摘要:牦牛是青藏高原牧民生产生活中必不可少的特有家畜，对高原区域社会发展具有不可替代的价值。更为重要的是，作为青藏高原生态系统中的关键物种，牦牛对于高原生态文明建设的重要意义同样不容忽视。近年来，随着牦牛饲养数量增加，草地退化程度加剧，牦牛生产性能也在不断下降，青藏高原原有的土-草-畜循环和草畜平衡被打破，影响了青藏高原生态系统的协调、稳定发展。然而，目前我国的牦牛品种资源划分仍未完全明晰，关于牦牛生产性能退化的原因与提纯复壮的方法途径仍然有待研究。综述了高原生态环境对牦牛分布区域与数量变化的影响，不同地理条件下的牦牛品种划分，我国牦牛品种退化的现状与品种改良的策略与成效，以及牦牛遗传资源的基因组学研究进展，由此提出了针对我国牦牛遗传资源保护与开发利用的问题对策与研究展望。在未来的研究中，应科学评估放牧管理现状，建立牦牛遗传资源保护和利用体系，合理规划畜群结构并制定科学的生产管理措施，确定牦牛在维持草地生态系统稳定性中的作用机制，兼顾草地资源的生产与生态功能，最终实现草畜平衡。这为今后的牦牛科研工作和生产实践提供了重要参考。



Abstract:Yak is the livestock indispensable for people's production and life in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. It is of irreplaceable significance to regional social development. And more critically, as a key species in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau ecosystem, the importance of yak to the ecological civilization construction on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau should not been neglected. In recent years, with the increased number of domestic yaks raised by herdsmen, grassland degradation is gradually aggravated and the production performance of yaks is gradually declined in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. This phenomenon breaks the normal circulation of soil, grass and animal and destroys the herbage-animal balance, which has a strong impact on the stable and harmonic development of ecological system in Qinghai-Tibet plateau. However, identification and classification of Chinese yak genetic resources are still not completed, and it is still to be studied that why the production performance of yak is declined continuously and how to carry out the purification and rejuvenation work. In this paper, we payed attention to the effect of plateau ecological environment on yak distribution area and quantity change, classification of yak breeds under different geographical conditions, current status of yak breed degradation, strategy and effectiveness of breed improvement. Moreover, we discussed advances in genomic research of Chinese yak genetic resources in recent years, to clarify the genomic regulatory mechanism of physiological characteristics of yak. Furthermore, we also put forward our opinions about problems and perspectives in protection and utilization of Chinese yak genetic resources. In future research, we should evaluate the current situation of grazing management scientifically, establish the protection and utilization system of yak genetic resources, optimize livestock structure and control livestock amount, formulate scientific production management measures, illuminate the function of yak in maintaining the stability of grassland ecosystem, synthesize productive and ecological function of grassland resources to achieve the herbage-animal balance. This review provides important reference for scientific research and production practice of yak in the future.





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