摘要:新疆墨玉河流域春、夏季浮尘天气频发，加之春季葡萄供水短缺，对葡萄生产影响较大，为了解浮尘天气对墨玉河流域葡萄光合作用和叶片水势的影响以及不同品种对当地气候的适应性，本文分析了2011-2017年墨玉县浮尘天气发生情况，并以‘和田红’、‘木纳格’、‘无核白’和‘无核白鸡心’等葡萄品种为试验材料，研究春季浮尘天气和尘土自然覆盖对葡萄叶片光合与水势的影响。结果表明：2011-2017年的4-5月，新疆墨玉县扬沙、浮尘多达23.7 d，占同期总天数的38.9%；浮尘天气研究区10：00-20：00期间平均光合有效辐射强度下降71.8%，几个品种葡萄叶片净光合速率明显下降，除‘木纳格’葡萄外，其他品种叶片净光合速率午间均下降；晴朗天气，葡萄叶片水势日变化先上升后下降，浮尘天气叶片水势日变化不明显，总体低于晴朗天气，蒸腾速率变化趋势总体相似，略有滞后；持续的浮尘天气使葡萄叶面被尘土覆盖，‘无核白’和‘无核白鸡心’单位面积叶幕滞尘量分别为8.64 g·m-2和10.93 g·m-2；尘土覆盖显著降低了‘无核白’和‘无核白鸡心’葡萄叶片净光合速率，明显增加了叶片胞间CO2浓度，提高了饱和光强、光补偿点、内禀量子效率、表观量子产额和暗呼吸速率。本研究表明浮尘天气降低了光合有效辐射强度，使葡萄叶片受到尘土覆盖，进一步降低了叶片净光合速率，同时显著增大了暗呼吸速率。本研究认为，清除葡萄叶面滞尘，可有效改善葡萄叶片光合作用。浮尘天气条件下，葡萄叶片蒸腾速率下降，叶片水势得到了保持，从这一角度讲，墨玉河流域浮尘天气延缓了葡萄春季水分亏缺、缓解了该地区用水矛盾。
关键词:墨玉河流域/
葡萄/
浮尘/
光合有效辐射/
光合特性/
叶片水势/
滞尘量
Abstract:Grape provides an important source of income for farmers in Karakash River Basin in Xinjiang. However, floating dust weather conditions are frequent in spring and summer. Thus grape production in the region is greatly influenced by both the floating dust weather and spring water scarcity. In order to determine the effects of floating dust weather conditions on grape photosynthesis and leaf water potential in the Karakash River Basin and on the adaptability of different grapevine varieties to the local climatic conditions, a study was conducted based on the analyses of the occurrence of floating dust weather during 2011-2017 in Karakax County in Karakash River Basin. Using 'Hotan Red', 'Munake', 'Thompson' and 'Centennial Seedless' as experimental materials, the effects of spring floating dust weather and natural cover of dust on photosynthesis and water potential of grape leaves were analyzed. The results showed that the floating dust days in Karakax County during the period from April to May were up to 23.7 days, accounting for 38.9% of the whole period. For floating dust days, average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the area declined by 71.8% at 10:00-20:00 local time during day time. Also net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of grape leaf decreased significantly for all varieties at afternoon (12:00 local time), except for "Munake". For sunny days, the trend in water potential of grape leaf first increased before decreasing later. Leaf water potential change was non-obviously different during floating dust days and was lower than for sunny days. The change in transpiration rate (Tr) in floating dust days was similar to that in sunny days, but with a slight delay. Grape leaf was covered by dust during continuous dusty weather. The amount of dust retention per unit area of canopy of 'Thompson' and 'Centennial Seedless' were respectively 8.64 g·m-2 and 10.93 g·m-2. Dust cover dropped significantly Pn in 'Thompson' and 'Centennial Seedless', but increased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Dust cover also increased saturation intensity, compensation point, intrinsic quantum efficiency, apparent quantum yield and dark respiration rate of leaves of 'Thompson' and 'Centennial Seedless'. Conclusion therefore, dusty weather conditions reduced photosynthetically active radiation intensity, with grape leaves covered in dust, further reducing leaves Pn. At the same time, dust cover significantly increased dark breathing rate. The study suggested that cleaning dust on the surface of grape leaves effectively improved photosynthesis. Under floating dust weather conditions, grape leaf Tr decreased and leaf water potential was maintained. Thus floating dust weather conditions in Karakash River Basin delayed spring water deficit, and alleviated the conflict between supply and use of water in the area.
Key words:Karakash River Basin/
Grape/
Floating dust/
Photosynthetically active radiation/
Photosynthetic characteristics/
Leaf water potential/
Dust retention amount
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