摘要:中小尺度强对流天气具有极强的破坏力，了解其气候学特征对于预测、预报和影响评价都具有实际意义。利用1961~2015年的2332个高密度逐月国家级气象站观测资料，分析了中国大陆3种常见中小尺度强对流天气（雷暴、闪电、冰雹）在年、季、月尺度上发生日数的时间变化规律和空间分布特征。结果表明：全国年平均雷暴、闪电和冰雹发生频率分别为39.23 d/a、20.56 d/a和1.07 d/a；雷暴和闪电主要发生在夏季3个月，雷暴日数7月最多，闪电日数8月最多；冰雹主要发生每年5~9月，6月发生频率最高；雷暴和闪电的高发区分布基本一致，主要集中在华南和西南，青藏高原也是雷暴的高发区域之一；冰雹的高发区主要集中在青藏高原、内蒙古高原东部以及中西部山地，而东南沿海地区发生频率则较低。进一步分析发现，我国雷暴和冰雹出现频率随海拔高度增加而明显增加，冰雹和海拔高度有更好的对应关系，二者增加速率分别为2.87 d/500 m和1.80 d/500 m，表明地势高度对这两种强对流天气形成和发展具有重要影响。
关键词:中小尺度强对流/
雷暴/
闪电/
冰雹/
地形/
气候学特征
Abstract:Meso-scale and micro-scale strong convective weather events usually contain a great destructive power. Understanding climatological characteristics of strong convective weather events is of great importance for forecast, prediction and impact assessment of convective weather. In this paper, a newly developed dataset of meso-scale and micro-scale strong convective weather events in China that includes observations at 2332 national weather stations for the period of 1961-2015 is used to reanalyze the climatological characteristics of strong convective weather events (thunderstorms, lightnings, hails) on annual, seasonal, and monthly scales in China. The results show that the occurrence frequencies of thunderstorm, lightning, and hail are 39.23 d/a, 20.56 d/a, and 1.07 d/a, respectively. Thunderstorms and lightnings mainly occur in the summer, while most of the thunderstorms occur in July and most of lightnings occur in August. Hails mainly occurr between May and September, and the highest frequency occurs in June. Areas with high frequency of thunderstorms are similar to those with high frequency of lightnings, which are mainly located in southern and southwestern China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The occurrence frequency of hail is closely related to topography, and areas with high frequency of hail are mainly distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the mountainous areas of central and western China, while the southeastern coastal areas have lower frequency than other areas. In addition, hail and thunderstorm increase significantly with elevation, especially hail, and the increase rates are 2.87 d/500 m and 1.80 d/500 m, respectively. It is found that elevation has important influences on the formation and development of these two types of strong convective weather.
Key words:Meso-scale and micro-scale strong convective weather event/
Thunderstorm/
Lightning/
Hail/
Topography/
Climatological characteristics
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