关键词:工业用地投入;环境污染;经济增长;绿色索洛模型;中国 Abstract Environmental costs occur when industrial production promotes economic growth,leading to economic losses to some extent. Here we construct a Green Solow Model of land and environmental factors to analyze how industrial land inputs and environmental pollution impact economic growth in China with the aim of eliminating environmental costs during industrial growth. We used China′ provincial panel data of 2000-2010 to conduct empirical test simultaneously. We found that ①under environmental constraints,the Solow Model retained balanced growth. ②Land elements had a positive effect on economic growth, but there were differences between regions, of which the central region had the greatest impact, the eastern region followed, and the western region was the smallest. ③How environmental factors influenced economic growth depended on the joint results of positive and negative effects. In addition to industrial solid waste,the effect of industrial wastewater,industrial sulfur dioxide,industrial nitrogen oxides,industrial dust (dust)and other emissions on the economic growth were significantly inhibited,and the inhibition of industrial emissions on economic growth was stronger than industrial wastewater. In the future economic development, we should abandon the traditional "low-cost" industrialization model, and actively explore to establish a green national economic accounting system. At the same time speed up the use of scientific and technological innovation, especially environmental protection and pollution control technology innovation, to reduce industry environmental externality in the process of land production.
近年来,中国的环境污染问题逐步加剧,如图1所示,以工业SO2和NOX的排放为例,环境污染物的排放量居高不下,GDP增长率也在经历2007年的顶峰之后开始不断下降。可以说,工业化在给经济发展做出贡献的同时,其带来的环境污染和资源损耗也给经济造成了巨大损失。按照可持续发展理论,当代人的发展不能建立在剥夺后代人发展潜力的基础上。但工业化生产的负外部性不仅损害了当代人的利益,同时其造成的经济损失还会作为一种成本遗留在未来经济发展中,造成代际矛盾。一定程度上可以将工业经济增长视为当代人土地利用行为的一种回报,而环境污染等造成的经济损失则是当代人透支了后代人的利益。如果当代人享用经济发展成果而让后代人承担“环境代价”,不仅对后代人不公平,也会严重影响中国经济的可持续发展。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图12000-2014年中国GDP增长率与主要空气污染物排放情况 数据来源:历年《中国环境年鉴》[9]与《中国统计年鉴》[10]。 -->Figure 1China's GDP growth rate and major air pollutant emissions from 2000 to 2014 -->
本文构建了内含土地和环境要素的“绿色索洛模型”,并利用全国和东、中、西部2000-2010年省际工业面板数据,深入考察环境约束下工业用地投入对经济增长的影响。主要结论如下: (1)环境约束下,索洛模型仍存在平衡增长路径。这表明构建“绿色索洛模型”在理论上是可行的,衡量工业用地投入的经济增长效应时,可以将环境要素纳入进去进行修正。 (2)工业生产具有外部性,工业经济增长的同时会带来一定的环境污染,形成经济增长的环境代价。中国目前的工业经济增长仍主要依靠资本和劳动力投入,土地与经济增长呈现正相关,且中部地区土地要素对工业经济增长的贡献明显高于东、西部地区。 (3)环境要素对工业经济增长的影响取决于正/负效应共同的作用结果。总体来看,除工业固体废弃物外,工业废水、工业SO2、工业NOX、工业烟(粉)尘等的排放对经济增长均呈明显抑制作用,且工业废气对经济增长的抑制作用较工业废水更强。 当然,实证分析的结果也揭示出忽视工业生产的负外部性,很容易过高估计土地投入对中国工业经济的影响。因此,借鉴绿色生产模型的核心在于将工业经济发展中的资源成本纳入到GDP中,真实地反映工业用地投入的经济增长效应,以期达到保护资源和环境的目的。 经济增长的实现是有代价的,目前中国的经济增长很大程度上仍是通过高投入和扩大生产规模的路径来实现的,导致的结果就是环境遭到严重破坏。因此,在未来的经济发展中,要摒弃“GDP”主义的经济发展方式,积极探索建立绿色国民经济核算体系;同时,政府要实施创新管理,鼓励企业技术创新,尤其是环境保护和污染治理方面的技术创新,避免以环境容量过度透支为代价,追求工业经济高质量、可持续增长模式。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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