | 16.21d | 18.73b | 0.035 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.981 | |
Total N in starting substrate (g) | 248.7c | 288.7a | 246.1d | 284.8b | 0.855 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.462 | |
End of fermentation | Fermented substrate (kg) | 11.20b | 10.65c | 11.41c | 10.38d | 0.035 | <0.001 | 0.342 | <0.001 |
N concentration in fermented substrate (g/kg) | 21.08b | 21.54b | 21.01b | 22.87a | 0.299 | <0.001 | 0.047 | 0.029 | |
Total N in fermented substrate (g) | 236.1 | 229.4 | 239.6 | 237.3 | 3.316 | 0.189 | 0.098 | 0.516 | |
N retention rate during fermentation2 (%) | 94.93a | 79.45c | 97.37a | 83.33b | 1.194 | <0.001 | 0.016 | 0.555 | |
End of cultivation | Cultivated substrate (kg) | 6.96b | 7.14a | 6.81c | 7.09a | 0.038 | <0.001 | 0.020 | 0.190 |
N concentration of cultivated substrate (g/kg) | 14.54c | 17.43a | 16.21b | 17.27a | 0.192 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Total N in cultivated substrate (g) | 101.1c | 124.3a | 110.4b | 121.2a | 1.350 | <0.001 | 0.012 | <0.001 | |
N retention rate during cultivation3 (%) | 40.64c | 43.07b | 44.87a | 42.98b | 0.460 | 0.564 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Harvested mushroom | Fruit body yield (kg DM) | 0.080a | 0.067b | 0.047c | 0.052c | 0.002 | 0.129 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
N concentration in fruit body (mg/kg) | 18.27 | 18.52 | 18.24 | 18.17 | 0.301 | 0.755 | 03542 | 0.600 | |
Total N in fruit body (g) | 1.463a | 1.247b | 0.852c | 0.948c | 0.049 | 0.231 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |
N recycled rate4 (%) | 5.88a | 4.31b | 3.46c | 3.33c | 0.189 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
表2. 基质发酵和蘑菇栽培过程中的关键酶活性
Index | Stage | Treatment1 | SEM | P value | |||||
No-antibiotic | Antibiotic | ||||||||
NC | NW | AC | AW | Straw | Antibiotic | Straw × Antibiotic | |||
Urease (U/g) | End of feeding | 5770.3b | 5775.5b | 8556.4a | 8125.7a | 277.74 | 0.453 | <0.001 | 0.442 |
End of fermentation | 3014.6b | 3911.0a | 2345.1c | 2173.2d | 24.30 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
End of cultivation | 43.38b | 218.80a | 45.10b | 32.01c | 0.704 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Nitrate reductase (U/g) | End of feeding | 7.43b | 7.25b | 13.61a | 13.63a | 0.147 | 0.611 | <0.001 | 0.529 |
End of fermentation | 1.04b | 1.18a | 0.74c | 0.90d | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.631 | |
End of cultivation | 38.75bc | 49.2b | 30.24c | 152.4a | 4.104 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Nitrite reductase (U/g) | End of feeding | 15.77b | 15.79b | 15.94a | 15.95a | 0.078 | 0.731 | 0.002 | 0.890 |
End of fermentation | 14.20a | 10.49d | 11.22c | 13.02b | 0.018 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
End of cultivation | 11.22a | 9.49b | 8.58c | 8.48d | 0.028 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |

图1. 基质发酵第0天(a)、14天(b)、35天(c)基于 16S rDNA 测序的门水平相对丰度;堆肥第0天(d)、14天(e)、35 天(f)基于 ITS 测序的门水平相对丰度。
研究成果于近期发表在国际期刊Waste Management上,由王菲研究实习员(第一作者)和钟荣珍研究员(通讯作者)共同完成。该研究得到了中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28020400 ; XDA28080400 ; XDA23070503 );吉林省与中国科学院科技合作高技术产业化专项资金项目(2021SYHZ0033);吉林省科技发展计划项目(20200602016ZP )和中国科学院青年创新促进会优秀会员人才专项( Y201949 )的联合资助。
文章信息:Wang F., Fang Y., Wang L. X., Xiang H., Chen G. S., Chang X., Liu D., He X. M., Zhong R. Z.*2022. Effects of residual monensin in livestock manure on nitrogen transformation and microbial community during “crop straw feeding-substrate fermentation-mushroom cultivation” recycling system. Waste Management. 149. 333-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.015.
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