Abstract In the context of the knowledge-based economy and innovation-driven development strategy, innovation networks and their multidimensional proximity mechanisms have attracted increasing attention from governments and economic geographers. However, knowledge about their regional differences remains limited. Using Ucinet software, the authors describe the technological innovation network characteristics of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry in China from 2009 to 2014, which corresponds to the period of rapid development of vehicle ownership. The authors use partial least squares structure equation modelling to explore the impacts of multidimensional proximities from national and regional perspectives. The study found that: (1) Unlike innovation, activities are primarily concentrated in metropolitan areas and three major urban agglomerations. The innovation networks of the NEV industry in China are primarily concentrated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta regions; the innovation networks in the Pearl River Delta region are significantly weaker. Additionally, regions with poor innovation could achieve more innovation cooperatively. (2) For the network characteristics, the national innovation network presents a “core-edge” structure, and the State Grid is the most important innovation actor of the network. In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, large state-owned enterprise groups control the network which has a prominent “core-edge” structure, the most active collaborative innovation, and a high degree of network extroversion. Regarding the innovation network in the Yangtze River Delta, the types of actors in the region are diversified, the “core-edge” structure is prominent, the intensity of cooperative innovation is high, and the degree of network extroversion is relatively high. In the Pearl River Delta, private enterprises are the principal actors in the network, the regional network structure is loose, cooperative innovation is limited, and the network is highly extroverted. (3) For regional proximity mechanisms in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Grid Group strongly promoted the formation of cross-regional networks. In the Yangtze River Delta, the State Grid and large regional enterprises have influenced the formation of networks, and abundant knowledge sources have promoted cooperation. In the Pearl River Delta, the impact of geographical proximity on the cooperation and innovation in private enterprises is small, and knowledge demand has promoted cross-regional cooperation. Based on these results, we present some policy recommendations in industrial and regional dimensions. Keywords:regional innovation network;state-owned enterprise;private enterprise;proximity;new energy vehicle;China
PDF (5953KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 张凯煌, 千庆兰. 中国新能源汽车产业创新网络特征及其多维邻近性成因[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(8): 2170-2187 doi:10.11821/dlyj020201065 ZHANG Kaihuang, QIAN Qinglan. Characteristics and proximities mechanism of China's new energy vehicle industry innovation network[J]. Geographical Research, 2021, 40(8): 2170-2187 doi:10.11821/dlyj020201065
一方面,长三角地区是国家电网的重要市场,区域创新网络受国电系公司影响大。同时,区域大型企业吉利控股充分利用子公司建立创新网络,因此基于组织关系形成了一定规模的创新网络。另一方面,区域内知识源丰富①(① 据Web of Science数据,2014年及之前,长三角地区共有23所科研机构涉及新能源汽车领域知识创造。),这为构建知识合作关系提供了基础。这不仅能够帮助区域内中小企业有效寻找技术合作伙伴,还能促进其他区域主体在本地搜寻知识从而扩大能力范围,进而构建跨区域合作关系。
Lin G CS, WangC, ZhouY, et al. Placing technological innovation in globalising China: Production linkage, knowledge exchange and innovative performance of the ICT industry in a developing economy , 2011, 48(14):2999-3018. DOI: 10.1177/0042098010396232. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ CaoXianzhong, ZengGang, Si Yuefang et al. Research progress on firm innovation networks and multi-dimensional proximity from the perspective of economic geography World Regional Studies, 2019, 28(5):165-171.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2019.05.2018122. [本文引用: 1]
Balland PA. Proximity and the evolution of collaboration networks: Evidence from research and development projects within the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) industry , 2012, 46(6):741-756. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2010.529121. URL [本文引用: 1]
HinzmannS, CantnerU, GrafH. The role of geographical proximity for project performance: Evidence from the German leading-edge cluster competition , 2019, 44(12):1744-1783. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-017-9600-1. URL [本文引用: 1]
LazzerettiL, CaponeF. How proximity matters in innovation networks dynamics along the cluster evolution. A study of the high technology applied to cultural goods , 2016, 69(12):5855-5865. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.068. URL [本文引用: 1]
FengY, WangX, DuW, et al. Effects of environmental regulation and FDI on urban innovation in China: A spatial durbin econometric analysis , 2019, 235:210-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.184. URL [本文引用: 1]
