生猪规模养殖户污染防治行为的心理认知及环境规制影响效应

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林丽梅^1,,
刘振滨²,
杜焱强³,
苏时鹏²,
郑逸芳^2,,
1.福建江夏学院公共事务学院福州 350108
2.福建农林大学公共管理学院福州 350002
3.复旦大学环境科学与工程系上海 200433
基金项目: 福建省社科规划青年博士论文项目FJ2016C201
福建省中国特色社会主义理论体系研究重点项目FJ2016A007
福建农林大学优秀博士学位论文资金YB2015008

详细信息

作者简介:林丽梅, 主要从事农村资源与环境管理研究。E-mail:lin_limei07@126.com

通讯作者:郑逸芳, 主要从事农村公共管理研究。E-mail:zyf7151@126.com

中图分类号:X22

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出版历程

收稿日期:2017-08-20
录用日期:2017-09-11
刊出日期:2018-01-01

Psychological cognition of pollution prevention of family-oriented scale pig breeders and environmental regulation influence effects

LIN Limei^1,,
LIU Zhenbin²,
DU Yanqiang³,
SU Shipeng²,
ZHENG Yifang^2,,
1. School of Public Administration, Fujian Jiangxia University, Fuzhou 350108, China
2. School of Public Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
Funds: Fujian Provincial Social Science Program of Young Doctoral Dissertation ProjectFJ2016C201
the Key Project of Research on the Theoretical System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in Fujian ProvinceFJ2016A007
Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Funding ProjectYB2015008

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Corresponding author:ZHENG Yifang, E-mail: zyf7151@126.com

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摘要
摘要:从微观层面厘清生猪规模养殖户污染防治的行为逻辑，对宏观层面优化畜禽养殖污染治理具有重要驱动作用。为分析养殖户的无害化处理和资源化利用行为的影响因素，本文以福建省406个生猪规模养殖户为研究对象，运用结构方程模型分析养殖户心理认知对其污染防治行为的影响，并通过层次分析模型检验环境规制对心理认知-防治行为的调节效应。结果表明：1）生猪规模养殖户的污染防治行为是其在心理认知的显著正向影响下，并由环境规制的综合调节而形成的理性选择。2）养殖户的污染防治行为决策源于其对责任意识、生态理性、治污能力自我评估等的认知，是对其他养殖户的参照和对政府、非养殖户环境诉求的积极响应，也是规避风险的理性选择。3）激励性和引导性措施是对约束性环境规制的重要补充，约束性规制措施对无害化处理行为具有更显著的调节效应，激励性规制对资源化利用行为更具调节作用，引导性规制对污染防治行为具有综合调节效应。4）据此，提出加强对市场激励性规制和村规民约等非正式制度手段的应用，充分考虑养殖户对生猪养殖的依赖性及其污染防治的行为控制能力，兼用引导弃养、产业转移扶持和警示惩戒手段等促进生猪规模养殖污染防治的建议。
关键词:心理认知/
环境规制/
生猪规模养殖户/
污染防治行为/
结构方程模型
Abstract:Large-scale rearing of pigs, with family members as the main labor force, is an important mode of pig production in China. The characteristics of pollution caused by this breeding model are dispersion, publicity and difficulty in locating polluters, all of which collectively weaken the effect of existing policies and regulations of pollution control. Interestingly, however, current policies and regulations target large-scale pig farming done at company level and pig breeding communities in the country, while pig farming at family level is left largely unrestrained. Conversely, the pollution caused by the mostly unchecked family-oriented pig farming has become a challenge to sustainable rural development. This paper aimed to illustrate the factors responsible for pollution prevention behavior of farmers and to provide effective recommendations to the government to better control pollution from family-oriented pig farming. In this paper, the pollution prevention and control behavior of pig breeders were divided into two categories-harmless treatment and resource utilization behavior. The research utilized a sample of 406 households engaged in pig rearing in Fujian Province, China. An empirical study was conducted to explain how farmer psychological cognition impacted pollution prevention and control behavior using Structural Equation Model. The moderating effect of environmental regulation on respondent psychological cognition and pollution control behavior was examined using Multi-Level Regression Model. The results showed that respondent pollution prevention and control behavior was positively impacted by individual psychological cognition, moderated by environmental regulations. The decisions of pollution prevention and control behaviors of farmers were due to the cognitions of responsibility, ecological rationality, and self-assessment of own pollution control ability. The decisions were also referenced from the actions of other farmers, government regulation and from non-farmer groups, and it was also a rational choice to avoid risks. Incentive and guidance measures worked hand in hand with restrictive environmental regulation in the sense that restrictive regulatory measures had a more significant effect on harmless treatment behaviors. The incentive regulation had a more important effect on resource utilization behavior. Then guidance regulation had significant regulation effect on both harmless treatment and resource utilization behaviors. To promote pollution prevention and control of family-oriented scale pig farming, this paper advised the strengthening of the application of market incentives regulation and village social capital to regulate farmer pollution prevention behavior. It was necessary for pollution control to give a full consideration to farmer dependence on rear pigs and behavior control ability. It was also advanced to guide farmers giving up pig farming in a reasonable way through strengthening industry transfer support and using warning and punishment measures.
Key words:Psychological cognition/
Environmental regulation/
Family-oriented pig breeding/
Pollution prevention and control behavior/
Structural equation modeling

