张英1,2,郭奇峰1,2,蔡美峰1,2,任奋华1,2
(1.北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院,北京 100083; 2.金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室(北京科技大学),北京 100083)
摘要:
为探讨硬岩脆性指标与弹性应变能之间的关系,采用侧向应变差法确定起裂应力,以岩石起裂应力和峰值强度为桥梁,基于断裂力学理论和能量理论解释了脆性指标与弹性应变能内在的联系,并从两种岩石单轴压缩试验中构建了脆性指标与弹性应变能之间的函数关系.结果表明:脆性指标B13、B14与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数关系,脆性指标B15、B16与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数或线性函数关系,脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与峰值弹性应变能(单变量)之间无明显函数关系;新定义的脆性指标可由起裂和峰值弹性应变能(双变量)获得,或由起裂弹性应变能(单变量)获得,脆性指标与峰值弹性应变能关系式的构建,对于研究岩爆倾向性具有重要意义;根据新定义的脆性指标,利用两种岩石算例验证表明,采用起裂弹性应变能的岩石脆性指标计算方法具有一定的可靠性.通过这一研究,为岩石脆性指标与起裂弹性应变能关系的确定提供了一种新方法.
关键词: 硬岩 脆性指标 弹性应变能 单轴压缩试验 函数关系
DOI:10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.201809127
分类号:TU45
文献标识码:A
基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0804101);国家自然科学基金(51774022)
Preliminary study on relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy for hard rock
ZHANG Ying1,2,GUO Qifeng1,2,CAI Meifeng1,2,REN Fenhua1,2
(1.School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; 2.Key Lab of High- Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines (University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China)
Abstract:
To study the relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy, the lateral strain response method was used to determine the crack initiation stress of hard rock. By using the crack initiation stress and peak stress of rock, the relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy was explained based on fracture mechanics theory and energy theory, and a functional relationships were constructed between brittleness index and elastic strain energy from uniaxial compression test for two types of rock. Results show that the brittleness indexes B13, B14are in power function relationship with the crack initiation elastic strain energy (single variable), and the brittleness indexes B15, B16are in power or linear function relationships with the crack initiation elastic strain energy (single variable). However, no apparent functional relationship was discovered between the brittleness indexes B13, B14, B15, B16and the peak elastic strain energy (single variable). The new brittleness index could be either obtained from both the crack initiation strain energy and the peak elastic strain energy (two variables), or the crack initiation elastic strain energy (single variable). The relationship between brittleness index and the peak elastic strain energy is of great significance for studying rock burst proneness. The calculation method for brittleness index was redefined. Besides, the verifications of two examples show that this method, using the crack initiation elastic strain energy, demonstrates certain credibility. This study provides a new method determining the relationship between brittleness index and the crack initiation elastic strain energy of rock.
Key words: hard rock brittleness index elastic strain energy uniaxial compression test function relationship
张英, 郭奇峰, 蔡美峰, 任奋华. 硬岩脆性指标与弹性应变能关系初探[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2019, 51(6): 79-88. DOI: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.201809127.
ZHANG Ying, GUO Qifeng, CAI Meifeng, REN Fenhua. Preliminary study on relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy for hard rock[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2019, 51(6): 79-88. DOI: 10.11918/j.issn.0367-6234.201809127.
基金项目 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0804101);国家自然科学基金(51774022) 作者简介 张英(1988—),男,博士研究生;
蔡美峰(1943—),男,博士生导师,中国工程院院士 通信作者 郭奇峰,guoqifeng@ustb.edu.cn 文章历史 收稿日期: 2018-09-19
Contents -->Abstract Full text Figures/Tables PDF
硬岩脆性指标与弹性应变能关系初探
张英1,2, 郭奇峰1,2, 蔡美峰1,2, 任奋华1,2
1. 北京科技大学 土木与资源工程学院, 北京 100083;
2. 金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室(北京科技大学), 北京 100083
收稿日期: 2018-09-19
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0804101);国家自然科学基金(51774022)
作者简介: 张英(1988—),男,博士研究生;
蔡美峰(1943—),男,博士生导师,中国工程院院士
通信作者: 郭奇峰,guoqifeng@ustb.edu.cn
摘要: 为探讨硬岩脆性指标与弹性应变能之间的关系,采用侧向应变差法确定起裂应力,以岩石起裂应力和峰值强度为桥梁,基于断裂力学理论和能量理论解释了脆性指标与弹性应变能内在的联系,并从两种岩石单轴压缩试验中构建了脆性指标与弹性应变能之间的函数关系.结果表明:脆性指标B13、B14与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数关系,脆性指标B15、B16与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数或线性函数关系,脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与峰值弹性应变能(单变量)之间无明显函数关系;新定义的脆性指标可由起裂和峰值弹性应变能(双变量)获得,或由起裂弹性应变能(单变量)获得,脆性指标与峰值弹性应变能关系式的构建,对于研究岩爆倾向性具有重要意义;根据新定义的脆性指标,利用两种岩石算例验证表明,采用起裂弹性应变能的岩石脆性指标计算方法具有一定的可靠性.通过这一研究,为岩石脆性指标与起裂弹性应变能关系的确定提供了一种新方法.
