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辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下温室番茄生长与水肥利用研究

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

魏晓然, 程瑞锋, 杨其长, 和永康, 张晨. 辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下温室番茄生长与水肥利用研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(18): 3531-3541 https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.009
WEI XiaoRan, CHENG RuiFeng, YANG QiChang, HE YongKang, ZHANG Chen. Research of the Irrigation Mode Controlled by Cumulative Radiation on Tomato Growth and Water and Fertilizer Utilization in Greenhouse[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3531-3541 https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.009

0 引言

【研究意义】番茄是我国广泛栽培的蔬菜种类之一,温室栽培主要在冬季和春季种植,因为其口感好,富含很多对人体有益的营养物质,如番茄红素、维生素A等,还具有抗癌及预防早期癌细胞扩散的功能[1,2]。水肥是影响番茄生长的重要物质基础,但长期以来,设施番茄土壤栽培一直采用“粪大水勤,不用问人”的水肥管理模式,不但造成水肥的大量浪费,而且对番茄生长不利[3,4,5,6]。无土栽培在日光温室番茄栽培中应用越来越普遍,合理的灌溉模式和灌溉量不但能够确保根区有充足的水肥供应,促进番茄的生长,而且能减少水肥的浪费,防止基质盐分过多,是获得日光温室番茄优质高产的重要保证[4,5,6,7,8,9]。因此,日光温室中番茄无土栽培的营养液灌溉模式和灌溉量研究具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】在国内外设施栽培过程中,灌溉模式和灌溉量对番茄生长和水肥利用的影响已有大量研究。蒸发皿水面蒸发量Epan(Ep)为参数估算灌溉量的模式,在温室中已经广泛应用,而用能量平衡法估算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET0是以能量平衡方程为基础,当用波纹(Bowen,1926)比β表示显热与潜热之间的比例关系时,参考作物蒸发蒸腾量公式为:
ET0=Rn/(1+β)
式中,Rn为太阳辐射累积量(kJ·m-2[10,11,12,13,14]。研究认为,水肥灌溉量要与日光温室番茄生长的需求量相匹配,生长过程中水肥需求量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,开花坐果阶段是水肥需求的旺盛期,充足的供给是番茄健康生长的重要保证。而在番茄无土栽培中,灌水上限在85%—90%间有利于番茄的生长,是较为理想的温室番茄开花坐果期灌溉上限指标,水分过高或过低都对番茄生长不利,同时不利于水分利用效率的提高[15,16,17,18,19,20]。当前研究大多是基于环境因子的灌溉模式,这些环境因子都与番茄的蒸腾作用密切联系,如光辐射、饱和蒸汽压差、基质电导率等[12-13,21-22],而且研究表明,影响蒸腾作用的主要环境因子是光辐射,占到70%[13],其在很大程度上影响甚至直接决定日光温室内光温环境,还会引起番茄养分吸收量的改变,光辐射与养分之间存在“光肥平衡”关系[23]。因而辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式更加符合番茄对水分和养分的需求规律。【本研究切入点】内嵌基质土垄栽培(图1)是日光温室中一种新型无土栽培方法[24],这种栽培方法能限制根系空间,减少水肥资源投入,同时结合滴灌系统使用,能有效提高水肥利用率,而且冬季保温性能优越。但是此种栽培方法底部铺有地膜,且日光温室中多采用常规灌溉,水肥的供给与番茄的需求不匹配,多余的水肥容易淤积在基质里,造成作物根部的腐烂。目前,在内嵌基质土垄栽培条件下,日光温室中合理的灌溉模式和灌溉量尚需进一步研究,尤其是与常规灌溉模式相比,采用辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式,对促进番茄的生长以及水肥利用效能的影响尚不明确。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验采用辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式,在内嵌基质土垄栽培条件下,利用水肥一体机进行自动化营养液滴灌。针对番茄花期和坐果期采取不同的灌溉量,研究了其对番茄生长以及水肥利用的影响,以探讨日光温室番茄生产的营养液灌溉模式和灌溉量,并为进一步建立日光温室中合理的灌溉制度提供技术理论支持。
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图1内嵌基质土垄栽培示意图
-->Fig. 1Schematic diagram of soil ridge substrate-embedded cultivation method
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1 材料及方法

1.1 试验地点及材料

试验在北京市顺义区大孙各庄镇的节能型日光温室(40°13′N,116°65′E)中进行,温室长60 m,跨度8 m,脊高3.8 m,前屋面选用防水无滴膜覆盖,后墙为砖墙。试验区在日光温室东半侧进行,供试番茄品种为“丰收”杂交种,由瑞克斯旺(中国)种业提供。栽培基质为配制的复合基质,前期育苗和后期定植为同一配方,体积比为草炭﹕蛭石﹕珍珠岩=1﹕1﹕1;基质袋为无土栽培专用袋,规格为100 cm×20 cm×12 cm,材质为外白内黑的PE薄膜。

1.2 试验设计

试验于2017年8月20日进行番茄育苗,9月7日当番茄处于“两叶一心”时开始定植,双行栽培,试验区两侧分别有两垄保护行。根据番茄的生育特点,将番茄分为苗期(2017年9月7日至10月20日)、花期(2017年10月21日至11月13日)、坐果期(2017年11月14日至12月11日)和采收期(2017年12月12日至2018年2月5日),试验时段为番茄花期和坐果期,采收期留4穗果后打顶。
1.2.1 栽培方式 试验选定内嵌基质土垄栽培,垄距为1.6 m,垄下宽80 cm,上宽25 cm,高20 cm;内嵌基质袋长1 m,宽20 cm,高12 cm,每个基质袋定植4株,株距25 cm,每垄5个基质袋,共定植20株苗,种植密度为25 000株/hm2。基质袋下方开孔,有废液回收槽,回收槽的长度为5.5 m,用于回收废液,废液回收槽从北往南有一定坡度,且最南端连接收集桶,具体栽培方式如下图1
1.2.2 灌溉模式 试验灌溉模式设常规灌溉(CK)和辐射累积量控制的灌溉(T1、T2、T3),共4个处理,3次重复,其中处理T1、T2和T3在番茄不同生育期采取不同的灌溉量。常规灌溉采用传统的滴灌设备,按照时间间隔定时进行灌溉。
辐射累积量控制的灌溉采用水肥一体机进行,水肥一体机连接有太阳辐射传感器,太阳辐射传感器距离温室地面2.0 m,距离后墙4.5 m。试验根据文献[25]和温室光照情况设定辐射累积阈值1 600 kJ·m-2,达到阈值时水肥一体机开始启动。
试验各处理均采用营养液滴灌,每垄布置一条滴灌管,滴灌管直径20 mm,滴箭间距25 cm,每个处理的滴灌管和滴箭规格相同,滴箭都位于植株根区附近,具体试验布置如下图2
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图2试验布置示意图
-->Fig. 2Schematic diagram of experiment arrangement
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1.2.3 灌溉量 试验为确保幼苗的成活率,定植后各处理均进行一次灌溉,使基质完全浸湿。苗期和采收期各处理采用相同的灌溉量,每天灌溉量分别为4.3和12.5 m3·hm-2,总灌溉量为179.3和700.0 m3·hm-2。试验开始后,处理CK从8:00—16:00,每隔1 h灌溉一次,花期和坐果期每次灌溉量分别为1.3和2.3 m3·hm-2,总灌溉量为319.3和445.8 m3·hm-2。处理T1为低灌溉量,处理T2为中灌溉量,处理T3为高灌溉量,3个处理花期每次灌溉量分别为2.0、2.3和2.5 m3·hm-2,总灌溉量为199.8、229.0 和258.3 m3·hm-2;坐果期每次灌溉量分别为2.3、2.5和3.5 m3·hm-2,总灌溉量为264.8、304.0和399.8 m3·hm-2
营养液浓度按照日光温室传统经验配方管理,EC=2.2 dS·m-1,pH=5.8。相比于处理CK,处理T1、T2、T3营养液灌溉量分别减少了39.3%、30.3%、14.0%,具体灌溉量及养分用量如下表1
Table 1
表1
表1灌溉量及养分用量
Table 1The irrigation amounts and nutrient rates
时期
Time
处理
Treatment
每次灌溉量
Each irrigation amount (m3·hm-2)
总灌溉量
Total irrigation amount (m3·hm-2)
施肥量 Nutrient rates(kg·hm-2
NP2O5K2O
花期
Flowering stage
CK1.3319.351.828.983.1
T12.0199.832.418.152.0
T22.3229.037.220.859.6
T32.5258.341.923.467.2
坐果期
Fruit-set stage
CK2.3445.872.340.4116.1
T12.3264.843.024.068.9
T22.5304.049.327.679.1
T33.5399.864.836.2104.1


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1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 基质水分含量测定 采用国产基质专用高精度湿度传感器(TM-JZ01)测量基质水分含量,插在根区附近,距离滴箭10 cm。基质水分含量采用多点数据记录仪(YM-T16)记录,每隔10 min记录一次。
1.3.2 番茄生长指标测定 株高和茎粗:从花期开始,每个处理标记12株,每隔7 d测量基质表面到最顶部叶片叶腋处的长度,记为株高;用精度为0.01 mm的游标卡尺测量第一穗果下方3 cm处直径,记为茎粗。
1.3.3 番茄生物量 在坐果期末期(12月4日)开展破坏性测量,每个处理选取4株植株,然后在电热鼓风干燥箱(DHG-9620-A)105℃杀青30 min,在80℃烘至恒重,记录植株干重。
1.3.4 番茄产量和灌溉水分利用效率
产量:番茄成熟时,每隔7 d采收一次,记录每个处理的植株总产量。
灌溉量:每个处理滴灌灌溉的管路上都连接有旋翼式水表(LXS-25E),用于记录每个处理的灌溉量。
灌溉水分利用效率:灌溉水分利用效率的计算公式为:
IWUE=Y/I
式中,IWUE(irrigation water use efficiency)为灌溉水分利用效率(kg·m-3);Y为植株产量(kg);I为灌溉量(m3)。

1.4 数据处理及统计分析

方差分析采用SPSS 18数据处理软件,不同处理间的多重比较采用Duncan法,图表中不同小写字母表示在α=0.05水平下差异显著(P=0.05),数据统计和作图采用Excel 2010和GraphPad软件。