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图1生猪规模养殖户污染防治行为的心理认知及环境规制影响效应的研究模型
Figure1.Research model of effect of psychological cognition and environmental regulation on farmers' pollution control behaviors

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图2修正后的心理认知对污染防治行为影响效应的结构方程模型路径图
ATT、SN、PBC、PRF、ITB、RUB等的意义见表 2。Meanings of abbreviations are shown in the table 2.
Figure2.Path diagram of the modified structural equation model effect of psychological cognition on pollution control behavior

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表1样本养殖户的个体特征及养殖的基本情况描述
Table1.Individual characteristics of sample pig farmers and description of the basic situation of pig farming

项目 Item	类别 Category	百分比 Percent (%)
性别 Sex	男Man	86.21
性别 Sex	女Woman	13.79
受教育水平 Education	小学及以下Primary school or below	39.66
	初中Junior high school	42.86
	高中(中专) Senior high school	13.79
	高中(中专) Senior high school	13.79
	大学及以上University or above	3.69
是否村干部 Whether the village cadres	是Yes	76.11
	否No	23.89
	否No	23.89
养殖规模(头) Farming scale (pig)	≤100	20.69
	101~250	33.50
	251~500	27.09
	501~1 500	10.84
	≥1 501	7.88
年龄Age	≤30	3.94
	31~40	18.97
	41~50	42.12
	51~60	27.59
	≥61	7.38
养殖年限 Breeding year (a)	1~5	8.87
	6~10	27.83
	11~15	33.00
	16~20	22.42
	≥21	7.88
养猪年净收入 Annual net income of farming (×10⁴￥)	≤5	29.31
	6~10	25.62
	11~20	26.60
	21~30	7.39
	≥31	11.08

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表2养殖户污染防治行为及其心理认知、环境规制的变量说明与统计
Table2.Variables and statistics of pig farmers' pollution control behaviors and their psychological cognition and environmental regulation