关键词: 硬岩 脆性指标 弹性应变能 单轴压缩试验 函数关系
Preliminary study on relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy for hard rock
ZHANG Ying1,2, GUO Qifeng1,2, CAI Meifeng1,2, REN Fenhua1,2
1. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
2. Key Lab of High- Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines (University of Science and Technology Beijing), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
Abstract: To study the relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy, the lateral strain response method was used to determine the crack initiation stress of hard rock. By using the crack initiation stress and peak stress of rock, the relationship between brittleness index and elastic strain energy was explained based on fracture mechanics theory and energy theory, and a functional relationships were constructed between brittleness index and elastic strain energy from uniaxial compression test for two types of rock. Results show that the brittleness indexes B13, B14 are in power function relationship with the crack initiation elastic strain energy (single variable), and the brittleness indexes B15, B16 are in power or linear function relationships with the crack initiation elastic strain energy (single variable). However, no apparent functional relationship was discovered between the brittleness indexes B13, B14, B15, B16 and the peak elastic strain energy (single variable). The new brittleness index could be either obtained from both the crack initiation strain energy and the peak elastic strain energy (two variables), or the crack initiation elastic strain energy (single variable). The relationship between brittleness index and the peak elastic strain energy is of great significance for studying rock burst proneness. The calculation method for brittleness index was redefined. Besides, the verifications of two examples show that this method, using the crack initiation elastic strain energy, demonstrates certain credibility. This study provides a new method determining the relationship between brittleness index and the crack initiation elastic strain energy of rock.
Keywords: hard rock brittleness index elastic strain energy uniaxial compression test function relationship
脆性是岩体在很小塑性变形下就发生破坏的性质,同时脆性破坏过程中伴随着弹性应变能的释放.作为岩体的重要基本特性,脆性评价对于油气田开采领域储层改造、地下巷道与硐室围岩稳定以及岩爆灾害预测等方面具有重要指导意义[1].现阶段,国内外许多学者对脆性指标评价作了大量研究(见表 1),但关于岩石脆性指标定义及测试方法却没有统一标准.一些学者基于应力-应变曲线研究脆性指标.文献[2]把应力-应变曲线中峰值前后能量比值转化为弹模比值,提出了脆性指标B1和B2;文献[3]在脆性破坏机制基础上,基于应力-应变曲线定义了页岩脆性指标B3;文献[4]在应力-应变曲线峰后应力降的相对大小和绝对速率基础上,提出一种能够考虑岩石塑性屈服特性和应力状态的新指标B4,并通过单轴和三轴压缩试验对B4进行了验证;文献[1]采用峰后应力跌落速率及失稳破坏时所释放弹性能与峰前储存的总能量比值定义了脆性指标B5;文献[5]综合考虑峰后应力跌落速率及起裂应力值至峰值强度值之间的应力增长速率,建立了脆性指标B6;文献[6]引入了仅涉及材料峰后行为的脆性指标B7;文献[7]在文献[6]的研究基础上考虑了峰值前后阶段速率的变化,从应变角度出发,根据塑性理论提出了脆性指标B8;文献[8]从加载过程中应变和应变能角度出发,提出了脆性指标B9和B10;文献[9-10]基于应力-应变曲线分别从能量和应变角度提出了B11和B12.另外,一些学者基于拉压强度研究脆性指标.文献[11]研究了渗透率与脆性指标之间的关系,在统计分析拉压强度试验数据中总结了四种不同的脆性指标B13~B16,并获得脆性指标与渗透率和标准化渗透率之间的关系;文献[12]在文献[11]的研究基础上探讨了脆性指标与起裂应力水平之间的函数关系,并重新定义了B13~B16.还有一些学者根据测试方法(莫尔圆[8-9]、矿物组分[13]、硬度测试[14-15]、冲击试验[16-17]、贯入试验[18-19]、弹性性质[13]、破裂角[2]、断裂试验[20])的不同提出脆性指标.虽然上述脆性指标的研究十分丰富并取得大量成果,但是针对拉压强度的脆性指标与能量之间关系的研究鲜有报道.
