孙亚男^1,,
杨玉璋^1,,,
张家强²,
姚凌³,
禤华丽⁴,
袁增箭⁵,
顾万发²,
张居中^1,,
1. 中国科学技术大学科学技术史与科技考古系, 安徽 合肥 230026
2. 郑州市文物考古研究院, 河南 郑州 450000
3. 湖北省文物考古研究所, 湖北 武汉 430077
4. 广西民族大学化学化工学院, 广西 南宁 530006
5. 广西文物保护与考古研究所, 广西 南宁 530000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：41472148、41772172和41272186）、国家重点基础研究发展规划项目（973项目）（批准号：2015CB953802）、教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目（批准号：15YJA780003）和郑州市文物考古研究院相关项目共同资助


详细信息

作者简介: 孙亚男, 女, 25岁, 硕士研究生, 科技考古专业, E-mail:syn1116@mail.ustc.edu.cn

通讯作者: 杨玉璋, E-mail:yzyang@ustc.edu.cn; 张居中, E-mail:juzhzh@ustc.edu.cn

中图分类号: K878;P92

收稿日期:2017-11-18
修回日期:2018-01-25
刊出日期:2018-03-30

Starch grains evidence reveals human's plant food structure and pottery function at Dongzhao site in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province

Sun Yanan^1,,
Yang Yuzhang^1,,,
Zhang Jiaqiang²,
Yao Ling³,
Xuan Huali⁴,
Yuan Zengjian⁵,
Gu Wanfa²,
Zhang Juzhong^1,,
1. Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui
2. Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan
3. Hubei Province Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Wuhan 430077, Hubei
4. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Nationalities, Nanning 530006, Guangxi
5. Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relic Protection and Archaeology, Nanning 530000, Guangxi


More Information

Corresponding authors: Yang Yuzhang,E-mail:yzyang@ustc.edu.cn ; Zhang Juzhong,E-mail:juzhzh@ustc.edu.cn

MSC: K878;P92

--> Received Date: 18 November 2017
Revised Date: 25 January 2018
Publish Date: 30 March 2018


摘要
摘要:郑州地区位于中原腹地，是新石器时代文化和青铜时代文化的核心分布区之一。这一地区青铜时代先民的植食结构及农业的起源与发展等问题是考古学界关注的重要课题。东赵遗址是郑州地区一处青铜时代文化连续完整的遗址，为全面获取郑州东赵遗址新砦到东周时期先民植物性食物结构和陶器功能的植物考古学证据，本项研究选取遗址出土的30件陶器残片以及10枚人牙样品进行了淀粉粒分析，共提取到7类不同形态的淀粉粒，鉴定结果显示来源于粟（Setaria italica）、黍（Panicum miliaceum）、薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）、小麦（Triticum aestvum）、水稻（Oryza sativa）、栎属（Quercus）、豇豆属（Vigna）以及莲属（Nelumbo）等8种植物。淀粉粒的绝对数量与出现频率显示，粟、黍是东赵先民的主要粮食作物，薏苡、小麦、水稻、豇豆属、栎属以及莲属也是东赵先民植物性食物结构的重要组成部分。淀粉粒结果印证补充了大植物遗存的分析结果。从不同器型来看，炊器上发现的淀粉粒更多，这可能与炊器多为夹砂陶且表面多孔隙有关，同时淀粉粒在受热不充分的条件下仍然能够保留下来。结合文献资料可以看出，鬲和深腹罐曾经是用来烹煮粟、黍、水稻、薏苡、小麦、豇豆属、莲属和栎属等植物，而花边罐、双耳罐等则可能是用来煮水或烹煮不含淀粉的食物，瓮、盆、豆则可能是作为盛储器来使用的。关于刻槽盆的功能分析还需要进一步的取样分析。本实验为研究中原腹地龙山晚期到夏商周三代的先民的植物性食物结构提供了一批重要的实验依据，同时也为器物功能的研究提供了植物考古学例证。
关键词: 东赵遗址/
淀粉粒分析/
植物性食物结构/
器物功能/
农业经济发展状况

Abstract:Dongzhao site(34°47'33″N, 113°30'23″E; 120 m a.s.l.) is located in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, 20 km south to the Yellow River, 2 km west to Xushui River, which contains different cultural remains dated from the Late Longshan to Zhou Dynasty in upper catchment of Huai River. For its crucial geographical location and time range, the Dongzhao site plays an important role in the studies of civilization process and state origin in Central China during 2500 BC and 1500 BC. To investigate human's plant food utilization in this site, 30 pottery sherds and 10 dental calculus were selected from Dongzhao site dating from Xinzhai to East Zhou Period for starch grain analysis.
All pottery artifacts and dental calculus were sampled and processed in Bio-archaeology Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China. Used surfaces of potteries were rinsed by reverse osmosis water and water samples were remained as background samples. Then ultrasonic toothbrush was used to collect liquid samples.
270 starch grains from 30 potteries and 373 starch grains from 10 dental calculus were extracted from liquid samples. Based on their shapes, sizes and other surface features, these ancient starch grains can be divided into 7 categories. Type Ⅰ(n=390)comes from Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum, which is polyhedral in shape with size range from 5.56 μm to 26.48 μm.Type Ⅱ(n=18)are polyhedral with centric hilum, Z-shape distinct cross, transverse or T-shaped cracks, these diagnostic features are consistent with Coix lacryma-jobi. Type Ⅲ starch grains(n=71)are lenticular orspherical in shape with a wide size range(7.50~35.49 μm), the morphologies of these granules are consistent with Triticeae. Type Ⅳ comes from Oryza sativa which contains compound and single(n=31)starch grains. Type Ⅴ(n=35)are oval with centric hilum open with size range from 14.78~48.03 μm, which has a large overlapping with Vigna. Type Ⅵ(n=22)are aggregate structure compound starch grains with round shape, these three types of starch grains are possibly from Quercus. Type Ⅶ(n=38)are characterized by open and eccentric hilum and predominated in prolate-ovoid form, these granules are possibly from Nelumbo.
The results reveal the direct evidence of people's plant food structure and potteries function. Quantitatively, the percentage presence and amount of millets is higher than others, suggesting that Setaria italic and Panicum miliaceum were the main plant food during Xinzhai and East Zhou Period at the Dongzhao site. Triticum aestvum and Vigna were more and more important in people's dietary. Coix lacryma-jobi, Oryza sativa, Quercus and Nelumbo are also parts of people's diet. The results make up for the result of charred plant remains. The cooking vessels including Li, deep-bellied jar, are used to boil or steam the plant as whole grains. The function of grooved basin needs more investigation. This paper provides a lot of experimental evidence for studying the plant food structure of the ancestors in the Central Plain from Late Longshan Period to the Early Bronze Age. It also provides an ethnobotanical evidence for the study of the function of the potteries.
Key words:Dongzhao site in Zhengzhou City/
starch analysis/
plant food structure/
pottery function/
the development of agricultural economy



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