潜变量 Latent variable	变量维度 Variable dimension	测量项目 Measure item	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
污染防治行为 Pollution control behavior (BEH)	无害化处理 Harmless disposal (ITB)	采用干清粪养殖方式Using dry feces farming (ITB 1)	2.273	1.410
		建有适应养殖规模的沼气系统设施 Having biogas system meeting the breeding scale (ITB 2)	3.190	1.519
		猪尿及污水经好氧处理后排放 Pig urine and sewage are discharged after aerobic treatment (ITB 3)	2.281	1.504
	资源化利用 Recycling utilization (RUB)	生猪养殖废弃物饲料化利用Breeding waste is used as fodder (RUB1)	2.235	1.459
		生猪养殖废弃物肥料化利用Breeding waste is used as fertilizer (RUB2)	3.285	1.492
		生猪养殖废弃物能源化利用Breeding waste is used as energy (RUB3)	3.354	1.422
污染防治意愿 Pollution control behavioral intention (BI)	目标意向 Target intention	愿意对粪污进行资源化利用Willing to use the fecal as resources (BI1)	3.421	1.248
	目标意向 Target intention	愿意采纳粪污无害化处理技术Willing to adopt fecal treatment technology (BI2)	3.397	1.297
	执行意向 Execution intention	愿意参加养猪污染防治技术培训 Willing to participate in the technology training (BI3)	3.441	1.199
		愿意进行养猪废弃物污染防治治理投资 Willing to investment in pollution control (BI4)	3.303	1.247
		愿意付出精力和时间进行粪污污染防治 Willing to pay effort and time to carry out pollution control (BI5)	2.966	1.387
行为态度 Behavioral attitude (ATT)	生态理性 Ecological rationality	开展养猪污染防治很有必要It is necessary to carry out pollution control (ATT1)	4.160	0.944
	生态理性 Ecological rationality	养猪会对环境造成严重污染Pigs cause serious environmental pollution (ATT2)	4.032	1.202
	责任意识 Responsibility	养猪户应该是养猪污染治理的主体 Pig farmers are responsible for pollution control (ATT3)	3.515	1.014
	责任意识 Responsibility	养猪户采取防治行为对环境保护很有必要 Pig farmers should take action to protect environment (ATT4)	3.844	0.993
主观规范 Subjective norms (SN)	邻里压力 Neighborhood pressure	村里非养殖户建议应该进行养猪污染治理 Non-pig farmers suggest to control the pollution (SN1)	2.618	1.094
	参照效应 Reference effect	其他养殖户采取污染治理行为, 自己也会采取 If other pig farmers take pollution control behavior, I will take too (SN2)	3.764	1.223
	政策压力 Policy pressure	政府部门建议应该采取污染防治行为 Government departments suggest to control the pollution (SN3)	3.879	0.994
知觉行为控制 Behavioral perception control (PBC)	经济条件 Financial ability	具备采取养殖污染防治行为的经济条件 Having the financial ability to take pollution control behavior (PBC1)	2.825	1.052
	技术能力 Technical skills	掌握养殖污染防治的相关知识或技术 Having the knowledge or technology of breeding pollution control (PBC2)	2.897	1.079
	自我效能 Self-efficacy	进行污染防治能改善养殖污染 Pollution control can improve breeding environment (PBC3)	3.064	1.315
环境风险感知 Environmental risk perception (PRF)	问题感知 Problem perception	生猪养殖造成的环境污染已较为严重 Pig farming has caused serious pollution (PRF1)	4.160	0.944
	损失感知 Risk perception	养殖污染会造成人体健康危害或经济利益损失 Pollution can cause harm to human health or economic benefits (PRF2)	2.564	1.176
	政策感知 Policy perception	我很了解政府关于养殖污染治理的政策措施 I understand the government’s policy on pollution control (PRF3)	2.744	1.171
引导性规制 Guidance regulation (LER)	宣传教育 Publicity and education	环境保护和治理的宣传教育效果 Effect of publicity and education for pollution control (LER 1)	3.229	1.081
引导性规制 Guidance regulation (LER)	引导转业 Guide for other jobs	放弃养猪重新找谋生渠道的难度 Difficulty of giving up pig breeding to find other works (LER2)	1.980	1.530
激励性规制 Incentive regulation (IER)	粪肥消纳交易 Manure consumption	粪肥消纳交易便利程度 Convenience of the manure disposal (IER1)	2.532	1.319
	治污补贴 Pollution subsidies	养猪污染防治的补贴合理程度 Reasonability of pollution subsidies (ER2)	2.345	1.267
	技术推广 Technology promotion	养殖污染防治技术推广指导水平 Effect of pollution control technology promotion (IER 3)	3.067	1.170
约束性规制 Binding regulation (BER)	村规民约 Village regulations	村里禁止粪污直接排放规定的强度 Rules of prohibits fecal direct emissions (BER 1)	2.910	1.151
	限量养殖管制 Breeding quantity control	周边因环保被关闭或拆除的猪场数量 Number of pig farms that are closed or removed by governments (BER2)	3.628	1.215
	排放技术标准 Emission standards	达标或零排放标准执行力度 Enforcement of compliance or zero emission standards (BER3)	2.596	1.185

