新疆绿洲棉田盐分及作物生长对灌溉方式的响应

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清华大学辅仁网/2017-07-07

胡宏昌¹, 张治¹, 田富强¹, 杨鹏举¹, 倪广恒¹, 姚新华²

1. 清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100084;
2. 新疆塔里木河流域管理局, 库尔勒 841000

Response of soil salinity and crop growth to irrigation methods in Xinjiang

HU Hongchang¹, ZHANG Zhi¹, TIAN Fuqiang¹, YANG Pengju¹, NI Guangheng¹, YAO Xinhua²

1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. Xinjiang Tarim River Basin Management Bureau, Korla 841000, China

摘要:

输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要干旱地区的水资源短缺使得膜下滴灌逐渐取代大水漫灌,在新疆及中国北方地区得到大面积推广应用。为研究灌溉方式转变后的土壤盐分动态及对作物生长和产量的影响,于2011年和2012年开展了棉田膜下滴灌和漫灌对比实验。基于6900个土壤样本的水、盐结果及相关的作物观测数据,结果表明:膜下滴灌下,50 cm土壤深度内盐分在出苗期和灌溉期升高约25%,呈现出累积趋势;而漫灌条件下,灌溉期盐分得到充分淋洗,降低明显;滴灌盐分的入渗深度约为50 cm,而漫灌则达到150 cm以上。作为对土壤水盐分布改变的响应,膜下滴灌根系更为发达,滴灌条件下棉花根系总量是漫灌条件下的1.6倍;膜下滴灌和漫灌的水分利用效率(WUE)分别是0.68 kg/m³和0.22 kg/m³。膜下滴灌实现了良好的经济和环境效益,但在长期应用条件下需注意防治淋洗水量不足引发的盐碱化风险。

关键词 ：干旱区,盐碱化,灌溉方式,盐分动态,作物响应

Abstract：Mulched drip irrigation has gradually replaced flood irrigation and is now widely used in Xinjiang. This study explores the effects of the irrigation methods on the soil salt dynamics and the crop growth using experiments conducted from 2011 to 2012 in a cotton field with mulched drip and flood irrigation systems. The 6 900 samples was observed. The results show that the salinity increased during the growth period by 25% within the top 50 cm of the soil depth with mulched drip irrigation. With flood irrigation, the soil salinity markably decreased due to the large amount of irrigation water. The salt leaching depth was 50 cm for drip irrigation, but more than 150 cm for flood irrigation. The root density with drip irrigation was 1.6 times that of flood irrigation. The water use efficiency was 0.68 kg/m³ with mulched drip irrigation and 0.22 kg/m³ with flood irrigation. Thus, the mulched drip irrigation significantly enhances the water use efficiency; however, the salinization risk induced by the lack of leaching water must also be addressed.

Key words：arid area salinization irrigation method salt dynamic crop response

收稿日期: 2014-12-22 出版日期: 2016-05-09

ZTFLH:

TV93

引用本文:

胡宏昌, 张治, 田富强, 杨鹏举, 倪广恒, 姚新华. 新疆绿洲棉田盐分及作物生长对灌溉方式的响应[J]. 清华大学学报（自然科学版）, 2016, 56(4): 373-380.
HU Hongchang, ZHANG Zhi, TIAN Fuqiang, YANG Pengju, NI Guangheng, YAO Xinhua. Response of soil salinity and crop growth to irrigation methods in Xinjiang. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 2016, 56(4): 373-380.

链接本文:

http://jst.tsinghuajournals.com/CN/10.16511/j.cnki.qhdxxb.2016.24.006或 http://jst.tsinghuajournals.com/CN/Y2016/V56/I4/373

图表:

图１　研究区域位置

图２　土壤深度S 和粉、粘粒体积百分比θ的关系

图３　滴灌布设模式

表１　实验地灌溉记录

表２　土壤采样日期

图４　不同灌溉方式５０cm 深度范围内盐分动态

图５　不同灌溉方式５０cm深度范围内水分连续动态变化

表３　不同灌溉方式的生育期盐分淋洗比例

图６　２０１１年不同灌溉方式棉花根系分布

图７　２０１１年不同灌溉方式棉花干物质及株高

图８　不同灌溉方式棉花产量(２０１１年)

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