表 1
表 1 国内外岩石脆性指标汇总 Tab. 1 Summary of brittleness indexes at home and abroad 测试方法 计算公式 公式含义
应力-应变曲线B1=dWr/dWe=(M-E)/M[2]E为峰前弹性模量,M为峰后弹性模量
B2=dWα/dWe=E/M[2]
B3=(εBRIT-εn)/(εm-εn)+αCSBRIT+βCSBRIT+η,
CSBRIT=[εp(σp-σr)]/[σp(εr-εp)][3] εBRIT为岩样峰值应变,εm为最大峰值应变参考值,
εn为最小峰值应变参考值,α、β、η均为标准化系数,
σp为峰值应力,σr为残余应力,εp为峰值应变,εr为残余应变
B4=(τp-τr)/τplg|kac|/10[4] τp为峰值抗压强度,τr为残余抗压强度,kac为峰后应力降斜率
B5=(σp-σr)/(εr-εp)+[(σp-σr)(εr-εp)]/(σpεp)[1] σp为峰值应力,σr为残余应力,εp为峰值应变,εr为残余应变
B6=[(σp-σi)/σp]/[(εp-εi)/εp]+[(σp-σr)/σp]/[(εr-εp)/εp][5] σi为起裂应力,σp为峰值应力,σr为残余应力,
εi为起裂应变,εp为峰值应变,εr为残余应变
B7=(τp-τr)/τp[6] τp为峰值强度,τr为残余强度
B8=(εp-εr)/εp[7] εp为峰值应变,εr为残余应变
B9=εr/ε[8] εr为加载后可恢复应变,ε为加载过程总应变
B10=Wr/W[8] Wr为可恢复应变能,W为总应变能
B11=A2/A1[9] 过峰值强度点以变形模量(50%峰值强度处的变形模量)为斜率所作斜线下的面积为A1,加载曲线下的面积为A2
B12=ε1i[10] 试样破坏时不可恢复的轴应变,当ε1i<3%时为脆性,3%~5%时为脆塑性,ε1i>5%时为塑性
压拉强度B13=σc/σt=8σc/σci=8/K[11-12]σc为单轴抗压强度,σt为劈裂抗拉强度,
σci为起裂应力,K为起裂应力水平
B14=(σc-σt)/(σc+σt)=(8-K)/(8+K)[11-12]
B15=σcσt/2=σcσci/16[11-12]
莫尔圆 B17=sinα[9], B18=45°+α/2[8] α为内摩擦角
矿物组分B19=(Wqtz+Wcarb)/Wtotal[13] (Wqtz+Wcarb)为脆性矿物含量,Wtotal为总矿物含量
B20=(Hμ-H)/K[13] Hμ为岩石微观硬度,H为岩石宏观硬度,K为系数
硬度测试 B21=H/KIC[14],B22=HE/KIC2[15] H为岩石硬度,E为弹性模量,KIC为断裂韧性
冲击试验B23=S20[16] S20为粒径小于11.2 mm的碎屑所占百分比
B24=qσc[17] q为粒径小于0.6 mm的碎屑所占百分比,σc为单轴抗压强度
贯入试验B25=Fmax/P[18] Fmax为最大冲击载荷,P为贯入深度
B26=Pdec/Pinc[19] Pdec为增量载荷,Pinc为衰减载荷
弹性性质 B27=E+v[13] E为弹性模量均值,v为泊松比均值
破裂角 B28=sinα[2] α为岩体破裂角
断裂试验B29=Lσt2/EGF[20]GF、E、L分别为材料的断裂能、弹性模量、Hllebrgorg特征长度值,σt为抗拉强度
B30=EGF/σt2[20]
B31=KIC/(σyh1/2)[20] KIC为平面应变断裂韧性,σy为屈服应力,h为试样特征尺寸
表 1 国内外岩石脆性指标汇总 Tab. 1 Summary of brittleness indexes at home and abroad
本文从能量角度和硬岩渐进破坏过程中的变形破裂出发,总结分析了现阶段岩石起裂应力多种确定方法的优缺点,在单轴压缩试验基础上选用侧向应变差法确定了岩石试样的起裂应力,根据岩石断裂力学理论和能量理论分析了脆性指标与弹性应变能(起裂弹性应变能和峰值弹性应变能)存在的内在联系,基于两种岩石单轴压缩试验数据,利用拟合公式建立了脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与弹性应变能之间的函数关系,并重新定义了B13、B14、B15和B16指标.通过本文的研究,为岩石脆性指标与弹性应变能关系的确定提供了一种新思路.