GaoX, GuanJ. Networks of scientific journals: An exploration of Chinese patent data , 2009, 80(1):283-302. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-007-2013-4. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhouCan, ZengGang, CaoXianzhong. Chinese inter-city innovation networks structure and city innovation capability Geographical Research, 2017, 36(7):1297-1308.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201707009. [本文引用: 1]
LiangL, ZhuL. Major factors affecting China's inter-regional research collaboration: Regional scientific productivity and geographical proximity , 2002, 55(2):287-316. DOI: 10.1023/A:1019623925759. URL [本文引用: 1]
HennemannS, WangT, LiefnerI. Measuring regional science networks in China: A comparison of international and domestic bibliographic data sources , 2011, 88(2):535-554. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-011-0410-1. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ QianQinglan, ChenYingbiao. Study on technology innovation within SMEs and regional measures Economic Geography, 2008, (3):384-387.] DOI: CNKI:SUN:JJDL.0.2008-03-010. [本文引用: 1]
GreevenM. The inside story of China's high-tech industry: Making Silicon Valley in Beijing , 2008, 42(10):1399-1400. DOI: 10.1080/00343400802545499. URL [本文引用: 1]
SunY, ZhouY. Innovation and inter-firm technological networking: Evidence from China's information communication technology industry , 2011, 65(1):55-70. DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2011.01.05. URL [本文引用: 1]
LiY, HeJ, ZhouL. The transfer of innovation capability from universities to enterprises in China: An institutional framework , 2010, 9(4):385-404. DOI: 10.1504/IJMED.2010.037565. [本文引用: 1]
ZhuS, HeC, LuoQ. Good neighbors, bad neighbors: Local knowledge spillovers, regional institutions and firm performance in China , 2019, 52(3):617-632. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-017-9975-2. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ MaShuang, ZengGang. Analysis of China's urban innovation network pattern and its proximity mechanism from a multi-scale perspective Human Geography, 2020, 35(1):95-103.] DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2020.01.011. [本文引用: 1]
[ RuanPingnan, WangWenli, LiuXiaoyan. Dynamic evolution of technological innovation network based on multi-dimensional proximity: Based on OLED industry R&D Management, 2018, 30(6):59-66.] DOI: 10.13581/j.cnki.rdm.2018.06.006. [本文引用: 1]
[ ChaoPeipei, GaoJinyan, Yang Yang er al. Research on the new energy vehicles industry's national development strategy Strategic Study of CAE, 2016, 18(4):69-75.] DOI: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.04.011. [本文引用: 1]
ZhangX, RaoR, XieJ, et al. The current dilemma and future path of China's electric vehicles , 2014, 6(3):1567-1593. DOI: 10.3390/su6031567. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhangLing, LiShufeng, MaHongjia. Influence study of network structure on knowledge innovation process: A case of Changchun automobile industrial cluster Library and Information Service, 2011, 55(4):62-66.] DOI: CNKI:SUN:TSQB.0.2011-04-014. [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhangYongan, WangYanni. The innovation network comparative analysis of large automobile enterprises in the United States, Japan and China under the perspective of focal firm innovation network Science of Science and Management of S.& T., 2011, 32(7):44-51.] DOI: CNKI:SUN:KXXG.0.2011-07-008. [本文引用: 1]
[ WanWei, ZengDeming, FengKe. Study on the evolution of cliques in industrial innovation networks and its influence on technological innovation performance Journal of Hunan University: Natural Sciences, 2013, 40(11):120-124.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2974.2013.11.020. [本文引用: 1]
[ LiJian, YuYue. Structural holes in collaboration network, cohesion of knowledge network and exploratory innovation performance: An empirical study on the Chinese automakers Nankai Business Review, 2018, 21(6):121-130.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2018.06.012. [本文引用: 1]
Stokes LC, Breetz HL. Politics in the US energy transition: Case studies of solar, wind, biofuels and electric vehicles policy , 2018, 113:76-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.057. [本文引用: 1]
LauerJ, LiefnerI. State-led innovation at the city level: Policy measures to promote new energy vehicles in Shenzhen, China , 2019, 109(3):436-456. DOI: 10.1111/gere.12320. URL [本文引用: 1]
GongH, Wang MQ, WangH. New energy vehicles in China: Policies, demonstration, and progress , 2013, 18(2):207-228. DOI: 10.1007/s11027-012-9358-6. [本文引用: 1]
SunH, GengY, HuL, et al. Measuring China's new energy vehicle patents: A social network analysis approach , 2018, 153:685-693. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.077. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ GuoYanqing, HeDi. Classification of strategic emerging industry innovation network from the perspective of “subject-technology” collaboration: Take the new energy automobile industry as an example Journal of Industrial Technological Economics, 2017, 36(4):146-152.] 10.3969/j.issn.1004-910X.2017.04.020. [本文引用: 1]
[ YuQian, BaiMengping, QinYidong. Does multi-dimensional proximity promote innovation cooperation between new energy automobile enterprises in China? R&D Management, 2018, 30(6):67-74.] DOI: CNKI:SUN:YJYF.0.2018-06-007. [本文引用: 1]