2 结果

2.1 不同处理的基质水分含量变化

图3图4分别为连续阴天和晴天基质水分含量变化情况,11月13日灌溉量增加导致基质水分含量增加。由图可知,不同处理的基质水分含量都有差异,处理CK>T3>T2>T1,表明灌溉量越多,基质水分含量越高。阴天时处理CK基质水分含量一直在90%以上,晴天时相对较低。在一天内,基质水分含量会随灌溉的响应呈现波动,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式变化幅度更大,处理T2基质水分含量在80%上下波动。
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图3连续阴天基质水分含量变化情况(2017年11月10—16日)
-->Fig. 3Changed situation of substrate moisture content under continual overcast day(Nov.10-Nov.16, 2017)
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图4连续晴天基质水分含量变化情况(2017年12月5—11日)
-->Fig. 4Changed situation of substrate moisture content under continual sunny day(Dec.5-Dec.11, 2017)
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2.2 不同处理对番茄株高和茎粗的影响

图5可知,随着生育时期的推进,番茄株高和茎粗逐渐增大,但是不同处理间的增长率不同。在10月21日至11月10日番茄花期,处理CK、T1、T2、T3的株高增长率分别为67.3%、52.8%、75.4%、69.2%,茎粗增长率分别为47.0%、35.7%、55.3%、46.1%。在11月17日至12月15日番茄坐果期,处理CK、T1、T2、T3的株高增长率分别为46.8%、39.6%、26.3%、35.3%,茎粗增长率分别为12.7%、25.5%、13.5%、10.8%。由此可知,不同处理间的株高和茎粗增长率有差异,在花期,处理T2株高和茎粗增长率最大;在坐果期,处理CK株高增长率最大,茎粗增长率较小,而辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式株高增长率相对降低,表明这个阶段番茄的生长主要集中在果实部位。
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图5不同处理对番茄株高和茎粗的影响
-->Fig. 5Effects of different treatments on height and stem thickness of tomato plants
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2.3 不同处理对番茄生物量的影响

图6可知,与处理CK相比,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式显著提高了番茄生物量,处理T1、T2和T3分别提高了57.1%、75.3%和32.7%,其中处理T2达到102.9 g/株,显著高于其他处理。可见,相比于常规灌溉,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式显著提高了番茄的生物量,而且过多或过少的灌溉量都会抑制番茄生物量的积累。
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图6不同处理对番茄生物量的影响
-->Fig. 6Effect of different treatments on tomato biomass
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2.4 不同处理对水肥利用的影响

图7为辐射累积量控制的连续6 d灌溉模式图,12月1—3日为阴天,12月4—6日为晴天。由图可知,辐射累积阈值为1 600 kJ·m-2,每天的灌溉次数取决于一天中的总辐射值,晴天的总辐射值多于阴天,则灌溉次数多于阴天。此外,晴天时灌溉间隔的大小取决于辐射值的高低。在早晨和下午,太阳辐射较低,需要约2 h达到阈值,灌溉间隔较大,灌溉量少;在中午,太阳辐射较高,需要约1 h达到阈值,灌溉间隔较小,灌溉量大。
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图7辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式图(12月1—6日)
虚线为光辐射累积阈值

-->Fig. 7Irrigation pattern controlled by cumulative radiation (Dec.1-Dec.6)
The dotted line is cumulative solar radiation threshold

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表2为连续6 d不同处理水肥灌溉量和废液排出量情况,由表可知,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式在不同天气的灌溉量有差异,晴天的灌溉量多于阴天,而常规灌溉无差异。常规灌溉废液排出量多于辐射累积量控制的灌溉,在晴天和阴天时,处理CK的废液排出率平均值分别为28.5%和50.0%,处理T3分别为10.7%和13.7%,处理T1和T2废液排出量很少;相比于处理CK,在晴天和阴天时,处理T3的废液排出率分别减少了62.5%和72.6%。可见,相比于常规灌溉,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式有效节约了水肥,避免了水肥的浪费。
Table 2
表2
表2不同灌溉模式下番茄灌溉量和废液排出量情况
Table 2Irrigation and drainage amount of tomato under different irrigation modes
日期
Date
天气
Weather
灌溉量Irrigation amount (m3·hm-2)排出量Drainage amount (m3·hm-2)排出率Drainage ratio (%)
CKT1T2T3CKT3CKT3
Dec. 1多云Cloudy21.310.611.817.110.21.847.910.5
Dec. 2阴 Overcast20.75.87.110.310.41.250.311.8
Dec. 3阴 Overcast21.47.79.413.511.12.551.818.8
Dec. 4晴 Sunny22.79.711.816.86.42.028.312.1
Dec. 5晴 Sunny22.39.711.816.86.11.527.48.7
Dec. 6晴 Sunny22.010.711.816.86.51.929.711.4


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2.5 不同处理对产量和灌溉水分利用效率的影响

图8可知,与处理CK相比,处理T2的产量增加了14.2%,达到61.3 t·hm-2,处理T1的产量没有显著增加。从灌溉水分利用效率的角度分析,相比于处理CK,处理T1、T2和T3分别增加了26.4%、34.1%和24.3%,处理T2达到57.3 kg·m-3。可见,相比于常规灌溉,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式有利于番茄产量和灌溉水分利用效率的提高。
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图8不同处理对产量和灌溉水分利用效率的影响
-->Fig. 8Effects of different treatments on yield and irrigation water utilization efficiency
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3 讨论

3.1 辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式对基质水分含量的影响

日光温室番茄无土栽培过程中,基质水分含量对植株的生长有显著影响,所以选择合理的灌溉模式和灌溉量尤为必要。在本试验中,阴天时处理CK基质水分含量一直在90%以上,分析原因主要是阴天植株蒸腾作用较弱,需水量较少,而且基质水分传感器与滴箭距离过近造成的,晴天时植株蒸腾作用较强,需水量较多,基质水分含量显著降低。DUNWELL和夏秀波等研究表明,基质水分含量为80%时最适宜无土栽培中番茄生长[26,27]。辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式基质水分含量低于常规灌溉,在一天内随灌溉的响应呈现波动,处理T2基质水分含量一直在80%左右。

3.2 辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式对番茄株高、茎粗和生物量的影响

基质水分含量是影响株高和茎粗增长率的关键因素,而灌溉模式和灌溉量对基质水分含量有直接影响。侯加林和张燕等认为,在番茄营养生长旺盛期,过多和过少的灌溉量会抑制株高和茎粗的增长[28,29,30];WANG 等研究结果证实,在番茄坐果期过多的灌溉量会使植株越来越“瘦高”[31]。在本试验中,花期处理CK因过多的灌溉量基质水分含量过高,株高和茎粗增长缓慢,而坐果期植株形成“徒长现象”,生殖生长则减弱。处理T1因过少的灌溉量营养生长受到抑制,而花期处理T2有最高的株高和茎粗增长率,坐果期营养生长减弱,生殖生长增强,有利于果实中营养物质的积累,表明辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式对番茄营养和生殖生长有利,处理T2灌溉量最适宜。
番茄生物量的积累与基质水分含量有密切联系。WAN等[21]研究表明,基质水分过多,降低了根区氧的浓度,影响了植株酶的活性,进而影响光合作用,使植株合成有机物的能力减弱。在本试验的结果中,与处理CK相比,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式显著提高了番茄生物量。处理CK和T3基质水分含量过高,处理T1过低,都不利于番茄生物量的积累,而处理T2基质水分含量适宜,番茄生物量最高。

3.3 辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式对水肥利用的影响

番茄在不同的天气下对水肥需求状况不同,灌溉量多少受灌溉模式直接影响。HUNG等[20]研究表明,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式能满足番茄变化的水肥需求,废液的排出量较少。在本试验中,处理T3的废液排出量显著少于处理CK,处理T1和T2废液排出量很少。ALBERTO 等[8]研究表明,常规灌溉在早晨和下午时灌溉量较多,超出了番茄的水肥需求,导致大量的废液排出;中午番茄蒸腾作用较强,灌溉量不变,番茄可能遭受水压,对其生长不利。相比于晴天,阴天番茄蒸腾作用较弱,灌溉量也应该较少,而常规灌溉没有考虑天气状况,灌溉量超出了番茄的需求。本试验研究结果表明,辐射累积量控制的灌溉量取决于不同的天气状况,晴天的灌溉量显著多于阴天,而常规灌溉的灌溉量保持不变。此外,在晴天的不同时间段,辐射累积量控制的灌溉量也不同,中午的灌溉量多于早晨和下午,而常规灌溉在一天的不同时间段灌溉量相同。可见,相比于常规灌溉,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式与番茄对水肥的需求相匹配,而且节水节肥效果明显。

3.4 辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式对产量和灌溉水分利用效率的影响

灌溉模式和灌溉量对产量和灌溉水分利用效率有显著影响,前人研究认为,亏缺灌溉会抑制番茄产量的提高[32]。处理T1番茄产量显著小于处理T2和T3,表明灌溉量过少降低了番茄的产量。而蔡东升等[33]研究表明,营养液供应量的增加,会导致灌溉水分利用效率的降低。本试验中处理T1、T2和T3灌溉水分利用效率显著高于处理CK,而处理T3相比于处理T2灌溉水分利用效率显著降低,产量却没有显著增加,表明辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下处理T2是适宜灌溉量。
综合考虑番茄生长和水肥利用情况,推荐辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下,处理T2为番茄开花坐果期的参考灌溉量,灌溉量为533.0 m3·hm-2

4 结论

本研究表明,在日光温室内嵌基质土垄栽培条件下,与常规灌溉相比,辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式有利于番茄营养和生殖生长,显著提高了番茄生物量、产量和灌溉水分利用效率;辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式有效节约了水肥,避免了水肥的浪费,水肥的供给与植株的需求相匹配。其中,处理T2番茄生物量、产量、灌溉水分利用效率分别达到102.9 g/株、61.3 t·hm-2和57.3 kg·m-3,灌溉量为533.0 m3·hm-2,可作为日光温室番茄开花坐果期的参考营养液灌溉量。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

