中文关键词细菌群落岩溶地下水旅游洞穴未开发洞穴 英文关键词bacterial communitykarstunderground rivertourist cavepristine cave

作者	单位	E-mail
吕现福	西南大学地理科学学院, 岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400715	athena_lily@163.com
贺秋芳	西南大学地理科学学院, 岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400715	hqfeddy@swu.edu.cn
王凤康	西南大学地理科学学院, 岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400715
赵瑞一	西南大学地理科学学院, 岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400715
张弘	西南大学地理科学学院, 岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400715

中文摘要 为了深入了解岩溶洞穴地下水中细菌群落结构特征以及评估旅游活动对细菌群落的影响，对重庆丰都雪玉洞（旅游洞穴）和水鸣洞（未开发洞穴）洞穴地下河水进行了采样，利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对地下水样品中的细菌进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明，两个洞穴地下水中细菌群落以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为主，但细菌群落组成存在差异.雪玉洞地下河上游和下游的变形菌门分别占总群落的62%和64%，拟杆菌门分别占11%和16%；水鸣洞地下水中细菌优势群落除变形菌门（38%）和拟杆菌门（19%）外，绿菌门（Chlorobi）占24%，两个洞穴地下水中变形菌门的纲分类均为γ-变形菌纲.γ-变形菌纲（γ-Proteobacterium）和拟杆菌为两个洞穴地下水的优势种类但其主要细菌存在差异：雪玉洞主要细菌是不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和黄杆菌科（Flavobacteriaceae），属于致病菌；水鸣洞主要细菌是未培养的甲基球菌科（Methylococcaceae-uncultured）、甲基单胞菌属（Methylomonas）以及甲基杆菌属（Methylobacter），属于甲烷氧化细菌.多样性指数分析结果显示：受旅游活动的强烈影响，雪玉洞群落多样性明显高于水鸣洞并且存在更多的致病菌群落，地下水细菌群落与环境因子多元直接梯度分析（RDA）证明群落分布规律受游客数量与洞穴空气CO₂影响且呈正相关，两种环境因子的Spearman相关性分析进一步表明游客数量对地下水细菌群落结构的影响更明显并导致大量原生细菌消失. 英文摘要 In this research, the bacterial community compositions of underground water in a tourist and pristine cave were studied. Xueyu Cave and Shuiming Cave are tourist and pristine caves, respectively, in the same karst cave system located in Chongqing, southwest China. To understand the impact of tourism on bacterial community compositions in underground water that flows through the caves, filtered materials from water were collected, and 16S rDNA gene sequences were obtained by high-throughput sequencing. The Shuiming Cave (the pristine cave) had less diversity than Xueyu Cave (the tourist cave) based on the Shannon's diversity index according to Illumina operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Proteobacteria, represented mostly by γ-Proteobacterium and Bacteroidetes, dominated both systems. OTUs from Shuiming Cave were dominated by 38% Proteobacteria, 24% Chlorobi, and 19% Bacteroidetes. In the Xueyu Cave, OTUs from upstream samples were comprised of 62% Proteobacteria but comprised 64% in the downstream samples. In the Xueyu Cave, Bacteroidetes accounted for 11% of the total OTUs in the upstream sample and 16% in the downstream. Among the γ-Proteobacterium and Bacteroidetes, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas spp., and Flavobacteriaceae, which are related to potentially pathogenic species, were prevalent in the Xueyu Cave, while Methylococcaceae-uncultured, Methylomonas spp., and Methylobacter, all methane-oxidizing bacteria, had high relative abundances in the Shuiming Cave. These results revealed that potentially more pathogenic bacteria are present in the stream waters from the tourist cave, which has important implications for the protection of tourist caves. The RDA analysis of the environmental factor and bacteria community in groundwater showed that the distribution of pathogenic bacteria was positively correlated with the cave air CO₂, and the Spearman correlation analysis of the two environmental factors indicated that the influence of the number of tourists on the structure of the bacterial community in the groundwater was more obvious and led to the disappearance of a large number of native bacteria. We proposed that tourist caves control the number of daily tourists and that they enter in batches and increase the import and export of closed devices to avoid the cave air exchange inside and outside. In addition, it was recommended that they increase the import and export of sterilization devices to reduce tourists with bacteria and organic matter, and avoid leaving garbage in the hole to avoid cave microbial exchange inside and outside. A reduction in the fixed lighting inside caves should be required to reduce long exposure, since the tourists can bring individual source lighting.

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