[ HeCanfei, JinLulu, LiuYing, How does multi-proximity affect the evolution of export product space in China? Geographical Research, 2017, 36(9):1613-1626.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201709002. [本文引用: 2]
[ ShiYanwen, LiErling, LiXiaojian. Impact of geographical proximity and relational proximity on innovation in agriculture industrial cluster based on the Shouguang vegetable industrial cluster Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(5):751-759.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.05.013. [本文引用: 1]
[ LILin, Multi-dimensional Proximities and Industrial Cluster Innovation. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2014: 21.] [本文引用: 1]
CantwellJ, Santangelo GD. The new geography of corporate research in information and communications technology (ICT) , 2002, 12(1-2):163-197. DOI: 10.1007/s00191-002-0109-9. URL [本文引用: 1]
ZhangK, QianQ, ZhaoY. Evolution of Guangzhou biomedical industry innovation network structure and its proximity mechanism , 2020, 12(6):2456. DOI: 10.3390/su12062456. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ LiLin, YangTian. Effect of geographical proximity and organisational proximity on innovations of industrial cluster: An empirical research based on automobile industry clusters in China China Soft Science, 2011, (9):133-143.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2011.09.014. [本文引用: 1]
BlancH, SierraC. The internationalisation of R&D by multinationals: A trade-off between external and internal proximity , 1999, 23(2):187-206. DOI: 10.1093/cje/23.2.187. URL [本文引用: 1]
UzziB. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness , 1997, 42(1):35-67. DOI: 10.2307/2393808. URL [本文引用: 1]
Wang CC, LinG C S. The growth and spatial distribution of China's ICT industry: New geography of clustering and innovation , 2008, 44(2):145-192. [本文引用: 1]
Lin G CS, Yang FF, Hu F ZY. The new geography of information and consulting services in China: Comparing Beijing and Guangzhou , 2012, 36(4):481-492. DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.03.001. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ HuYang, LiXun. The impact of multi-dimensional proximities on university industry cooperative innovation: Case studies of high-tech enterprises in Guangzhou Geographical Research, 2017, 36(4):695-706.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201704008. [本文引用: 1]
[ WangKai, HuChidi, ChenAihua. How universities networking capabilities affect knowledge synergy innovation performance from universities and industry Science Research Management, 2019, 40(8):166-178.] DOI: CNKI:SUN:KYGL.0.2019-08-017. [本文引用: 1]
PouderR, St JohnC H. Hot spots and blind spots: Geographical clusters of firms and innovation , 1997, 21(4):1192-1225. DOI: 10.2307/259168. URL [本文引用: 1]
BreschiS, CataliniC. Tracing the links between science and technology: An exploratory analysis of scientists' and inventors' networks , 2010, 39(1):14-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2009.11.004. URL [本文引用: 1]
AntonelliC. Collective knowledge communication and innovation: The evidence of technological districts , 2000, 34(6):535-547. DOI: 10.1080/00343400050085657. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ YeQin, ZengGang, ChenHongting. Impacts of organizational proximity and cognitive proximity on the innovation network of petroleum equipment manufacturing industry in Dongying Human Geography, 2017, 32(1):116-122.] DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2017.01.016. [本文引用: 1]
LiY, WangX. Innovation in suburban development zones: Evidence from Nanjing, China , 2019, 50(1):114-129. DOI: 10.1111/grow.12270. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhouCan, CaoXianzhong, ZengGang. Cluster networks and evolution path of China's electronic information industry innovation Geographical Research, 2019, 38(9):2212-2225.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180964. [本文引用: 1]
Ter WalA L J. Cluster emergence and network evolution: A longitudinal analysis of the inventor network in Sophia-Antipolis , 2013, 47(5):651-668. DOI: 10.1080/00343401003614258. URL [本文引用: 1]
Ter WalA L J. The dynamics of the inventor network in German biotechnology: Geographical proximity versus triadic closure , 2013, 14(3):589-620. DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lbs063. URL [本文引用: 1]
[ BaiYunfei, PanZhongzhi. A study on the time lag effect of China's R&D input on science and technology innovation Science and Technology Management Research, 2015, 35(4):1-5] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7695.2015.04.001. [本文引用: 1]
[ ZhaoYijing. The study on dynamic evolution of cooperation innovation network of bio-pharmaceutical cluster in Guangzhou: Based on multidimensional proximities perspective Guangzhou: Master Dissertation of Guangzhou University, 2019: 104-107.] [本文引用: 1]
HongW, SuY. The effect of institutional proximity in non-local university-industry collaborations: An analysis based on Chinese patent data , 2013, 42(2):454-464. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2012.05.012. URL [本文引用: 1]
Jaffe AB, Henderson RM, TrajtenbergM. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations , 1993, 108(3):577-598. DOI: 10.2307/2118401. URL [本文引用: 1]