[1]王秀康, 邢英英, 张富仓. 膜下滴灌施肥番茄水肥供应量的优化研究
. 农业机械学报, 2016, 47(1): 141-150.
https://doi.org/10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.01.019URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
为揭示膜下滴灌施肥番茄对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应,基于2012-2013年田间随机分块试验,采用Tukey HSD方差分析方法研究了不同水肥供应对番茄生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响,进一步采用多元回归分析确定温室番茄田间管理推荐的灌水量和施肥量.结果表明,在2012年,移植后23 d,灌水量和施肥量对番茄株高影响极显著,水肥交互作用对番茄株高影响显著;在整个生育期,番茄茎粗与施肥量差异显著;不同灌水处理之间平均叶片扩展速率无显著性差异,叶片扩展速率对施肥处理的敏感性大于灌水处理;干物质积累量与施肥量和灌水量均正相关,施肥量对番茄干物质积累量影响显著,施肥对番茄干物质积累量的影响大于灌水;灌水和施肥对番茄产量影响显著,水肥交互作用对番茄产量影响极显著,在2012年,W1(100%ET0)处理的番茄平均产量最大,比W2(75%ET0)、W3 (50% ETo)处理分别高5.99%和13.54%,番茄果数与产量呈正相关关系,单果质量与番茄产量无相关关系;灌水量对番茄水分利用效率的影响极显著,作物耗水量与灌水量正相关,与施肥量无显著性关系,施肥对作物耗水有促进作用.根据2年田间试验结果,综合考虑番茄产量和水分利用效率,推荐番茄灌水量为151.12~207.76 mm,施肥量为453.58~461.08 kg/hm2,其中,氮肥用量为213.45 ~ 216.98 kg/hm2,磷肥用量为106.72~108.49 kg/hm2,钾肥用量为133.41~135.61 kg/hm2.
WANG X K, XING Y Y, ZHANG F C.Optimal amount of irrigation and fertilization under drip fertigation for tomato
. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2016, 47(1): 141-150. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.01.019URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
为揭示膜下滴灌施肥番茄对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应,基于2012-2013年田间随机分块试验,采用Tukey HSD方差分析方法研究了不同水肥供应对番茄生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响,进一步采用多元回归分析确定温室番茄田间管理推荐的灌水量和施肥量.结果表明,在2012年,移植后23 d,灌水量和施肥量对番茄株高影响极显著,水肥交互作用对番茄株高影响显著;在整个生育期,番茄茎粗与施肥量差异显著;不同灌水处理之间平均叶片扩展速率无显著性差异,叶片扩展速率对施肥处理的敏感性大于灌水处理;干物质积累量与施肥量和灌水量均正相关,施肥量对番茄干物质积累量影响显著,施肥对番茄干物质积累量的影响大于灌水;灌水和施肥对番茄产量影响显著,水肥交互作用对番茄产量影响极显著,在2012年,W1(100%ET0)处理的番茄平均产量最大,比W2(75%ET0)、W3 (50% ETo)处理分别高5.99%和13.54%,番茄果数与产量呈正相关关系,单果质量与番茄产量无相关关系;灌水量对番茄水分利用效率的影响极显著,作物耗水量与灌水量正相关,与施肥量无显著性关系,施肥对作物耗水有促进作用.根据2年田间试验结果,综合考虑番茄产量和水分利用效率,推荐番茄灌水量为151.12~207.76 mm,施肥量为453.58~461.08 kg/hm2,其中,氮肥用量为213.45 ~ 216.98 kg/hm2,磷肥用量为106.72~108.49 kg/hm2,钾肥用量为133.41~135.61 kg/hm2.
[2]邢英英, 张富仓, 吴立峰, 范军亮, 张燕, 李静. 基于番茄产量品质水肥利用效率确定适宜滴灌灌水施肥量
. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(增刊 1): 110-121.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.z1.014URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
研究滴灌施肥条件下水肥组合对温室番茄根系生长、产量品质和水肥利用效率的影响,并运用多元回归分析和空间分析相结合的方法,寻求满足单目标最大的灌水施肥制度,以及综合评价产量品质和水分利用效率的水肥调控效应,提出同时满足高产优质高效的最接近的灌水施肥制度。通过小区试验,设灌水和施肥(N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,3个滴灌水量(高水:100%ET0、中水:75%ET0、低水:50%ET0,ET0是参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)和3个施肥水平(高肥:240-120-150 kg/hm2、中肥:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、低肥:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,番茄产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和品质受灌水和施肥影响显著。产量与灌水量和施肥量正相关;减小灌水量和增大施肥量,水分利用效率增大;增大灌水量和降低施肥量,肥料偏生产力增大。维生素C和番茄红素随施肥量的增加先增大后降低(中水除外),可溶性糖随施肥量增加而降低(中肥除外),可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别在中水与低水、高水与低水之间差异显著(P0.05)。根质量、根长、根表面积及根体积与产量有显著的线性正相关关系。通过多元回归分析和空间分析得出,灌水量为159 mm,施肥量为479.4、404.4和382.8 kg/hm2时,水分利用效率、番茄红素和糖酸比最大;灌水量为279 mm,施肥量为510 kg/hm2时,产量最大;灌水量为262 mm,施肥量为225 kg/hm2时,肥料偏生产力最大。产量和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的灌水施肥区间大约为210~230 mm和385~453 kg/hm2,产量、水分利用效率和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的最接近灌水施肥区间为198~208 mm和442~480 kg/hm2。此研究为当地温室番茄滴灌施肥生产过程中水肥科学管理提供指导依据。
XING Y Y, ZHANG F C, WU L F, FAN J L, ZHANG Y, LI J.Determination of optimal amount of irrigation and fertilizer under drip fertigated system based on tomato yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency
. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(Suppl.1): 110-121. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.z1.014URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
研究滴灌施肥条件下水肥组合对温室番茄根系生长、产量品质和水肥利用效率的影响,并运用多元回归分析和空间分析相结合的方法,寻求满足单目标最大的灌水施肥制度,以及综合评价产量品质和水分利用效率的水肥调控效应,提出同时满足高产优质高效的最接近的灌水施肥制度。通过小区试验,设灌水和施肥(N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,3个滴灌水量(高水:100%ET0、中水:75%ET0、低水:50%ET0,ET0是参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)和3个施肥水平(高肥:240-120-150 kg/hm2、中肥:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、低肥:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,番茄产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和品质受灌水和施肥影响显著。产量与灌水量和施肥量正相关;减小灌水量和增大施肥量,水分利用效率增大;增大灌水量和降低施肥量,肥料偏生产力增大。维生素C和番茄红素随施肥量的增加先增大后降低(中水除外),可溶性糖随施肥量增加而降低(中肥除外),可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别在中水与低水、高水与低水之间差异显著(P0.05)。根质量、根长、根表面积及根体积与产量有显著的线性正相关关系。通过多元回归分析和空间分析得出,灌水量为159 mm,施肥量为479.4、404.4和382.8 kg/hm2时,水分利用效率、番茄红素和糖酸比最大;灌水量为279 mm,施肥量为510 kg/hm2时,产量最大;灌水量为262 mm,施肥量为225 kg/hm2时,肥料偏生产力最大。产量和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的灌水施肥区间大约为210~230 mm和385~453 kg/hm2,产量、水分利用效率和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的最接近灌水施肥区间为198~208 mm和442~480 kg/hm2。此研究为当地温室番茄滴灌施肥生产过程中水肥科学管理提供指导依据。
[3]王鹏勃, 李建明, 丁娟娟, 刘国英, 潘铜华, 杜清洁, 常毅博.水肥耦合对温室袋培番茄品质、产量及水分利用效率的影响
. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(2): 314-323.
https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.11URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
【目的】探讨水分和肥料与温室袋培番茄品质、产量及水分利用效率关系,为温室袋培番茄的高效生产提供科学依据。【方法】在温室条件下,以番茄品种‘金棚1号’为试材,研究水肥耦合对温室袋培番茄品质、产量和水分利用效率的影响,同时基于主成分分析方法对番茄品质做多目标综合评价,最后分析不同处理番茄生产的成本和经济收益。【结果】单株施肥量、灌水量以及水肥交互作用对番茄各品质指标影响不同。在相同水分条件下,番茄果实中硝酸盐和可溶性蛋白含量随着肥料浓度的升高而增加,而Vc、番茄红素以及可溶性糖含量却呈现先增加后减少的趋势;在相同肥料浓度下,随着基质含水量的增加番茄果实中硝酸盐、Vc、可溶性蛋白、以及可溶性糖等含量逐渐降低,表现为"稀释效应",番茄红素的含量则在中水处理下较高;在单株施肥量一定的条件下,其产量随着灌水量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而在单株灌水量一定的条件下,产量随着施肥量的增加同样呈现抛物线趋势,施肥量、灌水量以及水肥交互作用对番茄产量的影响都达到了极显著水平,其影响大小顺序为水分作用〉肥料作用〉水肥交互作用;在同一施肥水平下,袋式栽培番茄灌溉水分利用效率随着单株灌水量的升高而降低,在同一灌水量水平下,灌溉水分利用效率随着施肥量的增加呈抛物线趋势,施肥量和灌水量作为单一因子对灌溉水分利用效率的影响极显著,且水分作用〉肥料作用,而水肥交互作用对水分利用效率的影响不显著;高肥高水处理的净收益最高,为4.98元/株,与中肥中水处理(4.86元/株)、高肥中水(4.84元/株)以及中肥高水(4.80元/株)之间无显著性差异;而低肥低水处理的净收益为3.33元/株,显著低于其他处理。【结论】综合考虑品质、产量、水分利用效率、资源节约以
WANG P B, LI J M, DING J J, LIU G Y, PAN T H, DU Q J, CHANG Y B.Effect of water and fertilizer coupling on quality, yield and water use efficiency of tomato cultivated by organic substrate in bag
. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(2): 314-323. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.11URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
【目的】探讨水分和肥料与温室袋培番茄品质、产量及水分利用效率关系,为温室袋培番茄的高效生产提供科学依据。【方法】在温室条件下,以番茄品种‘金棚1号’为试材,研究水肥耦合对温室袋培番茄品质、产量和水分利用效率的影响,同时基于主成分分析方法对番茄品质做多目标综合评价,最后分析不同处理番茄生产的成本和经济收益。【结果】单株施肥量、灌水量以及水肥交互作用对番茄各品质指标影响不同。在相同水分条件下,番茄果实中硝酸盐和可溶性蛋白含量随着肥料浓度的升高而增加,而Vc、番茄红素以及可溶性糖含量却呈现先增加后减少的趋势;在相同肥料浓度下,随着基质含水量的增加番茄果实中硝酸盐、Vc、可溶性蛋白、以及可溶性糖等含量逐渐降低,表现为"稀释效应",番茄红素的含量则在中水处理下较高;在单株施肥量一定的条件下,其产量随着灌水量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而在单株灌水量一定的条件下,产量随着施肥量的增加同样呈现抛物线趋势,施肥量、灌水量以及水肥交互作用对番茄产量的影响都达到了极显著水平,其影响大小顺序为水分作用〉肥料作用〉水肥交互作用;在同一施肥水平下,袋式栽培番茄灌溉水分利用效率随着单株灌水量的升高而降低,在同一灌水量水平下,灌溉水分利用效率随着施肥量的增加呈抛物线趋势,施肥量和灌水量作为单一因子对灌溉水分利用效率的影响极显著,且水分作用〉肥料作用,而水肥交互作用对水分利用效率的影响不显著;高肥高水处理的净收益最高,为4.98元/株,与中肥中水处理(4.86元/株)、高肥中水(4.84元/株)以及中肥高水(4.80元/株)之间无显著性差异;而低肥低水处理的净收益为3.33元/株,显著低于其他处理。【结论】综合考虑品质、产量、水分利用效率、资源节约以
[4]张国红, 袁丽萍, 郭英华, 朱鑫, 张振贤. 不同施肥水平对日光温室番茄生长发育的影响
. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(增刊): 151-154.
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2005.z2.038URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
