牛东伟^1,,
裴树文^2,3,
王惠民⁴,
高星^2,3
1. 河北师范大学历史文化学院, 泥河湾考古研究院, 河北 石家庄 050024
2. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所, 中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室, 北京 100044
3. 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心, 北京 100044
4. 宁夏文物考古研究所, 宁夏 银川 750001

基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目（批准号：16CKG003）资助


详细信息

作者简介: 牛东伟, 男, 32岁, 副教授, 主要从事古人类生存活动研究, E-mail:ndw1986@163.com

中图分类号: K871.11;K876.2

收稿日期:2019-04-28
修回日期:2019-07-09
刊出日期:2019-11-30

Archaeological study on lithic raw material exploitation and utilization at Shuidonggou Locality 7

Niu Dongwei^1,,
Pei Shuwen^2,3,
Wang Huimin⁴,
Gao Xing^2,3
1. Institute of Nihewan Archaeology, College of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei
2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044
3. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044
4. Institute of Archaeology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia


MSC: K871.11;K876.2

--> Received Date: 28 April 2019
Revised Date: 09 July 2019
Publish Date: 30 November 2019


摘要
摘要:水洞沟遗址位于宁夏回族自治区灵武市临河乡，是中国较早发现并且最早发掘的旧石器遗址。该遗址自1923年发现以来便因其出土较多具有欧洲旧石器时代中晚过渡期特征的石叶制品而受到国内外****的广泛关注。水洞沟遗址第7地点（SDG7）位于该遗址群核心区，发掘出土万余件古人类活动留下的石制品、动物化石、鸵鸟蛋皮串珠等文化遗物，光释光年代为30±3~23±2 ka B.P.。本文从原料的开发策略和利用策略两个方面对SDG7出土的石制品组合进行系统的原料分析，进而探讨该地点古人类在原料开发利用过程中表现出来的行为特征以及流动策略。研究表明，水洞沟遗址第7地点出土石制品的原料总体以硅质白云岩、燧石和硅质灰岩为主，原料种类及相关特征的对比显示其主要取自遗址附近阶地底部的砾石层，体现出古人类就地取材、着重开发本地资源的原料开发策略。遗址内主要石制品类型的原料总体利用状况与阶地内原料的分布状况呈现一致性，但不同类型的石制品所用原料往往呈现一定的倾向性。该地点出土石核、石片以及工具的利用程度分析显示，古人类对石质原料的总体利用率并不高，这可能与长时间的遗址占据导致古人类流动性降低有关，但复杂剥片技术、精致石器的存在以及部分优质原料的高效利用依然体现出该地点古人类在原料利用方面的选择性和灵活性。综合原料、技术和流动性特征，SDG7呈现出"装备地点"与"装备人员"相结合的技术装备策略。该地点原料利用研究为探求古人类于旧石器时代晚期在水洞沟遗址区的适应行为具有重要意义。
关键词: 水洞沟遗址第7地点/
旧石器时代晚期/
原料开发策略/
原料利用策略/
流动性

Abstract:The Shuidonggou (SDG) site complex, located in the loess-desert transition zone of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in Northwest China and yielding middle-upper Paleolithic transitional blade-rich assemblages, has been given more and more focuses since its discovery and first excavation in the 1920s. The Shuidonggou locality 7 (SDG7) (38°17'52"N, 106°30'21"E; 1205 m above sea level), buried in the 2nd terrace of the left bank of the Biangou river (a tributary of the Yellow River) and situated in the core area of the SDG site complex region which contains 12 localities, had yielded a great number of stone artifacts, animal fossils and some ostrich egg shell fragments (including 2 bead shaped ornaments) by successive excavations from 2003 to 2005, exposing an area of 25 m² and identifying 11 depositional layers with a total thickness of more than 12 m. The latest dating results by Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) show that the age of the archaeological layers of SDG7 (layers 7~10, forming one cultural horizon with a total thickness of 3.5 m) ranges from 30±3 ka B. P. to 23±2 ka B. P. Technologically, five types have been identified in the lithic assemblage at SDG7, including cores, debitage (dominant type), retouched pieces, bipolar pieces and percussors.
Analysis on lithic raw materials has been an important part in the Paleolithic research. However, archaeological studies at SDG7 in the past were mostly focused on the excavation, site formation process and lithic typology and technology, but rarely on raw materials. This paper will make a systematic analysis on the lithic raw materials used for stone knapping at SDG7 from two aspects:the exploitation strategy and the utilization strategy, which we believe would provide more references and information for understanding and interpreting the human mobility strategies and behavioral adaptation.
According to the statistics on raw material types and frequencies, silicified dolomite (N=3289, 33.23%), chert (N=2813, 28.41%) and silicified limestone (N=2046, 20.66%) are the dominant raw materials used at SDG7, followed by quartzite, quartz sandstone and quartz. It could be inferred from the investigation and comparison of rock characteristics that those lithic raw materials were locally exploited in the form of well-rounded pebbles from nearby gravel layers in the river terraces, indicating a kind of mobility strategy which primarily exploited local resources along the river valley. The general utilization frequency of raw materials at SDG7 is coincident with the distribution frequency of raw materials in the riverbeds. Note that the raw materials used for bipolar pieces are dominated by high-quality cherts, and all of the raw materials used for Levallois-like core reduction are silicified limestones, which together suggest that there might be some preference for specific raw material types for different knapping technology at SDG7.
Although the statistics on the rotations of core faces and the number of flaking faces exhibit relatively high extent of consumption of raw materials during core reduction, the small platform angle of many simple cores still suggest the potential for further detaching. It could also be concluded from the statistics on retouch frequency, tool edges and other retouch indices (Index of Retouch Length and Index of Resharpening) that the occupants of SDG7 paid more attentions to the horizontal exploitation of single tool edge, indicating low consumption during tool making. Generally, the above detailed analyses on use intensity of cores, flakes and tools show relatively low extent of consumption of lithic raw materials by the occupants of SDG7, which may be primarily due to the long-term site occupation and the decrease of human mobility. However, the presence of complex Levallois-like blade technology, curated small tools and increased use intensity of some high-quality raw materials still suggest some selectivity, planning and flexibility of human in the process of raw material consumption. It could be inferred from the characteristics of lithic raw materials, lithic technology and human mobility that the occupants of SDG7 adopted a strategy of Technological Provisioning combined with provisoning individuals and provisoning places. In a word, this research bears great significance on the study of adapted behaviors adopted by early hominins during Upper Paleolithic in the Shuidonggou site complex.
Key words:Shuidonggou Locality 7(SDG7)/
upper Paleolithic/
strategy of raw material exploitation/
strategy of raw material utilization/
mobility



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