摘要:对比研究冬枣果实发育期内结果枝叶和营养枝叶片矿质元素动态变化的差异性，可为制定冬枣不同类型叶片的营养诊断标准提供理论依据。以沾化冬枣为试验材料，比较研究了沾化冬枣不同果实发育阶段（始花期、盛花期、末花期、硬核期、完熟期）结果枝叶和营养枝叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na的含量动态变化及其差异性。结果表明，冬枣果实发育过程中，自始花期至完熟期叶片N、P含量呈下降趋势，K含量呈逐渐增高趋势，而Ca及Mg含量则呈先增高后降低的变化趋势，叶片Na含量在果实发育过程中变化较小，只有在完熟期呈现突然增高现象。在上述各生长发育阶段内，结果枝叶K含量多大于营养枝叶，而N、P、Ca、Mg、Na含量则呈相反的变化规律。方差分析表明，在盛花期至末花期内，两种类型叶片Ca、Mg含量的差异均达到显著水平（P < 0.05），N含量只有在盛花期存在显著差异，而两种类型叶片K和Na含量在各果实发育阶段内均无显著差异。叶片元素含量比值分析表明，冬枣叶片N/P在盛花期至完熟期逐渐增高，其值均大于16，可知该阶段冬枣叶片生长主要受P元素限制；K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na在果实发育期内的变化规律与K、Ca、Mg元素变化规律基本类似，在完熟期这3个比值均较前期明显降低。相关分析结果表明，冬枣叶片中N/P主要由P含量决定，Ca/Na、Mg/Na分别由Ca与Na、Mg与Na共同决定，而在营养枝叶中K/Na主要由Na含量决定。综上，盛花期至末花期（6—7月）是冬枣矿质元素相对稳定时期，可作为冬枣结果枝叶和营养枝叶营养诊断的适宜时期，同时冬枣结果枝叶该时期可适当施加适量Ca、Mg肥料，从而保证冬枣的果实品质和产量。
Abstract:To provide a theoretical rational fertilization basis for improving the quality of Chinese winter jujube, we studied the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na in its fruit and vegetative branch leaves at different fruit development stages (initial-bloom, full-bloom, after-flowering, hardcore, and mature stages) and analyzed N/P, K/Na, Ca/Na, and Mg/Na ratios. The results indicated that from the initial-bloom to mature stage, the N and P contents showed a downward trend, and K content increased gradually during the fruit development stage of Chinese winter jujube; however, the Ca and Mg contents in leaves increased initially and then decreased. The Na content in leaves showed a slight change, but increased suddenly in the mature stage. In the above stages of fruit development, the K content in fruit branch leaves was higher than that in vegetative branch leaves, whereas the N, P, Ca, Mg, and Na contents in fruit branch leaves showed the opposite trend. Variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in Ca and Mg contents between the fruit and vegetative branch leaves during full-bloom and after-flowering stages. The N content was significantly different only during the full-bloom stage. There was no significant difference in K and Na contents between the two types of leaves during the fruit development stage. The analysis of element content ratio in the leaves showed that N/P increased gradually from the full-bloom to mature stage, with values > 16, indicating that the growth of Chinese winter jujube leaves was mainly restricted by P content during these stages. The analysis also showed that K/Na, Ca/Na, and Mg/Na in fruit development stages changed similarly with the K, Ca, and Mg contents, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that N/P was mainly determined by the P content, Ca/Na was determined by Ca and Na contents, and Mg/Na was determined by Mg and Na contents, whereas K/Na in vegetative branch leaves was mainly determined by Na content. In summary, the full-bloom to after-flowering stage (June-July) was a relatively stable period of mineral elements in Chinese winter jujube, which could be used as a suitable period for the nutritional diagnosis of this species. Simultaneously, Ca and Mg fertilizers should be appropriately applied to the fruit branch leaves during this period to ensure the fruit quality and yield of Chinese winter jujube.
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