The experiment was carried out to study the effects of fertilization levels [no fertilization(CK), sole organic fertilization(SOF), theoretical fertilization(TF), conventional fertilization(CF), and overabundance fertilization(OF)] on the growth and development of tomatoes and the results were as follows: the plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and leaf area of the tomato increased with the increase of fertilization levels. The different fertilization levels have no effect on SLA, LAR, ADAN and single fruit weight. High fertilization level causes the obvious decrease of LNFI, and it also causes the increase of FNFI, fruit and biologic yield. Yield taxis is CK-N in the tomato were raised, the content of soluble sugar and the ratio of soluble sugar in the tomato decrease and the quality and flavor of the tomato become bad. Although high N level in greenhouse plantation causes the high yield of tomatoes temporarily, it violates the principle of sustainable production and high quality of fruit in greenhouse.
ZHANG G H, YUAN L P, GUO Y H, Zhu X, Zhang Z X.Effects of fertilization levels on the growth and development of tomato in solar greenhouse
. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2005, 21(Suppl.): 151-154. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2005.z2.038URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
The experiment was carried out to study the effects of fertilization levels [no fertilization(CK), sole organic fertilization(SOF), theoretical fertilization(TF), conventional fertilization(CF), and overabundance fertilization(OF)] on the growth and development of tomatoes and the results were as follows: the plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and leaf area of the tomato increased with the increase of fertilization levels. The different fertilization levels have no effect on SLA, LAR, ADAN and single fruit weight. High fertilization level causes the obvious decrease of LNFI, and it also causes the increase of FNFI, fruit and biologic yield. Yield taxis is CK-N in the tomato were raised, the content of soluble sugar and the ratio of soluble sugar in the tomato decrease and the quality and flavor of the tomato become bad. Although high N level in greenhouse plantation causes the high yield of tomatoes temporarily, it violates the principle of sustainable production and high quality of fruit in greenhouse.
[5]李银坤, 郭文忠, 薛绪掌, 乔晓军, 王利春, 陈红, 赵倩, 陈菲. 不同灌溉施肥模式对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用的影响
. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(19): 3757-3765.
https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.012URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
【目的】建立适用于日光温室番茄水肥一体化的管理模式,探讨不同灌溉施肥模式在日光温室番茄节水节肥增产效能上的差异。【方法】基于负压装置和滴灌系统,研究常规施基肥(CK)、营养液滴灌施肥(DI)和负压供液施肥(NI)对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】负压供液施肥模式下土壤水分具有相对的稳定性,0—20 cm土层含水量周年变化幅度为20.8%—25.0%,低于滴灌施肥处理的19.7%—28.6%。基于负压装置的供液模式(NI)相对于处理CK和DI,不但养分(N+P2O5+K2O)的周年总投入量分别降低了5.0%和17.2%,而且显著促进了番茄植株生长,增加了产量,改善了果实品质。其中处理NI与CK相比,番茄生物量提高了23.0%以上(P〈0.05),产量增加了7.5%—10.0%,而与处理DI相比,果实硝酸盐含量降低了17.3%—21.5%(P〈0.05)。负压供液施肥模式能够减少水肥用量,降低温室番茄周年耗水量,提高水肥利用率。与处理CK和DI相比,处理NI的年灌水量分别减少了18.4%和17.2%,番茄年耗水量分别降低了12.8%和12.1%(P〈0.05),而水分利用效率分别提高了12.7%—40.1%和10.0%—30.3%(P〈0.05),肥料偏生产力则分别提高了10.4%—19.6%和14.5%—42.7%(P〈0.05)。水分的持续稳定供给是负压供液施肥模式实现节水节肥增产保质等效能的重要原因。【结论】基于负压装置的供液模式不仅减少了水肥的投入量,而且能够促进温室番茄生长、确保产量,同时改善了果实品质并大幅度提高了水肥利用效率,可作为日光温室番茄水肥一体化管理的新模式。
LI Y K, GUO W Z, XUE X Z, WANG L C, CHEN H, ZHAO Q, CHEN F.Effects of different fertigation modes on tomato yield, fruit quality, and water and fertilizer utilization in greenhouse
. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(19): 3757-3765. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.012URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
【目的】建立适用于日光温室番茄水肥一体化的管理模式,探讨不同灌溉施肥模式在日光温室番茄节水节肥增产效能上的差异。【方法】基于负压装置和滴灌系统,研究常规施基肥(CK)、营养液滴灌施肥(DI)和负压供液施肥(NI)对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】负压供液施肥模式下土壤水分具有相对的稳定性,0—20 cm土层含水量周年变化幅度为20.8%—25.0%,低于滴灌施肥处理的19.7%—28.6%。基于负压装置的供液模式(NI)相对于处理CK和DI,不但养分(N+P2O5+K2O)的周年总投入量分别降低了5.0%和17.2%,而且显著促进了番茄植株生长,增加了产量,改善了果实品质。其中处理NI与CK相比,番茄生物量提高了23.0%以上(P〈0.05),产量增加了7.5%—10.0%,而与处理DI相比,果实硝酸盐含量降低了17.3%—21.5%(P〈0.05)。负压供液施肥模式能够减少水肥用量,降低温室番茄周年耗水量,提高水肥利用率。与处理CK和DI相比,处理NI的年灌水量分别减少了18.4%和17.2%,番茄年耗水量分别降低了12.8%和12.1%(P〈0.05),而水分利用效率分别提高了12.7%—40.1%和10.0%—30.3%(P〈0.05),肥料偏生产力则分别提高了10.4%—19.6%和14.5%—42.7%(P〈0.05)。水分的持续稳定供给是负压供液施肥模式实现节水节肥增产保质等效能的重要原因。【结论】基于负压装置的供液模式不仅减少了水肥的投入量,而且能够促进温室番茄生长、确保产量,同时改善了果实品质并大幅度提高了水肥利用效率,可作为日光温室番茄水肥一体化管理的新模式。
[6]邢英英, 张富仓, 张燕, 李静, 强生才, 吴立峰.膜下滴灌水肥耦合促进番茄养分吸收及生长
.农业工程学报, 2014, 30(21): 70-80.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.21.010URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]摘要
研究膜下滴灌不同水肥调控措施对日光温室番茄生长、产量、养分吸收利用的影响,为温室番茄水肥科学管理提供依据。设灌水(W)和施肥(F:N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,以常规沟灌施肥(W1:100%ET0,F1:240-120-150 kg/hm2,ET0为参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)为对照(Control, CK),3个滴灌水量(W1:100%ET0、W2:75%ET0、W3:50%ET0)和3个施肥水平(F1:240-120-150 kg/hm2、F2:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、F3:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,滴灌施肥(W1F1)比CK处理的干物质量、产量和肥料偏生产力(PFP,partial factor productivity of fertilizer)分别增加60.0%、46.9%和47.0%,氮、磷和钾吸收量是CK的1.82~2.41、1.56~2.03和1.36~1.90倍。滴灌施肥下,W1F2干物质量最大(9 258.3 kg/hm2),W1和W2较W3增产19.0%和6.5%,F1和F2较F3增产18.3%和12.9%。生育期内,植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增大(第二果膨大期,F2处理磷和钾吸收量最大除外),灌水量越大,养分利用效率(NUE,nutrient use efficiency)越小,吸收效率(UPE,nutrient uptake efficiency)和PFP越大,施肥量越大,NUE、UPE及PFP均减小。综合分析,滴灌施肥增产效果明显,W1F2(100%ET0,N-P2O5-K2O为180-90-112.5 kg/hm2)处理干物质量最大,有较大的增产潜力,UPE和PFP较高,是适宜的灌水施肥组合。
XING Y Y, ZHANG F C, Z Y, LI J, QIANG S C, WU L F.Irrigation and fertilization coupling of drip irrigation under plastic film promotes tomato's nutrient uptake and growth
. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(21): 70-80. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.21.010URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]摘要
研究膜下滴灌不同水肥调控措施对日光温室番茄生长、产量、养分吸收利用的影响,为温室番茄水肥科学管理提供依据。设灌水(W)和施肥(F:N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,以常规沟灌施肥(W1:100%ET0,F1:240-120-150 kg/hm2,ET0为参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)为对照(Control, CK),3个滴灌水量(W1:100%ET0、W2:75%ET0、W3:50%ET0)和3个施肥水平(F1:240-120-150 kg/hm2、F2:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、F3:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,滴灌施肥(W1F1)比CK处理的干物质量、产量和肥料偏生产力(PFP,partial factor productivity of fertilizer)分别增加60.0%、46.9%和47.0%,氮、磷和钾吸收量是CK的1.82~2.41、1.56~2.03和1.36~1.90倍。滴灌施肥下,W1F2干物质量最大(9 258.3 kg/hm2),W1和W2较W3增产19.0%和6.5%,F1和F2较F3增产18.3%和12.9%。生育期内,植株氮、磷和钾吸收量均随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增大(第二果膨大期,F2处理磷和钾吸收量最大除外),灌水量越大,养分利用效率(NUE,nutrient use efficiency)越小,吸收效率(UPE,nutrient uptake efficiency)和PFP越大,施肥量越大,NUE、UPE及PFP均减小。综合分析,滴灌施肥增产效果明显,W1F2(100%ET0,N-P2O5-K2O为180-90-112.5 kg/hm2)处理干物质量最大,有较大的增产潜力,UPE和PFP较高,是适宜的灌水施肥组合。
[7]GIUFFRIDA F, LIPARI V.Leaching irrigation to prevent salt accumulation in the substrate
. Acta Horticulturae, 2003, 609: 435-440.
[本文引用: 1]
[8]周艳丽, 程智慧, 孟焕文, 杜慧芳, 姚静. 有机基质配比对番茄生长发育及产量和品质的影响
. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 33(1): 79-82.
[本文引用: 2]

