A review on evaluating methods of regional resources and environment carrying capacity
NIUFangqu1,2,, FENGZhiming1, LIUHui1 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101, China2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Geopolitical Setting of Southwest China and Borderland Development, Kunming 650500, China 收稿日期:2017-08-1 修回日期:2018-02-7 网络出版日期:2018-05-02 版权声明:2018《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目 (2016YFC0503506)国家自然科学基金项目(41371536) 作者简介: -->作者简介:牛方曲,男,安徽淮南人,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事区域、城市可持续发展模拟分析研究。E-mail: niufq@lreis.ac.cn
关键词:资源环境承载力;承载状态;评价方法;约束因素;社会经济;回顾 Abstract China is now experiencing increasing resource consumption and environmental deterioration because of rapid economic development and urbanization. Research on resources and environmental capacity is becoming focused. Here we systematically reviewed and analyzed research in China and abroad, focusing on evaluation methods. Based on research gaps, it could be drawn that there is no generally accepted definition or consensus of resource and environmental capacity, which leads to differences in methodologies and conclusions. The maximum population, ecological footprint, and emergy are often used methodologies to evaluate regional resources and environmental capacity taking ecological system and socio-economic system as a black box. There is a lack of research into interaction mechanisms between them, and political implications are weak. These methods are not suitable to evaluate carrying capacity at regional scales. Research integrating regional economy, population, resources and the ecological environment remains to be furthered in relation to both theories and techniques. Defining resources and environmental capacity using the maximum number of populations that can be carried as indicator, we discussed the dimension of resources and environmental capacity and developed an evaluation process. According to this process, determining factors and socio-economic influencing factors as well as the interaction mechanism of them need to be identified first, then to evaluate the carrying capacity of each socio-economic factors, and comprehensive regional resource and environmental capacity based on mutual restraint of these factors. The evaluation of resources and environmental capacity requires much future work.
人口论系列研究采用资源环境所能支撑的最大人口量表征承载力,即人口承载力。人口论的鼻祖Malthus于1798年发表论文《人口原理》(An Essay on the Principle of Population)[15]是19和20世纪最具影响力的人口学说,也被认为是现代资源环境承载力概念的基础[16]。Malthus认为,人口以几何级数增加,生活资料以算术级数增加,人口增长必然超过生活资料增长,人口过剩和食物匮乏是必然,因此,必将发生强大的妨碍,阻止人口的增加,这种妨碍通常是贫穷与罪恶。马氏理论包含有三个基本假设:第一,食物是人类生存的必需品,并且是人口增长的唯一限制因素;第二,人口以指数级速度增长,Malthus是通过观察北美人口增长现象得出的该结论,忽略了当时北美移民的影响;第三,食物生产只能线性速度增长。基于上述假设,Malthus解释了英格兰地区的食物匮乏和灾难。 Verhulst[17]、Pearl[18]等****用数学方程描述了环境容量对人口增长的限制(公式(1)),称作Verhulst-Pearl逻辑曲线。其中N为人口;r为人口增长量;K为环境的容纳能力。根据该公式,当N为K/2时,人口增长率最大,而当N趋近于K时,人口增长率趋近于零。该模型采用容纳能力指标反映食物的约束对人口增长的限制作用,被认为是当今承载力定量研究的起源。 (1) Malthus最早看到了环境对人类物资需求的限制[19]。奠定了之后的“人口增长-资源环境-发展”研究框架。马氏理论虽然有着重要的影响力,但后人对其并非全盘接受。该理论侧重的是食物的限制,且对承载力的限制指标的阈值描述较为模糊,此外Malthus没有考虑制度因素对人口增长的限制作用。总而言之,Malthus理论中人口的增长只会受到自然资源的限制,实证上,该模型只是在时间段内得到验证,更适用于低收入国家而非发达国家(高收入国家人口可能出现负增长),此外,马氏人口论需要剥离出社会经济系统对本地资源环境的压力是多少,而这正是目前区域资源环境承载力评价要回答的问题。 关注于马氏人口理论的假设,开展人口承载力研究的文献不断出现[20]。各研究对承载力有着不同的定义和评价方法,Seidl等认为这源自研究目标不同,各个文献提到的Malthus人口论中存在的不足,在之后乃至目前的概念中仍然存在,大多承载力概念适合于评价中短期物种数量[16]。人口论系列考虑的是资源限制,而随着经济发展和人口增长,资源消耗增加的同时污染排放也进一步加剧,因此之后许多****着眼于生态环境来研究人口承载力[21,22]。
本文对国内外资源环境承载力相关研究进行了系统的回顾、分析。并在总结各类区域资源环境承载力评价方法不足的基础上,讨论了资源环境承载力认知概念,并对资源环境承载力综合评价方法研究进行了展望。 目前资源环境承载力评价方法多样,有关承载力的基础理论与实践依据的争论时有发生。研究方法而言,主要有人口论系列研究、生态足迹系列研究、初级资产账户(能值)系列研究等。上述方法对于评价全球尺度下人地关系可发挥很好的作用,也可以用于比较不同区域或城市对地球生态系统的消耗情况,但这些方法并非针对开放的、区域尺度资源环境承载力评价而提出。另还有综合指数法、比较法等方法等。各类方法对资源环境与社会经济要素相互作用的机理性探索较为薄弱,在具体政策指导意义上可操作性较弱。因此将区域社会经济同人口、资源、生态环境予以集成,进行资源环境承载力综合评价理论方法研究亟需深化。 本文在做上述总结分析的基础上对资源环境承载力综合评价方法研究进行了展望,探究了资源环境承载力的内涵,并讨论了资源环境承载力评价涉及的关键问题,为进一步开展资源环境承载力综合评价方法研究、构建综合评价模型提供参考。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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