1 硬岩起裂应力确定方法概述岩石中存在着大量细观缺陷,在应力集中作用下易萌生出微裂纹,进而扩展连通形成宏观破裂面.微裂纹萌生和起裂可看作是岩石渐进破坏过程的起点.本节将详细探讨室内试验岩石试样渐进破坏过程中裂纹起裂应力的确定方法.
目前,确定起裂应力的方法大体有:体积应变法[21]、侧向应变法[22]、裂纹体积应变法[23]、侧向应变差法[24]、声发射法[25]和数值模拟法[26].体积应变法是通过轴向应力-体积应变曲线中的线性段末点确定岩石的起裂应力,该方法优点是确定岩石起裂应力较为直观,简便和易操作,缺点是依赖于人为做切线,存在无法避免的主观性和取值误差;侧向应变法使用轴向应力-侧向应变曲线中偏离线性的拐点来确定起裂应力,该方法具有体积应变法的优点,并去除了轴向应变的影响,干扰因素少,缺点同体积应变法;裂纹体积应变法通过计算岩石压缩过程中总体积应变与弹性体积应变的差值获得裂纹体积应变,当裂纹体积应变的绝对值大于0,微裂纹起裂开始,起裂应力通过裂纹体积应变-轴向应变曲线确定,该方法优点是不再采用人为做切线确定起裂应力,确定起裂点的过程中避免了与裂隙闭合点混淆,得出的起裂应力值相对客观,缺点是依赖于弹性模量和泊松比的计算,对泊松比的变化比较敏感,判断起裂点偏离零点也易产生误差;侧向应变差法是在轴向应力-体积应变曲线中确定损伤应力,通过连接原点与损伤应力形成一条辅助线,并确定辅助线上对应的侧向应变值,将实测侧向应变减去辅助侧向应变即为侧向应变差,最后作出侧向应变差与轴向应力关系图,图中峰值点即为起裂应力,该方法优点是极值的确定具有惟一性,避免了人为误差,保证了结果的客观性;缺点是仅适用于硬岩;声发射法是通过声发射系统监测岩石内部出现明显的声发射行为时对应的应力值即为起裂应力,该方法优点是常规应变方法的重要补充,缺点是声发射信号易受噪声干扰,且岩石在裂隙闭合和线弹性阶段也可能出现波动较强的声发射信号,从而干扰了对起裂应力的准确识别;数值模拟法是通过模拟绘制裂隙数量-轴向应变曲线,在该曲线中,随着应变增加,获取曲线首次出现拐点所对应的应变值,根据此应变值在应力-应变曲线中确定起裂应力,该方法优点是避免了人为误差,通过模拟方便快捷的确定起裂应力,缺点是模拟结果需要试验进行验证.综上所述,通过对比各种方法的优缺点,本文选用侧向应变差法确定三山岛花岗岩和天湖花岗闪长岩的起裂应力.
2 脆性指标与弹性应变能关系分析对于岩石的变形和破坏,从能量角度分析可知:外力对岩石做功产生不可恢复的塑性变形,在岩石内部存储弹性应变能,同时外力作用下岩石内部裂隙产生、扩展、贯通发展都将消耗能量.当岩石积蓄的弹性应变能达到一定阈值时,便释放转化成耗散能导致岩石破坏.假设试验系统是一个密闭系统,试验过程中能量交换仅存在于岩石试样与试验机之间,与外界环境没有能量交换,即环境传导和热辐射忽略不计,因此,由热力学第一定律可知:
$U = {U_{\rm{e}}} + {U_{\rm{d}}}, $ (1)
其中,弹性应变能的计算公式为:
${U_{\rm{e}}} = \frac{1}{2}{\sigma _1}{\varepsilon _{{\rm{el}}}} + \frac{1}{2}{\sigma _2}{\varepsilon _{{\rm{e}}2}} + \frac{1}{2}{\sigma _3}{\varepsilon _{{\rm{e}}3}}, $ (2)
${\varepsilon _{{\rm{e}}i}} = \frac{1}{{{E_{\rm{u}}}}}\left[ {{\sigma _i} - {\nu _{\rm{u}}}\left( {{\sigma _j} + {\sigma _k}} \right)} \right], $ (3)
${U_{\rm{e}}} = \frac{1}{{2{E_0}}}\left[ {\sigma _1^2 + \sigma _2^2 + \sigma _3^2 - 2\nu \left( {{\sigma _1}{\sigma _2} + {\sigma _2}{\sigma _3} + {\sigma _1}{\sigma _3}} \right)} \right].$ (4)
式中:U为外界输入的总能量;Ue为弹性应变能,即积聚在岩体内的能量;Ud为耗散能,即用于受载岩体内部损伤和塑性变形的能量;σi(i=1, 2, 3)为主应力;εi(i=1, 2, 3)为主应变,规定压应变为正,则岩石受压侧向膨胀ε2、ε3为负值;εei(i=1, 2, 3)为相应的弹性应变;E0为初始弹模;Eu和νu分别为卸载弹模和泊松比.文献[27-28]采用E0近似代替Eu、ν代替νu.