ZHOU Y L, CHENG Z H, MENG H W, DU H F, YAO J.Influence of the formula of organic waste substrate from crop production on growth and yield of tomato
. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 33(1): 79-82. (in Chinese )
[本文引用: 2]
[9]刘升学, 于贤昌, 刘伟, 孙晓琦, 艾希珍. 有机基质配方对袋培番茄生长及产量的影响
. 西北农业学报, 2009, 3: 184-188.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-1389.2009.03.041URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
为克服设施番茄连作障碍,实现有机基质栽培规模化,以‘宝冠’番茄为试材,将牛粪、鸡粪、羊粪、秸秆、稻壳、河沙,按体积比组成6个有机基质配方(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6),研究其对番茄生长及产量的影响。结果表明,有机基质的养分含量显著高于对照(CK,土壤栽培),容重、空隙度适宜,EC和pH值略高,但结果期降至理想范围。6个配方基质袋培番茄的株高、茎粗、各器官干质量、坐果率及产量等显著高于CK,不同配方相比,T2(牛粪:砂子:稻壳:鸡粪=4:2:2:2)表现最佳。
LIU S X, YU X C, LIU W, SUN X Q, AI X Z.Effect of organic substrate composition on growth and quality of tomato cultivated in bag
. Acta Agriculture Borrali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2009, 3: 184-188. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-1389.2009.03.041URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
为克服设施番茄连作障碍,实现有机基质栽培规模化,以‘宝冠’番茄为试材,将牛粪、鸡粪、羊粪、秸秆、稻壳、河沙,按体积比组成6个有机基质配方(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6),研究其对番茄生长及产量的影响。结果表明,有机基质的养分含量显著高于对照(CK,土壤栽培),容重、空隙度适宜,EC和pH值略高,但结果期降至理想范围。6个配方基质袋培番茄的株高、茎粗、各器官干质量、坐果率及产量等显著高于CK,不同配方相比,T2(牛粪:砂子:稻壳:鸡粪=4:2:2:2)表现最佳。
[10]ZOTARELLI L, DUKES M D, SCHOLBERG J M S, MUNAZ- CARPENA R, ICERMAN J. Tomato nitrogen accumulation and fertilizer use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling
. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(8): 1247-1258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.019URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Tomato production systems in Florida are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation and on sandy soils with low inherent water and nutrient retention capacities; potential nutrient leaching losses undermine the sustainability of such systems. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on crop N and P accumulation, N-fertilizer use efficiency (NUE) and NO 3–N leaching of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production system in sandy soils. Experimental treatments were a factorial combination of three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220, and 330 kg ha 611). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) surface drip irrigation (SUR) both the irrigation and fertigation line placed underneath the plastic mulch; (2) subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) where the irrigation drip was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with the irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation applied once a day. Except for the TIME treatment all irrigation treatments were soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based with irrigation occurring at 10% volumetric water content. Five irrigation windows were scheduled daily and events were bypassed if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. The use of SMS-based irrigation systems significantly reduced irrigation water use, volume percolated, and nitrate leaching. Based on soil electrical conductivity (EC) readings, there was no interaction between irrigation and N-rate treatments on the movement of fertilizer solutes. Total plant N accumulation for SUR and SDI was 12–37% higher than TIME. Plant P accumulation was not affected by either irrigation or N-rate treatments. The nitrogen use efficiency for SUR and SDI was on the order of 37–45%, 56–61%, and 61–68% for 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively and significantly higher than for the conventional control system (TIME). Moreover, at the intermediate N-rate SUR and SDI systems reduced NO 3–N leaching to 5 and 35 kg ha 611, while at the highest N-rate corresponding values were 7 and 56 kg N ha 611. Use of N application rates above 220 kg ha 611 did not result in fruit and/or shoot biomass nor N accumulation benefits, but substantially increased NO 3–N leaching for the control treatment, as detected by EC monitoring and by the lysimeters. It is concluded that appropriate use of SDI and/or sensor-based irrigation systems can sustain high yields while reducing irrigation application as well as reducing NO 3–N leaching in low water holding capacity soils.
[11]ZOTARELLI L, SCHOLBERG J M, DUKES M D, MUNOZ- CARPENA R, ICERMAN J.Tomato yield, Biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling
. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(1): 23-34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.06.007URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha 611). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha 611 for years 1–3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15–51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7–29%. Tomato yield was 11–80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70–75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0–15 cm soil layer while 15–20% of the roots were found in the 15–30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.
[12]UTTAM K S, ATHANASIOS P P, XIU M H.Irrigation Strategies for Greenhouse Tomato Production on Rockwool
. HortScience, 2008, 43(2): 484-493.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00328a021URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
To address the concern that irrigation provides sufficient water to match the crop needs, while not impeding oxygen availability to the roots, we conducted an experiment to develop suitable irrigation schedule(s) for greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on rockwool. The experimental treatments incorporated the electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution in the rockwool slab (slab-EC) along with the water content (WC) in the rockwool slab (slab-WC) as the irrigation decision-making variables. They were: slab-WC ≤ 70% or slab-EC ≥ 1.4x normal or more (T1), slab-WC ≤ 70% or slab-EC ≥ 1.7x normal or more (T2), slab-WC ≤ 80% or slab-EC ≥ 1.4× normal or more (T3), slab-WC ≤ 80% or slab-EC ≥ 1.7x normal or more (T4), and the combined weight loss (WL) 700 g or more (T5) and WL 500 g or more (T6), in which "normal" means the feed solution EC as recommended in the seasonal fertigation schedule for a spring-summer tomato crop. The data on early-season marketable yield, total seasonal marketable yield, and fruit grades indicated the superiority of treatments T1, T2, and T6 over T3, T4, and T5. Better root growth was observed with T1, T2, and T6 and this was also associated with minimized nutrient solution leaching; furthermore, these plants had an abundance of coarse and fine roots, higher photosynthesis and transpiration, higher marketable yield, and a higher water use efficiency. Our results thus established that irrigation based on either a slab water content 70% or less or a 500-g weight loss is the best strategy for rockwool-grown greenhouse tomatoes in the spring-summer season. A variation in slab-EC between 1.4 and 1.7x normal, at a slab-WC of 70% or less, would have no significant effect on root growth, water use, marketable yield, or fruit grades.
[13]ALBERTOL, HARM B, FRANS H, CAMILO R.Evaluating irrigation Scheduling of hydroponic tomato in Navarra
. Spain Irrigation and Drainage, 2003, 52: 177-188.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.86URL [本文引用: 3]摘要
Abstract The correct supply of water and nutrients is important in hydroponic growing systems in order to use water efficiently, avoid stress situations, and control production. The present study was conducted to evaluate two irrigation scheduling techniques for hydroponic tomato production in Navarra, northern Spain, related to the crop water requirements. The results show that although daily over-irrigation was applied (45.7% of drainage), 18% of the total yield (35 kg m 612 ) was affected by blossom-end rot problems, due to water stress suffered by the crop. Irrigation scheduling by time clock was not flexible enough to satisfy the varying crop water requirements through the day and during the season. With constant irrigation intervals and volumes, water and fertilisers were wasted during the morning (excessive irrigation) whereas during the afternoon, the plants suffered water stress. Irrigation scheduling by radiation method at a level of 0.81 MJ m 612 , with some supplementary time clock irrigation applications during the hours of darkness (in order to keep the growing medium wet), appeared to be a good solution. Copyright 08 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[14]MAHAJAN G, SINGH K G.Response of greenhouse tomato to irrigation and fertigation
.Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 84: 202-206.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.03.003URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
A 2-year study was conducted during 2002–2004 at Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to investigate the effect of irrigation and fertigation on Greenhouse tomato. Drip irrigation at 0.5 × E pan along with fertigation of 100% recommended nitrogen resulted an increase in fruit yield by 59.5% over control (recommended practices) inside the Greenhouse and by 116.2% over control (recommended practices) outside the Greenhouse, respectively. The drip irrigation at 0.5 × E pan irrespective of fertigation treatments giving a saving of 48.1% of irrigation water and resulted in 51.7% higher fruit yield as compared to recommended practices inside the Greenhouse. Total root length was more in drip irrigated crop as compared to surface irrigated crop. Greenhouse tomato fruits founded superior than fruits of open field crop in view of fruit size, TSS content, ascorbic acid content and pH. Further, drip irrigation in Greenhouse crop caused significantly improvement in all the quality characteristics.
[15]刘炼红, 莫言玲, 杨小振, 李小玲, 吴梅梅, 张显, 马建祥, 张勇, 李好. 调亏灌溉合理滴灌频率提高大棚西瓜产量及品质
. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(24): 95-104.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