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表3污染防治行为及心理认知变量数据的信度与效度检验分析结果
Table3.Reliability and validity test results of pollution control behaviors and psychological cognitive variables

潜变量 Latent variable	方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate	Cronbach的α值 Cronbach’ α	组合信度 Combination reliability	平均提炼方差 Mean refining variance
无害化处理行为 Harmless disposal behavior	28.458	0.674	0.851	0.535
资源化利用行为 Recycling utilization behavior	38.382	0.686	0.758	0.594
防治意愿 Behavioral intention	47.050	0.895	0.890	0.619
行为态度 Attitude of behavior	55.000	0.531	0.695	0.533
主观规范 Subjective norm	62.277	0.878	0.882	0.714
知觉行为控制 Perception behavior control	67.276	0.732	0.732	0.478
环境风险感知 Environmental risk perception	71.667	0.787	0.790	0.557

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表4结构方程模型整体适配度的评价指标体系及拟合结果
Table4.Evaluation index system and the fitting results of Structure Equation Model

整体模型适配度指数 Overall model fit measure index	统计检验量 Statistical test quantity	建议值 Suggestive value	初步模型 Rudimentary model	最终模型 Final model
绝对指数 Absolute index	χ²/df	< 3.00	2.047	1.824
	RMR	< 0.08	0.100	0.086
	RMSEA	< 0.08	0.051	0.045
	GFI	> 0.09	0.915	0.929
	AGFI	> 0.09	0.891	0.906
增值指数 Appreciation index	NFI	> 0.09	0.896	0.910
	RFI	> 0.09	0.879	0.892
	CFI	> 0.09	0.944	0.957
简约指数 Contracted index	PCFI	> 0.05	0.809	0.708
	PNFI	> 0.05	0.768	0.795
	AIC	????同时小于独立模型值和饱和模型值 ????Less than values of independent model and standard model	515.4, 506, 3 964.3	472.1, 506.0, 3 946.3
	CAIC	????同时小于独立模型值和饱和模型值 ????Less than values of independent model and standard model	790.7, 1 772.6, 4 056.5	772.5, 1 772.6, 4 056.5
???χ²/df为卡方值与自由度的比值, RMR为残差均方根, RMSEA为近似误差均方根, GFI为拟合优度, AGFI为调整拟合优度, NFI、RFI、CFI分别为规范拟合、相对拟合、比较拟合指标, PCFI为简约比较拟合, PNFI为简约规范拟合指标, AIC为赤池信息准则, CAIC为一致赤池信息准则。χ²/df is the ratio of chi-square value to the degree of freedom; RMR is the root mean square residual; RMSEA is the root mean square error of approximation; GFI is the goodness of fit; AGFI is the adjusted goodness of fit; NFI, RFI, CFI respectively represent the norm fit, the relative fit and the comparison fit index; PCFI is the parsimony comparison fit index; PNFI is the parsimony norm fit index; AIC is the Akaike’s information criterion; CAIC is the consistent Akaike’s information criterion.

