Trend of ecological degradation and restoration technology requirement in typical ecological vulnerable regions
ZHENLin1,2,, HUYunfeng1,2, WEIYunjie1,2, LUOQi1,2, HANYueqi1,2 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China2. School of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 收稿日期:2018-12-5
关键词:生态退化;技术需求;脆弱生态区 Abstract Over the past decades, ecological degradation was grim on global level, especially in typical ecological vulnerable regions. To combat such degradation issues, tremendous efforts have been made among the scientific community, decision makers, and practitioners in the world. A lot of restoration technologies have been developed and applied, which played a key role in restoring and mitigating degraded ecosystems. However, some of the restoration technologies ignored the real needs on the ground and thus affected their applications. This paper aims to describe the trend of ecological degradation at the global level in general and China in specific, assess the technological needs for restoration using data and information from interviews of stakeholders from 18 countries, and 21 assessment reports from international organizations. The results illustrate that the major degradation issues in the vulnerable regions include soil and water erosion, desertification, rock desertification, and ecosystem degradation. Over the past 15 years (2000-2014), degradations in overwhelming majority of the regions remained unchanged or improved, about 22% (global level) and 11% (in China) of the regions exhibited a worsening trend. Technology needs for restoration varied among the regions, indicating an increasing trend in demanding combination of different technologies, rather than single technology, which gave the complexity of degradation issues and their impact on socio-economic development of the region. It is recommended that selection and application of restoration technology shall consider specific degradation issue, phase and drivers of degradation, as well as local conditions including economic, cultural, policy, and institutional settings. Technology required assessment is vital for identifying suitable restoration measures, investigating potential areas for exporting and importing technologies, and promoting ecological construction of China.
2.2.1 国内外利益相关者问卷调研 2017年9月6—15日,在《联合国防治荒漠化公约》[21]“第十三次缔约方大会”期间(内蒙古鄂尔多斯),采用便利抽样开展半结构访谈,受访对象包括参会的相关国家政府部门代表、研究人员、国际非政府组织人员等,通过面对面问答式的深入互动交流,获得了国外生态技术需求的信息。共回收问卷35份,主要涉及18个国家,包括OECD国家(澳大利亚、日本、美国、德国、法国),“一带一路”沿线国家(以色列、菲律宾、印度、尼泊尔、伊朗、土耳其、蒙古、俄罗斯、泰国、菲律宾)和非洲国家(肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、纳米比亚)。 2018年5—6月对国内从事退化生态治理和恢复的专家****、企业以及管理人员进行了问卷调研。调研采用邮寄式问卷填答的方式,共回收有效问卷97份,涉及17个省市的55个机构,包括研究人员、政府部门和企业。问卷问题的设置从现有退化问题—治理技术—技术效果评估入手,提出技术需求并对其进行描述,因此,获取的生态技术需求信息能够反映退化区的实际情况。 2.2.2 国际权威组织发布的评估报告分析 国际权威组织针对生态退化和治理技术,开展了一系列跟踪研究和评估工作,其中,基于其研究和评估结果,提出了生态治理的技术需求。本文通过对21个国际组织报告和文献(表1)的全面梳理、归纳和总结,应用文献计量和内容分析法,凝练出不同区域生态技术需求。 Table 1 表1 表1生态技术需求分析数据和资料来源 Table 1Data and materials sources of ecological technology needs
国际组织
出版物名称
年份
IPBES
Thematic Assessment of Land Degradation and Restoration[22]
2018
IPBES
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia[23]
2018
IPBES
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Americas [24]
2018
IPBES
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Africa[25]
2018
IPBES
Report of the Plenary of the ·Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on the work of its sixth session[26]
2018
UNCCD
Sustainable Land Management Contribution to Successful Land-based Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation[27]
2017
UNCCD
Sustainable Land Management for Climate and People[28]
2017
FAO
FAO Water Reports 45- Drought characteristics and management in North Africa and the Near East[29]
2018
WRI
Roots of Prosperity - The Economics and Finance of Restoring Land[30]
2017
UNEP
Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: West Asia[31]
2016
UNEP
Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Pan-European Region[32]
2016
UNEP
Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Asia and the Pacific[33]
2016
UNEP
Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Africa[34]
2016
FAO
The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture (SOLAW)-Managing systems at risk[35]
2012
WOCAT
Desire for Greener Land - Options for Sustainable Land Management in Drylands[36]
2012
UNFCCC& UNDP
Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change[37]
2010
UN
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis[38]
2007
UN
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis[39]
2007
UN
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Biodiversity Synthesis[40]
2007
UN
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis[41]
2007
WB
Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trades-offs[42]
2006
注:IPBES: The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services; UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; WRI: World Resources Institute; UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme; WOCAT: World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies; UNFCCC& UNDP: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change& United Nations Development Programme; UN: United Nations; WB: The World Bank. 新窗口打开
3 结果分析
3.1 脆弱生态区生态退化现状
对全球生态退化分析可以发现,2000—2014年期间,以荒漠化、水土流失、石漠化为代表的生态退化区域表现出了退化持衡、加重、逆转的趋势(图1)。其中,呈现退化持衡趋势的区域约占全球退化区面积的59.1%,约有22.7%的退化区处于退化加重态势,约有18.2%的退化区出现了退化逆转的态势。其中,荒漠化加重区主要分布在美国中部落基山脉南部、南美洲南端巴塔哥尼亚高原、阿拉伯半岛中部以及俄罗斯南部等地;水土流失加重区主要分布在非洲中部、东北部,亚丁湾沿岸南部等地;石漠化加重区主要分布在小亚细亚半岛南部。在退化逆转区域中,荒漠化退化逆转区主要分布在美国北部、印度半岛北部、及蒙古北部部分地区;水土流失退化逆转区主要分布在墨西哥东海岸、欧洲地中海沿岸及小亚细亚半岛,印度半岛西部、蒙古东部及中国黄土高原等地;石漠化退化逆转区主要分布在中国西南部云贵高原等地(图1)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图12000—2014年全球主要生态退化区退化态势示意 注:该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2016)1666标准地图制作,底图无修改。 -->Figure 1Trend of ecological degradation in major degradation zones of the world from 2000 to 2014 -->
在中国,大部分退化区呈现退化持衡趋势(图2),约占全部退化区面积的66.4%,约有11.5%的退化区发生退化加重,22.1%的退化区发生退化逆转。荒漠化退化加重区主要分布在新疆北部阿尔泰山及天山地区、内蒙古东部浑善达克沙地、鄂尔多斯,以及祁连山南部等地;水土流失退化加重区主要分布在天山南麓及横断山区地区;石漠化加重区主要发生在云南东部、贵州中东部、广西西部及湖南西南部等地;草地退化加重区主要分布在内蒙古中部、西藏西北部及青海东南部等地。在退化逆转区中,荒漠化逆转区主要分布在西北部呼伦贝尔、科尔沁及中部阴山南麓地区,青海东部等地;水土流失逆转区主要分布在黄土高原、辽河流域以及秦巴山区等地;石漠化逆转区主要分布在云贵高原等地(图2)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图22000—2014年中国主要生态退化区退化态势示意 注:该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2016)1594标准地图制作,底图无修改。 -->Figure 2Trend of ecological degradation in major degradation zones of China from 2000 to 2014 -->
3.2 生态技术需求分析
3.2.1 国外生态技术需求分析 (1)生态技术需求及其地域分异性。不同退化区在不同程度上存在对治理技术的需求。对相关国际组织报告和调研结果进行梳理和分析发现,国外生态技术需求主要集中在4类15项技术,其中生物类技术种类最多(6项),并以抗逆植物培育需求最高,人工建林、营建复合农林牧系统次之;其他类生态技术4项,其中对划区禁牧/轮牧/休牧/舍饲养殖、建立自然保护区均有较高需求;工程类技术3项,其中小型水坝建造需求最高,梯田建造技术次之;农作类技术2项,包括土壤改良技术、保护性耕作技术等(表2)。 Table 2 表2 表2国外生态技术需求及其地域分异 Table 2Ecological restoration technology needed in different regions of the world
生态技术所要达到的核心目标是调整人类生存发展与生态环境之间存在的不合理、不协调的关系,最终一方面实现生态环境的健康、良性发展,保证其结构完整、功能稳定有效;另一方面实现经济社会可持续发展的最佳状态。然而,在过去很长时间,生态技术的应用缺乏地域针对性,并没有完全从实际需求出发来配置适宜的长效的技术模式,往往是“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”;同时,对于已经应用的众多技术,缺乏效果的评估和适宜性评价。针对这些问题,今后一段时间,对生态技术的研究和应用将集中在以下方面: (1)生态技术、技术模式的概念和理论的科学化、规范化、统一化。随着区域可持续发展和生态文明建设的深入,对生态技术的研发和应用在全球范围内引起了高度重视。这就需要对其概念和理论进行科学的界定,以研发出符合生态理念的生态治理和恢复技术,服务于生态建设和绿色发展。 (2)生态技术评价方法、指标体系、评价模型的科学化、规范化、精准化、动态化和易操作性。目前缺乏科学合理的指标体系和方法模型,对已经研发和应用的生态技术及其组合予以评价、筛选和配置;相关研究和实践应用工作将有效节约研发成本,提高最佳技术及技术组合的推广和应用价值。 (3)技术需求评估将在未来很长时间里,对优选和配置针对治理目标、投入—产出率高、综合效益好的生态技术发挥关键作用。技术需求评估不仅仅对挖掘、评价和优选减缓气候变化的技术途径提供了系统的方法学基础[68],同时也对生态技术需求评估包括技术界定、评估、优选、技术差距及应用障碍分析等提供了方法支持,为优良生态技术的选择和推介奠定基础。 (4)技术需求的可行性评估。退化诊断(如退化类型、主导因子、退化阶段与强度、退化趋势等)和技术需求匹配(如技术作用原理、适用条件、作用部位、实施阶段等)是形成技术需求长清单的基础,在此基础上,需要开展可行性评估,以便产生可行性强的技术清单。可行性评估通常需要从生态与环境状况、经济条件、社会文化可接受性、机制体制保障等方面加以衡量。从实际应用的角度来看,基于技术清单,技术的优选需要着重考虑技术成本、技术成效和技术潜力等,利益相关者的参与,在技术需求评估过程中起着至关重要的作用。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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