由式(4)进一步得出岩石单轴压缩起裂弹性应变能和峰值弹性应变能:
${U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}} = \frac{{\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}^2}}{{2{E_0}}}, $ (5)
${U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{c}}}} = \frac{{\sigma _{\rm{c}}^2}}{{2{E_0}}}.$ (6)
式中:Ue, ci为起裂弹性应变能;Ue, c为峰值弹性应变能;σci为起裂应力;σc为峰值强度.
通过分析可知,岩石起裂弹性应变能与起裂应力,峰值弹性应变能与峰值强度存在内在联系,即
${U_{\rm{e}}} = f\left( {{\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}, {\sigma _{\rm{c}}}} \right).$ (7)
Griffith强度理论认为脆性材料中存在许多细小裂纹或缺陷,在外力作用下,这些裂纹和缺陷附近产生应力集中现象,当力达到一定程度时,裂纹开始起裂.文献[29]认为应力强度因子达到KIC(KIC为岩石断裂韧性)时,裂纹开始起裂扩展,但未建立岩石拉伸或单轴抗压强度与裂纹起裂应力水平的关系.文献[30]在此基础上研究表明,σt=6.88 KIC,σt为岩石抗拉强度.文献[31]研究了不同粒度尺度的裂纹起裂,假设σc/σt=8~12,σc=(55~82)KIC,并基于Griffith强度准则得到σci=Kσc=8σt,K为起裂应力水平,根据岩石种类分布在0.3~0.6区间.文献[12]在文献[29-31]的基础上,分析了起裂应力与单轴抗拉和抗压强度之间的关系,对脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16进行了重新定义:
${B_{13}} = {\sigma _{\rm{c}}}/{\sigma _{\rm{t}}} = 8{\sigma _{\rm{c}}}/{\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}, $ (8)
$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{B_{14}} = \left( {{\sigma _{\rm{c}}} - {\sigma _{\rm{t}}}} \right)/\left( {{\sigma _{\rm{c}}} + {\sigma _{\rm{t}}}} \right) = }\\{\left( {8{\sigma _{\rm{c}}} - {\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}} \right)/\left( {8{\sigma _{\rm{c}}} + {\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}} \right), }\end{array}$ (9)
${B_{15}} = \frac{{{\sigma _{\rm{c}}}{\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}}}{{16}}, $ (10)
${B_{16}} = {\left( {\frac{{{\sigma _{\rm{c}}}{\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}}}{{16}}} \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}.$ (11)
通过以上分析可知,脆性指标与起裂应力和峰值强度同样存在内在关系,即
$B = f\left( {{\sigma _{{\rm{ci}}}}, {\sigma _{\rm{c}}}} \right).$ (12)
综上所述,脆性指标与弹性应变能之间必然有一定相关性,本文通过理论计算和拟合分析对单轴压缩试验结果进行这种内在关系的探讨.
3 算例分析 3.1 算例1:三山岛花岗岩试验中花岗岩试样取自三山岛金矿深部,该花岗岩主要矿物成分为斜长石、钾长石、石英和黑云母,其体积分数分别为44%、20%、32%、4%.主要矿物粒度从2~4 mm不等.将岩样加工成16个尺寸为Φ50 mm×100 mm的圆柱体试样,使用北京科技大学GAW-2 000型微机控制电液伺服刚性压力试验机(图 1)进行单轴压缩试验,采用引伸计测量试样的轴向与侧向应变,试验全过程采用位移控制方式,加载速率为0.01 mm/min,直至加载到试样破坏.数据采样间隔为0.1 s.以S01-01试样为例,采用侧向应变差法确定三山岛花岗岩试样的起裂应力值,如图 2所示,剩余试样起裂应力的确定将不再赘述.试验获得的力学与能量参数值见表 2.