在调亏灌溉条件下,该试验研究了不同膜下滴灌频率对早春大棚西瓜植株生长、果实产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,从而确定西瓜整个生育期的最佳灌溉频率方案。试验在各生育期设置3个不同的灌溉频率水平,分别为高频(每2 d灌溉1次)、中频(每4 d灌溉1次)和 低频(每6 d灌溉1次),并做4因素3水平正交实验设计,共9个处理,各处理总灌水量相等。结果表明:各处理中,苗期中频、开花坐果期高频、果实膨大期中频、成熟期低频灌溉处理植株在生长势上表现最好,该处理植株的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及叶片水分利用效率在全生育期中均能保持较高水平,且该处理植株具有较高的坐果率、单果质量,果实总产量和灌溉水分利用效率最高,分别达到63.72 t/hm2和303.64 kg/(hm2·mm)。品质方面,苗期中频、开花坐果期高频、果实膨大期中频、成熟期低频灌溉处理的果皮最薄,仅有8.30 mm,且具有较高含量的总维生素C和最高含量的可溶性蛋白质和中心边可溶性固形物。综合考虑生长势、产量、品质和灌溉水分利用效率,适用于西北地区早春大棚西瓜调亏灌溉的最佳灌溉频率方案为苗期中频、开花坐果期高频、果实膨大期中频、成熟期低频灌溉。该研究可为实现西北地区早春设施西瓜栽培高效节水灌溉提供理论与技术参考。
LIU L H, MO Y L, YANG X Z, LI X L, WU M M, ZHANG X, MA J J, ZHANG Y, LI H.Reasonable drip irrigation frequency improving watermelon yield and quality under regulated deficit irrigation in plastic greenhouse
. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(24): 95-104. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.24.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
在调亏灌溉条件下,该试验研究了不同膜下滴灌频率对早春大棚西瓜植株生长、果实产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,从而确定西瓜整个生育期的最佳灌溉频率方案。试验在各生育期设置3个不同的灌溉频率水平,分别为高频(每2 d灌溉1次)、中频(每4 d灌溉1次)和 低频(每6 d灌溉1次),并做4因素3水平正交实验设计,共9个处理,各处理总灌水量相等。结果表明:各处理中,苗期中频、开花坐果期高频、果实膨大期中频、成熟期低频灌溉处理植株在生长势上表现最好,该处理植株的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及叶片水分利用效率在全生育期中均能保持较高水平,且该处理植株具有较高的坐果率、单果质量,果实总产量和灌溉水分利用效率最高,分别达到63.72 t/hm2和303.64 kg/(hm2·mm)。品质方面,苗期中频、开花坐果期高频、果实膨大期中频、成熟期低频灌溉处理的果皮最薄,仅有8.30 mm,且具有较高含量的总维生素C和最高含量的可溶性蛋白质和中心边可溶性固形物。综合考虑生长势、产量、品质和灌溉水分利用效率,适用于西北地区早春大棚西瓜调亏灌溉的最佳灌溉频率方案为苗期中频、开花坐果期高频、果实膨大期中频、成熟期低频灌溉。该研究可为实现西北地区早春设施西瓜栽培高效节水灌溉提供理论与技术参考。
[16]SUAT S, AHMET E, IBRAHIM G, CENK K .Irrigation frequency and amount affect yield and quality of ?eld-grown melon (Cucumis melo L.)
. Agricultural Water Management, 2007, 88: 269-274.
[本文引用: 1]
[17]李建明, 潘铜华, 王玲慧, 杜清洁, 常毅博, 张大龙, 刘媛. 水肥耦合对番茄光合, 产量及水分利用效率的影响
. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(10): 82-90.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.10.010URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
为研究大棚膜下滴灌灌溉上限与施肥量耦合对番茄光合、产量及水分利用效率的影响,以金鹏1号番茄为试材,按照二元二次正交旋转组合设计原理,建立了光合与产量指标的数学模型,分析了水肥两因子的耦合效应。试验结果表明,所建模型达到显著水平;水对光合的影响大于肥,对产量的影响小于肥,水肥对光合和产量的耦合分别存在显著的负效应和正效应;光合速率随灌溉上限的上升表现出明显的上升趋势,超过一定范围后开始下降;不论灌溉上限高低,光合速率均随施肥量的增加表现出先降低后升高的趋势,变化趋势缓慢;番茄的产量随灌溉上限和施肥定额的增加而显著增加,超过一定范围后产量逐渐降低。得出合理的灌溉施肥指标:灌溉下限为田间持水量的50%,灌溉上限为田间持水量的80%~82%,施肥N 313.75~439.75 kg/hm2、P2O5156.55~ 219.19 kg/hm2、K2O 313.75~439.75 kg/hm2。此时,番茄的产量达到124 t/hm2、水分利用效率达到43.2 kg/m3。
LI J M, PAN T H, WANG L H, DU Q J, CHANG Y B, ZHANG D L, LIU Y.Effects of water-fertilizer coupling on tomato photosynthesis, yield and water use efficiency
. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(10): 82-90. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.10.010URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
为研究大棚膜下滴灌灌溉上限与施肥量耦合对番茄光合、产量及水分利用效率的影响,以金鹏1号番茄为试材,按照二元二次正交旋转组合设计原理,建立了光合与产量指标的数学模型,分析了水肥两因子的耦合效应。试验结果表明,所建模型达到显著水平;水对光合的影响大于肥,对产量的影响小于肥,水肥对光合和产量的耦合分别存在显著的负效应和正效应;光合速率随灌溉上限的上升表现出明显的上升趋势,超过一定范围后开始下降;不论灌溉上限高低,光合速率均随施肥量的增加表现出先降低后升高的趋势,变化趋势缓慢;番茄的产量随灌溉上限和施肥定额的增加而显著增加,超过一定范围后产量逐渐降低。得出合理的灌溉施肥指标:灌溉下限为田间持水量的50%,灌溉上限为田间持水量的80%~82%,施肥N 313.75~439.75 kg/hm2、P2O5156.55~ 219.19 kg/hm2、K2O 313.75~439.75 kg/hm2。此时,番茄的产量达到124 t/hm2、水分利用效率达到43.2 kg/m3。
[18]李霞, 解迎革, 薛绪掌, 王国栋, 李绍, 陈菲. 不同基质含水量下盆栽番茄蒸腾量、鲜物质积累量及果实产量的差异
. 园艺学报, 2010, 37(5): 805-810.
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
采用负水头灌溉装置,设置了10、30、50和70 hPa不同供水吸力,研究其对温室盆栽番茄蒸腾量、鲜物质积累及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:负水头盆栽装置实现了对基质含水量的精确控制,10、30、50和70 hPa吸力处理下盆栽基质含水量分别稳定在88%、76%、63%和57%。在试验不同时期,盆栽番茄的日蒸腾量受基质含水量影响的表现不同;盆栽番茄的累积日蒸腾量最终表现为:10 hPa处理>30 hPa处理>70 hPa处理>50 hPa处理。基质水分处理引起盆栽番茄物质积累的差异非常显著,30 hPa吸力下的鲜物质积累量最大,10和50 hPa的次之,70 hPa的最小。基质水分处理对盆栽番茄的产量、总蒸腾耗水量和作物水分生产率均有极显著影响。在30 hPa供水吸力下的产量、鲜物质积累量最高,该供水吸力最有利于盆栽番茄生长。
LI X, XIE Y G, XUE X Z, WANG G D, LI S, CHEN F.Difference of transpiration, fresh matter accumulation and fruit yield for potted tomato under moisture content of medium
. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2010, 37(5): 805-810. (in Chinese)
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
采用负水头灌溉装置,设置了10、30、50和70 hPa不同供水吸力,研究其对温室盆栽番茄蒸腾量、鲜物质积累及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明:负水头盆栽装置实现了对基质含水量的精确控制,10、30、50和70 hPa吸力处理下盆栽基质含水量分别稳定在88%、76%、63%和57%。在试验不同时期,盆栽番茄的日蒸腾量受基质含水量影响的表现不同;盆栽番茄的累积日蒸腾量最终表现为:10 hPa处理>30 hPa处理>70 hPa处理>50 hPa处理。基质水分处理引起盆栽番茄物质积累的差异非常显著,30 hPa吸力下的鲜物质积累量最大,10和50 hPa的次之,70 hPa的最小。基质水分处理对盆栽番茄的产量、总蒸腾耗水量和作物水分生产率均有极显著影响。在30 hPa供水吸力下的产量、鲜物质积累量最高,该供水吸力最有利于盆栽番茄生长。
[19]JONG H S, JUNG E S.Changes in electrical conductivity and moisture content of substrate and their subsequent effects on transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and plant growth in the soilless culture of Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)
. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 2015, 56(2): 178-185.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-015-0154-6URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
The moisture content (MC) and electrical conductivity (EC) in substrates are major root-zone environmental factors that affect the transpiration rate and subsequent plant growth in soilless culture. For maintaining optimum root-zone environments, efficient real-time irrigation control is required based on the substrate EC, substrate MC, and transpiration. The objectives of this study were to clarify the relationship between substrate MC and EC and analyze the changes in substrate EC, plant growth, and water use efficiency under different moisture control regimes. Irrigation systems maintaining three regimes of substrate MC (70–85, 60–85, and 50–85%) were set as treatments, and a conventional irrigation using accumulated radiation served as a control. Subsequent changes in the substrate EC and transpiration rate were continuously measured at different substrate MCs, and the relationships between these variables were derived. The transpiration rate was most sensitive to substrate EC at general cultivation conditions of a substrate EC of 2.5 to 4.5 dS·m 611 and a substrate MC of 60 to 85%. The transpiration rate tended to decrease with increasing substrate EC and decreasing substrate MC. More water was consumed in a higher substrate MC, which was controlled within a narrow range of MC. However, substrate EC was well-controlled below 4.5 dS·m 611 in a substrate MC of 70 to 85%. The relationship between the range of substrate MC and the increase in substrate EC was obtained using equations. Although more water was supplied for the control with a substrate MC of 70 to 85%, fruit productivity tended to increase compared to the other substrate MC treatments (60–85 and 50–85%). From the results, it is hypothesized that precise control of root-zone environments can be used to increase fruit productivity and water use efficiency and to minimize plant water stress as well.
[20]陈秀香, 马富裕, 方志刚, 褚贵新, 杨建荣, 薛琳, 李燕, 王建江.土壤水分含量对加工番茄产量和品质影响的研究
. 节水灌溉, 2006(4): 1-4.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-4929.2006.04.001URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
试验从加工番茄开花期开始,设4个水分处理(分别以0~60 cm土层灌前土壤田间持水量的40%~45%、55%~60%、70%~75%和85%~90%作为各处理的灌溉下限含水量临界值,灌溉上限为田间持水量的90%),分析不同水分状况下加工番茄的产量和果实品质。试验结果表明,加工番茄的产量、品质与土壤含水量密切相关,灌前过高或过低的土壤含水量会影响产量及茄红素、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性酸等品质指标,灌前土壤相对田间持水量为70%~75%处理的加工番茄产量最高,品质较好,水分利用效率最高,既能实现高产高效,又可达到节水灌溉的目的。
CHEN X X, MA F Y, FANG Z G, CHU G X, YANG J R, XUE L, LI Y, WANG J J.Preliminary study on the influence of soil moisture on yield and quality of processed tomato
. Water Saving Irrigation, 2006(4): 1-4. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-4929.2006.04.001URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
试验从加工番茄开花期开始,设4个水分处理(分别以0~60 cm土层灌前土壤田间持水量的40%~45%、55%~60%、70%~75%和85%~90%作为各处理的灌溉下限含水量临界值,灌溉上限为田间持水量的90%),分析不同水分状况下加工番茄的产量和果实品质。试验结果表明,加工番茄的产量、品质与土壤含水量密切相关,灌前过高或过低的土壤含水量会影响产量及茄红素、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性酸等品质指标,灌前土壤相对田间持水量为70%~75%处理的加工番茄产量最高,品质较好,水分利用效率最高,既能实现高产高效,又可达到节水灌溉的目的。
[21]WAN S Q, KANG Y H.Effect of drip irrigation frequency on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) growth and water use
. Irrigation Science, 2006, 24: 161-174.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-005-0005-9URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in drip irrigation scheduling, and a proper irrigation frequency can establish moderate moist and oxygen conditions in the root zone throughout the crop period. Field experiments on the effects of irrigation frequency on radish growth and water use were carried out in 2001 and 2002. The experiment included six irrigation frequencies: once every day, once every 202days, once every 302days, once every 402days, once every 602days and once every 802days. There was no significant difference among the six treatments on radish development and yield, but significant differences in radish roots distribution and market quality were found. Radishes irrigated once every 302days had well-developed roots throughout the crop period, the lowest cracking rate and the least number of radishes of Grade 3. The observation results of lysimeter in 2002 showed that radish evapotranspiration decreased as irrigation frequency decreased, and the general changing tendency of 2-day ET of high irrigation frequency was related to that of 2-day evaporation. It is recommended that radish irrigation frequency should be once every 302days and the irrigation amount should be estimated according to the evaporation of 2002cm diameter pan in the North China Plain.
[22]CHARTURONG C, YUTAKA S, TORU M, MICHIKO T, MASAAKI H.Effect of optimization of fertigation management on growth, yield, nitrate and water use efficiency in tomato bag culture based on integrated solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit values
. Environmental Control in Biology, 2005, 43(1): 13-20.
https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.43.13URL [本文引用: 1]
[23]曾希柏, 侯光炯, 青长乐, 谢德体. 土壤-植物系统中光照与氮素的相互关系研究
. 生态学报, 2000, 20(1): 103-108.
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2000.01.018URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
运用盆栽试验,以莴笋为材料,在人工气候箱内进行研究,其结果表明:光照强度的变化,不仅会引起莴笋生物量和养分吸收量的改变,而且也将导致土壤养分状况的差异。不同肥力的3种紫色土,其养分含量受光照强度变化影响的状况是,NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量均以大眼泥土>沙土>石骨子土,而碱解氮含量的变化则以沙土>石骨子土>大眼泥土。光照强度的变化亦影响氮肥的施用效果,在试验光强(80~320μmol/m2·s)范围内,光照愈强时莴笋产量愈高、且其同时对氮肥的需要量也相应由0.213g/pot增加到0.38g/pot。本试验的结果,较为完整地阐述了光照强度的变化与土壤养分、作物营养以及施肥之间的相互关系。