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表5心理认知对污染防治行为影响效应的结构方程模型回归结果
Table5.Structural equation model regression of effect of psychological cognition on pollution control behavior

路径 Path	非标准化系数 Non-standardized coefficient	标准误差 Standard error	临界比率值 Value of critical ratio	标准化系数 Standardized coefficient	显著性 Significance level
ATT→BI	0.164	0.078	2.105	0.125	0.035
SN→BI	0.301	0.056	5.334	0.284	***
PBC→BI	0.337	0.073	4.616	0.268	***
PRF→BI	0.346	0.065	5.357	0.307	***
BI→ITB	0.512	0.071	7.197	0.501	***
PBC→ITB	0.202	0.08	2.524	0.157	0.012
PRF→ITB	0.261	0.071	3.662	0.226	***
BI→RUB	0.608	0.078	7.782	0.549	***
PBC→RUB	0.029	0.083	0.345	0.021	0.730
PRF→RUB	0.180	0.075	2.405	0.144	0.016
??“路径”列中的缩写意义见表 2。^、^、^*分别表示10%、5%、1%水平显著。Meanings of abbreviations in the column of “Path” are shown in the Table 2. ^, ^ and ^* mean significant effects of the variables at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.

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表6心理认知对生猪规模养殖户污染防治行为的影响效应
Table6.Effects of various factors on the pollution control behaviors of pig farmers

变量 Variable	BI		ATT		SN		PBC		PRF
变量 Variable	直接 Direct	间接 Indirect	直接 Direct	间接 Indirect	直接 Direct	间接 Indirect	直接 Direct	间接 Indirect	直接 Direct	间接 Indirect
BI	—	—	0.125		0.284	—	0.268	—	0.307	—
ITB	0.501	—	—	0.063	—	0.142	0.157	0.134	0.226	0.380
RUB	0.549	—	—	0.069	—	0.156	—	—	0.144	0.312
??变量缩写的意义见表 2。—表示心理认知变量对相应污染防治行为或意向不具有影响效应或显著影响效应。Meanings of abbreviations in this table are shown in the Table 2. In the table, — means no significant effect of cognitive variables on the pollution control behaviors or behavior intentions.

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表7环境规制变量对污染防治行为的调节效应检验结果
Table7.Test results of regulatory effects of environmental regulation on pollution control behavior

变量 Variable	无害化处理行为Harmless disposal behavior			资源化利用行为Recycling utilization behavior
变量 Variable	模型1 Model 1	模型2 Model 2	模型3 Model 3	模型1 Model 1	模型2 Model2	模型3 Model 3
BI	0.583^***	0.292^***	0.222	0.659^***	0.322^***	0.347^***
LER1		0.400^***	0.123^*		0.471^***	0.314^***
LER2		-1.994^***	-0.174^**		-0.190^***	-0.143^***
IER1		0.130^***	0.067		0.017^***	0.031^***
IER2		0.031^**	0.036^***		-0.095^***	-0.197^***
IER3		-0.090^**	-0.080		-0.104^***	-0.182^***
BER1		0.110^***	0.038^***		0.032^***	0.130^**
BER2		0.014^***	0.071		0.063	0.329
BER3		0.434^***	0.037^*		0.052^***	0.295^*
BIxLER1			0.083^***			0.047^**
BIxLER2			-0.007^**			-0.015^**
BIxIER1			0.020			0.027^***
BIxIER2			0.022			0.052^*
BIxIER3			-0.004^***			-0.224
BIxBER1			0.020^***			0.003^***
BIxBER2			0.011^**			-0.077
BIxBER3			-0.025			0.070
F-statistic	154.7^***	175.4^***	122.3^***	103.6^***	187.5^***	104.8^***
调整R² Adjusted R²	0.277	0.665	0.587	0.559	0.665	0.595
??变量缩写的意义见表 2。表中^、^、^*分别表示在10%、5%和1%的水平上通过了显著性检验。Meanings of abbreviations in the column of Variable are shown in the Table 2. ^, ^ and ^* mean significant effects of the variables at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.

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