Fig. 1
图 1 试验设备 Fig. 1 Test equipment
Fig. 2
图 2 S01-01试样起裂应力确定 Fig. 2 Identification of crack initiation stress of S01-01 specimen
表 2
表 2 三山岛花岗岩试样力学与能量参数汇总 Tab. 2 Summary of mechanics and energy parameters of Sanshandao granite samples 编号 σci/MPa σc/MPa E0/GPa Ue, ci/
(kJ·m-3) Ue, c/
(kJ·m-3)脆性指标
B13 B14 B15 B16
S01-01 52.110 122.100 40.960 33.148 181.987 18.745 0.899 397.664 19.942
S01-02 16.360 68.220 16.660 8.033 139.675 33.359 0.942 69.755 8.352
S01-03 43.090 101.280 41.170 22.550 124.577 18.803 0.899 272.760 16.515
S01-04 42.710 112.120 66.960 13.621 93.869 21.001 0.909 299.290 17.300
S01-05 27.750 102.600 30.420 12.657 173.024 29.578 0.935 177.947 13.340
S01-06 39.570 101.320 27.450 28.521 186.990 20.484 0.907 250.577 15.830
S01-07 50.300 93.900 52.600 24.050 83.814 14.934 0.874 295.198 17.181
S01-08 29.340 70.400 36.140 11.910 68.569 19.196 0.901 129.096 11.362
S01-09 49.440 93.500 31.010 39.412 140.959 15.129 0.876 288.915 16.997
S01-10 29.720 102.470 55.230 7.996 95.058 27.583 0.930 190.338 13.796
S01-11 53.650 96.890 58.300 24.685 80.512 14.448 0.871 324.884 18.025
S01-12 16.140 73.110 35.490 3.670 75.304 36.238 0.946 73.750 8.588
S01-13 33.770 88.540 33.700 16.920 116.311 20.975 0.909 186.875 13.670
S01-14 41.080 101.750 45.090 18.713 114.804 19.815 0.904 261.243 16.163
S01-15 28.130 108.960 37.550 10.537 158.086 30.988 0.937 191.565 13.841
S01-16 47.150 104.380 34.260 32.445 159.007 17.710 0.893 307.595 17.538
表 2 三山岛花岗岩试样力学与能量参数汇总 Tab. 2 Summary of mechanics and energy parameters of Sanshandao granite samples
为研究脆性指标与弹性应变能之间的关系,本文分别采用指数函数、对数函数、幂函数和线性函数等不同函数形式进行拟合,统计每种函数拟合的相关系数,该值越大表明脆性指标与弹性应变能二者之间的相关性越强,最后选取相关系数最大的函数作为最终拟合函数.
基于表 2力学与能量参数结果,探讨三山岛花岗岩不同脆性指标(B13、B14、B15和B16)与弹性应变能的内在关系.从图 3可知,脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数关系,函数拟合的相关性系数分别为0.743 88、0.669 31、0.664 28、0.677 71,该组试验数据拟合程度一般,试验数据具有一定程度的离散性,而脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与峰值弹性应变能(单变量)之间无明显函数关系.
Fig. 3
图 3 三山岛花岗岩弹性应变能与不同脆性指标关系 Fig. 3 Relationship of elastic strain energy of Sanshandao granite with different brittleness indexes
3.2 算例2:天湖花岗闪长岩文献[32]对新疆天湖花岗闪长岩试样进行了单轴压缩试验和声发射监测,试样加载与声发射测量保持同步.天湖花岗闪长岩主要由碱性长石、斜长石、石英和黑云母组成,斑晶主要为钾长石,呈浅肉红色,粒度为5~10 mm.根据试验获得的数据,采用侧向应变差法确定天湖花岗闪长岩的起裂应力值.试验获得的力学与能量参数值见表 3.
