摘要:膜下滴灌是中国西北干旱区农业的新兴节水灌溉模式，定量分析膜下滴灌农田蒸散发特征并对比分析其与普通灌溉农田蒸散发的差异，对认识和优化干旱区节水滴灌技术有重要意义。本文以新疆天山北坡三工河流域绿洲向日葵农田为研究对象，基于2016年作物生育期观测数据，利用波文比-能量平衡法、地理探测器及通径分析方法对作物不同生育期农田蒸散发特征进行了定量分析，并与普通灌溉农田进行了比较。结果表明：1）膜下滴灌农田日均蒸散量在作物开花期最高，成熟期次之，苗期最小；随着作物的生长发育，净辐射通量与日蒸散发的相关性逐渐降低；日均蒸散量在各阶段的变化特征与普通灌溉相同，但每个阶段的日均蒸散量均小于普通灌溉农田。2）膜下滴灌农田日内净辐射通量在开花期最高，成熟期次之，苗期最小；日内湍流通量方面，苗期潜热通量与显热通量相当，开花期潜热通量明显高于显热通量，而成熟期潜热通量小于显热通量；而普通灌溉农田在3个时期的潜热通量均高于显热通量。3）温度、湿度与风速是影响膜下滴灌向日葵农田蒸散发的主导因子，湿度的下限决定了蒸散发下限，风速与气温的上限决定了蒸散发的上限；风向对蒸散发的作用不明显。膜下滴灌向日葵农田具有独特蒸散发特征，与普通灌溉农田相比，全生育期节水量超过300 mm。
Abstract:Mulched drip-irrigation is a burgeoning water-saving irrigation mode in the arid region of Northwest China. It is of great significance to understand and optimize mulched drip irrigation in arid region by analyzing the characteristics of evapotranspiration in mulched drip-irrigated farmland and comparing it with ordinarily irrigated farmland. Using the oasis sunflower farmland in the Sangong River basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang as the study area, the farmland evapotranspiration characteristics during the sunflower growth period in 2016 were analyzed using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method, geographical detector, and path analysis method. Furthermore, these characteristics were compared to those of ordinarily irrigated farmlands. The results showed that:1) for mulched drip-irrigated farmland, the average daily evapotranspiration was highest at the flowering stage, followed by the maturity stage, and lowest in the seedling stage. With the growth of crops, the correlation between net radiative flux and daily evapotranspiration gradually decreased. The change trends of average daily evapotranspiration were the same as those of ordinarily irrigated farmland, whereas the average daily evapotranspiration of mulched drip-irrigated farmland was lower than that of ordinarily irrigated farmland at each stage. 2) Regarding the intraday flux in mulched drip-irrigated farmland, the net radiative flux peak was highest at the flowering stage, followed by that at the mature stage, and the minimum appeared at the seedling stage. In terms of turbulent flux, the latent heat flux was equivalent to the sensible heat flux at the seedling stage. Post the flowering period, the latent heat flux was significantly higher than the sensible heat flux, and this characteristic was the opposite at the mature stage. For the ordinarily irrigated farmland, the latent heat flux was higher than the sensible heat flux in all three crop growth stages. 3) The relationship between evapotranspiration and meteorological factors calculated by path analysis showed that temperature, humidity, and wind speed were the dominant factors influencing evapotranspiration. The lower limit of humidity determined the minimum evapotranspiration. The upper limit of wind speed and temperature determined the maximum evapotranspiration. The influence of wind direction was not significant on evapotranspiration. Sunflower farmland using mulched drip-irrigation has unique evapotranspiration features compared with ordinarily irrigated farmland, the amount of water saving exceeds 300 mm during the entire growth period.
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