Pengcheng Liu
Tao Zhang
Qunfu Wu
Mei Zeng
Yingying Ma
Xia Jin
Jin Xu
Zhigang Zhang
Chiyu Zhang
a. Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
b. Pathogen Discovery and Evolution Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
c. Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China;
d. State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
Funds: We thank Mr. Kai Liu at Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences for his technical support. This work was supported by the grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC2000500 and 2017ZX10103009-002), Major Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province of China (202001BB050001), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (2019QZKK0503), the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (FZDSW-219), the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of China (31970571), and grants specific for coronavirus disease 2019 from the Children's Hospital of Fudan University (EKXGZX006).
Received Date: 2021-02-04
Accepted Date:2021-05-16
Rev Recd Date:2021-05-13
Publish Date:2021-08-13
Abstract
Abstract
Children are less susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and they have manifested lower morbidity and mortality after infection, for which a multitude of mechanisms may be considered. Whether the normal development of the gut-airway microbiome in children is affected by COVID-19 has not been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection alters the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes in nine children. The alteration of the microbiome is dominated by the genus Pseudomonas, and it sustains for up to 25-58 days in different individuals. Moreover, the patterns of alternation are different between the upper respiratory tract and the gut. Longitudinal investigation shows that the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes are extremely variable among children during the course of COVID-19. The dysbiosis of microbiome persists in 7 of 8 children for at least 19-24 days after discharge from the hospital. Disturbed development of both the gut and the upper respiratory microbiomes and prolonged dysbiosis in these nine children imply possible long-term complications after clinical recovery from COVID-19, such as predisposition to the increased health risk in the post-COVID-19 era.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19,
Upper respiratory microbiome,
Gut microbiota,
Dysbiosis,
Children
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