表 3
表 3 天湖花岗闪长岩试样力学与能量参数汇总[32] Tab. 3 Summary of mechanics and energy parameters of Tianhu granodiorite samples[32] 编号 σci/MPa σc/MPa E0/GPa Ue, ci/
(kJ·m-3) Ue, c/
(kJ·m-3)脆性指标
B13 B14 B15 B16
TH01-01 88.930 181.780 64.080 61.708 257.834 16.353 0.885 1 010.356 31.786
TH01-02 78.270 182.370 60.700 50.463 273.961 18.640 0.898 892.131 29.869
TH01-03 84.980 182.510 60.840 59.349 273.750 17.181 0.890 969.356 31.134
TH01-04 81.150 181.600 59.570 55.274 276.805 17.903 0.894 921.053 30.349
TH01-05 77.600 180.920 58.510 51.459 279.713 18.652 0.898 877.462 29.622
TH01-06 75.640 182.390 61.410 46.584 270.853 19.290 0.901 862.249 29.364
TH01-07 87.180 181.950 54.370 69.895 304.449 16.696 0.887 991.400 31.487
TH01-08 78.750 178.480 62.620 49.517 254.353 18.131 0.895 878.456 29.639
TH01-09 80.760 176.220 60.140 54.225 258.177 17.456 0.892 889.470 29.824
TH01-10 88.340 188.580 60.280 64.731 294.977 17.078 0.889 1 041.197 32.268
TH01-11 73.180 188.740 60.920 43.954 292.374 20.633 0.908 863.250 29.381
TH01-12 67.630 187.960 61.870 36.963 285.510 22.234 0.914 794.483 28.187
TH01-13 84.570 177.340 60.790 58.826 258.673 16.776 0.887 937.353 30.616
TH01-14 88.250 179.960 62.730 62.076 258.135 16.314 0.884 992.592 31.505
TH01-15 69.470 187.470 59.660 40.447 294.544 21.589 0.911 813.971 28.530
TH01-16 85.670 182.890 61.000 60.159 274.170 17.079 0.889 979.262 31.293
TH01-17 73.180 180.010 61.490 43.546 263.487 19.679 0.903 823.321 28.694
TH01-18 72.930 186.220 59.590 44.628 290.971 20.427 0.907 848.814 29.134
TH01-19 84.980 172.940 60.310 59.871 247.954 16.281 0.884 918.528 30.307
TH01-20 79.830 181.680 60.650 52.538 272.116 18.207 0.896 906.470 30.108
表 3 天湖花岗闪长岩试样力学与能量参数汇总[32] Tab. 3 Summary of mechanics and energy parameters of Tianhu granodiorite samples[32]
基于表 3力学与能量参数结果,探讨天湖花岗闪长岩不同脆性指标(B13、B14、B15和B16)与弹性应变能的内在关系.从图 4可知,脆性指标B13、B14与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数关系,函数拟合的相关性系数分别为0.919 56和0.907 55,脆性指标B15、B16与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合线性函数关系,拟合的相关性系数分别为0.885 32和0.891,该组试验数据拟合程度较好,数据的整体规律和变化趋势十分明显,而脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与峰值弹性应变能(单变量)之间无明显函数关系.通过与算例1结果对比可知,该组试验数据更好地给出了脆性指标与起裂弹性应变能之间的函数关系.
Fig. 4
图 4 天湖花岗闪长岩弹性应变能与不同脆性指标关系 Fig. 4 Relationship of elastic strain energy of Tianhu granodiorite with different brittleness indexes
4 讨论本文通过幂函数和线性函数拟合发现脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)之间具有明显的相关性,且脆性指标B13、B14与起裂弹性应变能之间符合幂函数关系,脆性指标B15、B16与起裂弹性应变能之间符合幂函数或线性函数关系.这种函数关系并非偶然,而是客观存在的结果.因此,结合表 1中B13、B14、B15和B16的定义方法,联立算例1、2中的拟合公式和式(5)、(6),脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16可被重新定义为:
${B_{13}} = 8{\left( {\frac{{{U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{c}}}}}}{{{U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}}}}} \right)^{0.5}} \approx {a_1}U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}^{{b_1}}, $ (13)
${B_{14}} = \frac{{8{{\left( {\frac{{{U_{{\rm{e, c}}}}}}{{{U_{{\rm{e, ci}}}}}}} \right)}^{0.5}} - 1}}{{8{{\left( {\frac{{{U_{{\rm{e, c}}}}}}{{{U_{{\rm{e, ci}}}}}}} \right)}^{0.5}} + 1}} \approx {a_2}U_{{\rm{e, c}}}^{{b_2}}, $ (14)
${B_{15}} = \frac{{{E_0}{{\left( {{U_{\rm{e}}} \cdot {U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}}} \right)}^{0.5}}}}{8} \approx {a_3}U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}^{{b_3}} \approx {a_4} + {b_4}{U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}}, $ (15)
${B_{16}} = {\left( {\frac{{{E_0}{{\left( {{U_{\rm{e}}} \cdot {U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}}} \right)}^{0.5}}}}{8}} \right)^{0.5}} \approx {a_5}U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}^{{b_5}} \approx {a_6} + {b_6}{U_{{\rm{e}}, {\rm{ci}}}}.$ (16)
式中a1、a2、a3、a4、a5、a6、b1、b2、b3、b4、b5和b6均为拟合常数.