ZENG X B, HOU G J, QING C L, XIE D T.Interrelation of light and nitrogen in soil-plant system
. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2000, 20(1): 103-108. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2000.01.018URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
运用盆栽试验,以莴笋为材料,在人工气候箱内进行研究,其结果表明:光照强度的变化,不仅会引起莴笋生物量和养分吸收量的改变,而且也将导致土壤养分状况的差异。不同肥力的3种紫色土,其养分含量受光照强度变化影响的状况是,NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量均以大眼泥土>沙土>石骨子土,而碱解氮含量的变化则以沙土>石骨子土>大眼泥土。光照强度的变化亦影响氮肥的施用效果,在试验光强(80~320μmol/m2·s)范围内,光照愈强时莴笋产量愈高、且其同时对氮肥的需要量也相应由0.213g/pot增加到0.38g/pot。本试验的结果,较为完整地阐述了光照强度的变化与土壤养分、作物营养以及施肥之间的相互关系。
[24]傅国海, 刘文科. 日光温室甜椒起垄内嵌式基质栽培根区温度日变化特征
. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(1): 47-55.
Magsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
针对我国北方地区日光温室冬春季低温胁迫、土壤连作障碍、单产低和水肥资源利用率低等问题, 本文设计了一种新型的栽培方法——起垄内嵌式基质栽培方法(soil ridge substrate-embedded cultivation, SRSC), 并在早春季节, 研究了两种模式的SRSC[嵌槽式垄(SRSC-P)和嵌膜(铁丝网槽支撑)式垄(SRSC-W)]及土垄(SR)和单一基质槽垄(NPG)栽培下的甜椒幼苗根区温度的日变化特征。结果表明, 日光温室内栽培垄根区温度与温室内、外的气温变化呈显著正相关, 室内和栽培垄根区的平均温度分别比室外提高8.07 ℃和10.93 ℃, 夜间分别提升9.90 ℃和14.81 ℃。在夜间低温阶段, SRSC-W维持根区较高温度的能力相对优于SR和SRSC-P, 其根区平均温度分别比SR和SRSC-P高1.34 ℃和0.52 ℃; 在白天高温阶段, SR、SRSC-P、NPG、SRSC-W最高温度平均值分别为28.06 ℃、27.21 ℃、29.93 ℃、26.05 ℃, SRSC-W抗高温效果最佳, NPG抗高温效果最差。阴天条件下, 栽培垄的蓄热保温性能比晴天条件下差。SR白天和夜间的中心根区平均温度皆高于外侧, 但SRSC-P和SRSC-W白天外侧温度高, 夜间中心根区温度高。栽培垄北部根区温度高于南部根区温度, 具有空间差异性, 其中SRSC-W栽培模式的南部中心根区温度和北部中心根区温度差异相对于其他处理最小。此外, SRSC-W中心根区温度变化滞后时间最长, 温度缓冲能力强。总之, SRSC-W栽培方法维持早春季节夜间甜椒根区温度能力和对低温及高温胁迫的缓冲性最强, 且成本低, 在日光温室抗低温生产中具有较好的应用前景。
FU G H, LIU W K.Diurnal change in root zone temperature of soil ridge substrate-embedded cultivation method for sweet pepper in solar greenhouse
. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(1): 47-55. (in Chinese )
Magsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
针对我国北方地区日光温室冬春季低温胁迫、土壤连作障碍、单产低和水肥资源利用率低等问题, 本文设计了一种新型的栽培方法——起垄内嵌式基质栽培方法(soil ridge substrate-embedded cultivation, SRSC), 并在早春季节, 研究了两种模式的SRSC[嵌槽式垄(SRSC-P)和嵌膜(铁丝网槽支撑)式垄(SRSC-W)]及土垄(SR)和单一基质槽垄(NPG)栽培下的甜椒幼苗根区温度的日变化特征。结果表明, 日光温室内栽培垄根区温度与温室内、外的气温变化呈显著正相关, 室内和栽培垄根区的平均温度分别比室外提高8.07 ℃和10.93 ℃, 夜间分别提升9.90 ℃和14.81 ℃。在夜间低温阶段, SRSC-W维持根区较高温度的能力相对优于SR和SRSC-P, 其根区平均温度分别比SR和SRSC-P高1.34 ℃和0.52 ℃; 在白天高温阶段, SR、SRSC-P、NPG、SRSC-W最高温度平均值分别为28.06 ℃、27.21 ℃、29.93 ℃、26.05 ℃, SRSC-W抗高温效果最佳, NPG抗高温效果最差。阴天条件下, 栽培垄的蓄热保温性能比晴天条件下差。SR白天和夜间的中心根区平均温度皆高于外侧, 但SRSC-P和SRSC-W白天外侧温度高, 夜间中心根区温度高。栽培垄北部根区温度高于南部根区温度, 具有空间差异性, 其中SRSC-W栽培模式的南部中心根区温度和北部中心根区温度差异相对于其他处理最小。此外, SRSC-W中心根区温度变化滞后时间最长, 温度缓冲能力强。总之, SRSC-W栽培方法维持早春季节夜间甜椒根区温度能力和对低温及高温胁迫的缓冲性最强, 且成本低, 在日光温室抗低温生产中具有较好的应用前景。
[25]HUNG T, JONG H S, EUN H N, JUNG E S.Transpiration, growth, and water use efficiency of paprika plants (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by irrigation frequency
. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 2012, 53(2): 129-134.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-012-0095-2URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Irrigation frequency is one of the major factors required for adequate irrigation control in soilless culture. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation frequency on transpiration, growth, fruit yield, and water use efficiency, the paprika plants ( Capsicum annuum L.) were compared under different irrigation frequencies based on solar radiation in soilless culture systems. The plants were grown on rockwool slabs following the vertical trellis “V” technique. Irrigation started whenever cumulative solar radiation reached the set value. Two set values of 120 J·cm 612 (high irrigation frequency, HIF) and 160 J·cm 612 (low irrigation frequency, LIF) were applied from 25 days after transplanting. Irrigation amount was controlled to keep a drain ratio at 20–30% of the total supply in order to avoid the salt accumulation in the root medium. Total water amount supplied to the plants in LIF was 94% of that in HIF. Transpiration in LIF or HIF was similar to that of estimated transpiration by Penman-Monteith equation, but slightly lower or higher value was observed, respectively. Leaf area and marketable fruit yield were not affected by the irrigation treatment. The both ratios of total transpiration to marketable fruit yield and total irrigation to marketable fruit yield were a little higher in LIF than in HIF. We concluded that water use efficiency in HIF was considered to be similar to or a little higher than that in LIF, but irrigation frequency did not affect the growth and production of paprika plants in open-loop system.
[26]DU W C, JONES R T, STRANG J G, STEGELIN F. Summer Squash Production.UK: College of Agriculture Food and Environment Press, 2004:58-60. [本文引用: 1]
[27]夏秀波, 于贤昌, 高俊杰. 水分对有机基质栽培番茄生理特性、品质及产量的影响
. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18(12): 2710-2714.
https://doi.org/10.7666/d.y1094168URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
以"齐粉"番茄品种为试材,研究了不同相对含水量对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性、产量、品质和水分利用率的影响.结果表明:随着有机基质相对含水量的升高,番茄株高、茎粗、节间长和单株叶面积极显著增加,叶片色素含量、水势、渗透势及根系活力和果实产量显著增加,而番茄果实品质和水分利用率显著降低.从果实产量、品质和水分利用率方面综合考虑,80%基质相对含水量处理的果实产量达26 kg.m-2以上,可作为番茄有机基质栽培水分管理的量化指标;如果仅考虑果实品质,则50%基质相对含水量可以作为水分管理指标.
XIA X B, YU C X, GAO J J, Effects of water content on growth, physiological character, yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of tomato growth in organic substrate
. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(12): 2710-2714. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.7666/d.y1094168URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]摘要
以"齐粉"番茄品种为试材,研究了不同相对含水量对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性、产量、品质和水分利用率的影响.结果表明:随着有机基质相对含水量的升高,番茄株高、茎粗、节间长和单株叶面积极显著增加,叶片色素含量、水势、渗透势及根系活力和果实产量显著增加,而番茄果实品质和水分利用率显著降低.从果实产量、品质和水分利用率方面综合考虑,80%基质相对含水量处理的果实产量达26 kg.m-2以上,可作为番茄有机基质栽培水分管理的量化指标;如果仅考虑果实品质,则50%基质相对含水量可以作为水分管理指标.
[28]侯加林, 王一鸣, 徐云, 岳俊.番茄生长发育非线性模拟模型
. 农业机械学报, 2006, 37(3): 80-84.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1298.2006.03.022URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
通过对番茄不同发育阶段与环境因子关系的分析,建立了番茄生长发育的非线性动态模拟模型,利用试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明,对不同发育阶段模拟,绝对误差均为1~2d,对全发育期模拟,绝对误差均在4d之内;平均相对误差小于4%。
HOU J L, WANG Y M, XU Y, YUE J.Simulation mode of tomato growth
. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2006, 37(3): 80-84.(in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1298.2006.03.022URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
通过对番茄不同发育阶段与环境因子关系的分析,建立了番茄生长发育的非线性动态模拟模型,利用试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明,对不同发育阶段模拟,绝对误差均为1~2d,对全发育期模拟,绝对误差均在4d之内;平均相对误差小于4%。
[29]张燕, 张富仓, 袁宇霞, 强生才, 房栋平.灌水和施肥对温室滴灌施肥番茄生长和品质的影响
.干旱地区农业研究, 2014, 32(2): 206-212.
https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2014.02.033URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
本研究目的在于分析滴灌施肥技术下,不同水肥耦合模式对温室番茄的生长和品质的影响。试验选取番茄惠玉0806为试材,设100%ET0(I1),75%ET0(I2),50%ET0(I3) 3个水分水平,外加高肥〔F1(N 480 kg·hm-2、P2O5 240 kg·hm-2、K2O 300 kg·hm-2)〕,中肥〔F2(N 360 kg·hm-2、P2O5 180 kg·hm-2、K2O 225 kg·hm-2)〕,和低肥〔F3(N 240 kg·hm-2、P2O5 120 kg·hm-2、K2O 150 kg·hm-2)〕3个肥料水平,共9个处理。结果表明:水肥条件的高低与株高及茎粗成正相关,I2F2处理其产量、干物质累积量和灌溉水利用效率均最高,依次为102 042.3 kg·hm-2、37.19×103 kg·hm-2和37.3 kg·m-3。对番茄品质而言,其灌水量和施肥量之间表现出明显的耦合交互作用,I2F2处理其番茄Vc含量(27.05 mg·100g-1)、番茄红素含量(71.53 μg·g-1)均最高,糖酸比(9.57)显著低于其余处理,其可溶性固形物含量(7.3%)较最高值I3F1低24.7%。综上分析,中水中肥(I2F2)模式,在高产的同时,其品质总体优于其它处理,极端水肥措施均不利于番茄生长及品质的提高。
ZHANG Y, ZHANG F C, YUAN Y X, QIANG S C, FANG D P.The effect of irrigation and fertilization on growth and quality of tomato under fertigation in greenhouse
. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2014, 32(2): 206-212. (in Chinese)
https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1000-7601.2014.02.033URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
本研究目的在于分析滴灌施肥技术下,不同水肥耦合模式对温室番茄的生长和品质的影响。试验选取番茄惠玉0806为试材,设100%ET0(I1),75%ET0(I2),50%ET0(I3) 3个水分水平,外加高肥〔F1(N 480 kg·hm-2、P2O5 240 kg·hm-2、K2O 300 kg·hm-2)〕,中肥〔F2(N 360 kg·hm-2、P2O5 180 kg·hm-2、K2O 225 kg·hm-2)〕,和低肥〔F3(N 240 kg·hm-2、P2O5 120 kg·hm-2、K2O 150 kg·hm-2)〕3个肥料水平,共9个处理。结果表明:水肥条件的高低与株高及茎粗成正相关,I2F2处理其产量、干物质累积量和灌溉水利用效率均最高,依次为102 042.3 kg·hm-2、37.19×103 kg·hm-2和37.3 kg·m-3。对番茄品质而言,其灌水量和施肥量之间表现出明显的耦合交互作用,I2F2处理其番茄Vc含量(27.05 mg·100g-1)、番茄红素含量(71.53 μg·g-1)均最高,糖酸比(9.57)显著低于其余处理,其可溶性固形物含量(7.3%)较最高值I3F1低24.7%。综上分析,中水中肥(I2F2)模式,在高产的同时,其品质总体优于其它处理,极端水肥措施均不利于番茄生长及品质的提高。
[30]NAHAR K, GRETZMACHER R.Effect of water stress on nutrient uptake yield quality of tomato
. Bodenkultur, 2002, 53(1): 45-51.
[本文引用: 1]
[31]WANG H, ZHANG L, DAWES W R, LIU C.Improving water use ef?ciency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain—measurements and modeling
. Agricultural Water Manage, 2001, 48: 151-167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00118-9URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
High crop productivity in the North China Plain (NCP) relies on irrigation. However, as a result of rapid regional development in the last two decades the competition for water has become very acute. This presents a serious problem for the sustainable agriculture in the region. This work examines relationships between irrigation, evapotranspiration (ET), crop growth and water use efficiency (WUE)of a corn heat rotation common in the region. During the period of 1984 1996 field experiments were conducted at Luancheng Agricultural Ecosystem Station in the North China Plain to measure water and energy balance components and crop growth of corn and wheat. A process-based model (WAVES) was used to analyse the measurements and to simulate the effect of irrigation management on crop growth. The summer dominant rainfall of the region means that irrigation is required during the winter wheat growing season when the difference between rainfall and evapotranspiration is large, while corn grows during summer, some irrigation is still required. Soil evaporation ( E s) is a significant proportion of total evapotranspiration especially when leaf area index (LAI) is low and on average E under a wheat canopy accounted for 30% of ET. Mulching reduced soil evaporation by up to 50% and saved about 80 mm of water during a wheat growth season. Current irrigation schemes in the area can be improved by reducing irrigation frequency and amount.
[32]刘明池, 张慎好, 刘向莉. 亏缺灌溉时期对番茄果实品质和产量的影响
. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(增刊): 92-95.
[本文引用: 1]

LIU M C, ZHANG S H, LIU X L.Effects of different deficit irrigation periods on yield and fruit quality of tomato
. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2005, 21(Suppl.): 92-95. (in Chinese )
[本文引用: 1]
[33]蔡东升, 李建明, 李惠, 胡晓辉, 张钧恒. 营养液供应量对番茄产量、品质和挥发性物质的影响
. 应用生态学报, 2018, 29(3): 921-930.
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
为探讨基质栽培条件下不同供应量的营养液对番茄果实产量、品质和挥发性物质的影响,以“HL2109”番茄为试验材料,设置4个处理.对照:每株全生育期只浇清水,共计117 L;T:每株全生育期共浇营养液39.0 L;T:每株全生育期共浇营养液58.5 L;T:每株全生育期共浇营养液117 L,利用化学方法及固相微萃取 气相色谱 质谱联用(SPME GC-MS)技术测定番茄果实品质和挥发性物质.结果表明: 随着营养液供应量的增加,番茄单株产量和产量呈先升后降的变化趋势,以T处理最大,达到每株2.53 kg;T、T、T处理的番茄产量分别比对照增加了29.3%、72.6%、47.0%;T处理的灌溉水分利用效率最大,T次之,两者差异不显著.T处理番茄果实的可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比最高,果实的风味品质显著提升.随着营养液供应量的增加,果实的可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸含量逐渐增加,可溶性总糖、还原糖含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,均以T处理最高.利用GC-MS共检测出挥发性物质69种,T、T、T的果实挥发性物质总含量高于对照,表现为T>T>T>对照.其中T、T和T处理果实挥发性物质总含量分别为6971、6095和4070 μg·kg,比对照分别增加了1.97、1.56和0.73倍;随着营养液供应量的增加,1-戊烯-3-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、己醛、己酸、苯乙醛、顺-3-己烯醛等均以T处理的含量最高,并且T处理果实的特征挥发性物质含量、挥发性物质数量和总含量都最高.在本试验条件下,采用每株全生育期浇营养液58.5 L处理能够提高果实品质和挥发性物质含量,效果最佳.
CAI D S, LI J M, LI H, HU X H, ZHANG J H.Effects of nutrient solution supply amount on yield, quality and volatile matter of tomato
. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(3): 921-930. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
为探讨基质栽培条件下不同供应量的营养液对番茄果实产量、品质和挥发性物质的影响,以“HL2109”番茄为试验材料,设置4个处理.对照:每株全生育期只浇清水,共计117 L;T:每株全生育期共浇营养液39.0 L;T:每株全生育期共浇营养液58.5 L;T:每株全生育期共浇营养液117 L,利用化学方法及固相微萃取 气相色谱 质谱联用(SPME GC-MS)技术测定番茄果实品质和挥发性物质.结果表明: 随着营养液供应量的增加,番茄单株产量和产量呈先升后降的变化趋势,以T处理最大,达到每株2.53 kg;T、T、T处理的番茄产量分别比对照增加了29.3%、72.6%、47.0%;T处理的灌溉水分利用效率最大,T次之,两者差异不显著.T处理番茄果实的可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比最高,果实的风味品质显著提升.随着营养液供应量的增加,果实的可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸含量逐渐增加,可溶性总糖、还原糖含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,均以T处理最高.利用GC-MS共检测出挥发性物质69种,T、T、T的果实挥发性物质总含量高于对照,表现为T>T>T>对照.其中T、T和T处理果实挥发性物质总含量分别为6971、6095和4070 μg·kg,比对照分别增加了1.97、1.56和0.73倍;随着营养液供应量的增加,1-戊烯-3-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、己醛、己酸、苯乙醛、顺-3-己烯醛等均以T处理的含量最高,并且T处理果实的特征挥发性物质含量、挥发性物质数量和总含量都最高.在本试验条件下,采用每株全生育期浇营养液58.5 L处理能够提高果实品质和挥发性物质含量,效果最佳.
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