通常起裂和峰值弹性应变能的计算方法是从应力-应变曲线上选取起裂应力和峰值强度,然后在起裂点和峰值点处分别进行卸载,最后通过积分计算面积得到,而式(5)和(6)的应用,可以避免卸载点选取困难的问题,不再需要积分计算面积.由式(13)~(16)可知,新脆性指标可由起裂和峰值弹性应变能(双变量)获得,或由起裂弹性应变能(单变量)获得.另外,脆性指标B13与峰值弹性应变能都为岩爆倾向性评价指标,脆性指标B13也称岩石脆性系数判据,峰值弹性应变能也称线弹性能判据,综合两种指标可重新定义岩爆分类标准.因此,脆性指标与峰值弹性应变能关系式的构建,对于研究岩爆倾向性具有重要意义.
图 5为算例1和算例2的理论计算数据与拟合数据的对比,即理论计算数据采用起裂和峰值弹性应变能(双变量)得出脆性指标,拟合数据采用起裂弹性应变能(单变量)得出脆性指标.图 6为拟合计算数据的相对误差百分比,误差计算方法为:相对误差=|理论值-拟合值|/理论值.从图 6(a)可知,算例1脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16拟合计算结果相对误差范围分别为3% ~ 29%、0% ~ 3%、3% ~ 33% (剔除两个误差较大的数据)、0%~37%,从图 6(b)可知,算例2脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16拟合计算结果相对误差范围分别为0% ~ 6%、0% ~ 1%、0%~4%、0% ~ 2%.由图 6可知,算例1试验数据拟合结果相对误差较大,这是由于三山岛花岗岩试样试验数据具有一定程度的离散性,导致离散性的原因主要来自于三山岛花岗岩试样内部存在较多不同产状的天然裂隙,因此导致试验过程中单轴抗压强度和弹性模量值波动较大,相比之下,算例2中天湖花岗闪长岩试样内部天然裂隙较少,试验数据拟合结果较好.通过对比发现三山岛花岗岩试验数据虽具有一定程度的离散性,但脆性指标与起裂弹性应变能之间仍然呈一定趋势变化,更加说明这种内在关系的客观存在,并且试样内部均质性越好,规律性就越强,在今后还需进行大量试验以便进一步论证脆性指标与起裂弹性应变能之间关系的正确性.综上分析可见,相对其他指标而言,本文建立了岩石脆性指标与弹性应变能的数学关系,为岩体工程脆性指标的研究提供了新参考.
Fig. 5
图 5 理论与拟合计算方法脆性指标结果对比 Fig. 5 Comparisons of calculation results of brittlenessindexes using theory and fitting calculation methods
Fig. 6
图 6 拟合计算相对误差 Fig. 6 Fitting calculation relative error
5 结论1) 采用理论分析与室内单轴压缩试验得出了脆性指标与弹性应变能的内在联系,对试验数据进行拟合分析,发现脆性指标B13、B14与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数关系,脆性指标B15、B16与起裂弹性应变能(单变量)符合幂函数或线性函数关系,而脆性指标B13、B14、B15和B16与峰值弹性应变能(单变量)之间无明显函数关系.
2) 根据理论公式和拟合公式可知,新脆性指标可由起裂和峰值弹性应变能(双变量)获得,或由起裂弹性应变能(单变量)获得.脆性指标B13与峰值弹性应变能都为岩爆倾向性评价指标,脆性指标与峰值弹性应变能关系式的构建,对于研究岩爆倾向性具有重要意义.
3) 分析两种岩石试验算例可知,三山岛花岗岩试样拟合数据相对误差范围较大,但试验数据仍然呈一定规律变化,天湖花岗闪长岩试样拟合数据相对误差范围较小,试验数据规律性更加可靠和准确.因此,采用起裂弹性应变能的岩石脆性指标计算方法具有一定的可靠性,在今后的研究工作中还需进一步探讨.
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