,1, 李秀环1, 王晓坤1, 白海秀2, 慕卫1, 刘峰,1Control Efficacy of Pyraclostrobin and Triazole Fungicides Against Tomato Crown and Root Rot
CAO HaiChao,1, LI XiuHuan1, WANG XiaoKun1, BAI HaiXiu2, MU Wei1, LIU Feng,1通讯作者:
责任编辑: 岳梅
收稿日期:2018-05-7接受日期:2018-07-3网络出版日期:2018-11-01
| 基金资助: |
Received:2018-05-7Accepted:2018-07-3Online:2018-11-01
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曹海潮, 李秀环, 王晓坤, 白海秀, 慕卫, 刘峰. 吡唑醚菌酯及三唑类杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的防治效果[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(21): 4065-4075 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.006
CAO HaiChao, LI XiuHuan, WANG XiaoKun, BAI HaiXiu, MU Wei, LIU Feng.
0 引言
【研究意义】番茄颈腐根腐病是由尖镰孢番茄颈腐根腐病专化型（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis- lycopersici）侵染引起且危害日益严重的土传病害,发病严重时死亡率高达100%,降低番茄产量及品质[1]。该病在32个国家均有报道[2]。随着保护地番茄面积扩大及种植年限的增加,颈腐根腐病已成为影响番茄种植的重要病害之一[3]。目前对于该病害化学防治的研究报道较少,也未见防治药剂登记[4],所以明确化学防治手段的有效性及寻找高效杀菌剂对于该病害的防治具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】番茄颈腐根腐病菌致病力强,寄主范围广[5,6],通常与番茄枯萎病（致病菌F. oxysporum f. sp. 1ycopersici）混合发生,设施环境容易满足该病害需要的适宜温湿度条件,在一个生长季节可形成单周期、多周期循环侵染,导致苗期和成株番茄发病死亡[7]。甲氧基丙烯酸酯类（strobilurins）的吡唑醚菌酯（pyraclostrobin）为线粒体呼吸抑制剂[8],具有保护、治疗、铲除、渗透、强内吸活性[9],可防治小麦赤霉病[10]、花生根腐病[11]、草莓枯萎病[12]等多种由镰孢菌引起的病害,尤其对尖镰孢有较高的毒力[13,14]。戊唑醇（tebuconazole）、氟硅唑（flusilazole）、丙环唑（propiconazole）等三唑类杀菌剂为细胞膜麦角甾醇生物合成抑制剂（EBIs）,内吸性强,具有保护、治疗和铲除作用,在镰孢菌病害防治中也有应用[15],如戊唑醇能防治小麦赤霉病、大豆枯萎病、小麦茎基腐病[16,17,18]等,丙环唑、氟硅唑虽鲜见田间防治镰孢菌病害的报道,但对尖镰孢有较高的毒力[13,19]。【本研究切入点】上述杀菌剂在防治番茄颈腐根腐病上均未见登记[4]。笔者实验室初步研究发现戊唑醇、氟硅唑对控制番茄颈腐根腐病的发生有效[20],但在药剂作用特性、施药技术和对番茄安全性等方面未进行深入探讨。【拟解决的关键问题】明确吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇等杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发及芽管伸长3个重要阶段的毒力差异,明确各药剂在试验剂量下对番茄植株的影响,为设施栽培条件下番茄颈腐根腐病的防治提供技术支持。1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 供试菌株及番茄 菌株分离及鉴定方法参考BENAOUALI等[1,7]并加以改进。于山东省泰安市岱岳区采集病株,使用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂（potato dextrose agar,PDA）培养基进行分离培养,进行单孢分离纯化,观察菌落、菌丝及小型分生孢子形态;在VBC培养基[21]上培养,观察大型分生孢子及厚垣孢子形态。依照柯赫氏法则进行回接,分别比较病菌分离物在18℃与27℃对番茄幼苗的致病力,该分离物在18℃下的致病力明显大于27℃下的致病力,从发病植株上再次分离和纯化病原菌,获得番茄颈腐根腐病病原菌,将其保存在PDA斜面上,置于4℃备用。番茄品种为金鹏11-8抗病毒品种,购于山东省泰安市房村镇红星种苗繁育基地。1.1.2 供试杀菌剂 95%戊唑醇原药,江苏七洲绿色化工股份有限公司;430 g·L-1戊唑醇悬浮剂,拜耳作物科学中国有限公司;95%氟硅唑原药,山东潍坊润丰化工股份有限公司;8%氟硅唑水乳剂,中国农业科学院植物保护研究所廊坊农药中试厂;91.2%丙环唑原药、50%丙环唑水乳剂,陕西汤普森生物科技有限公司。98.47%吡唑醚菌酯原药,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油,山东康乔生物科技有限公司。各原药使用丙酮溶解,分别配制成5%的溶液,然后用0.1%吐温-80水溶液配制成质量浓度为1×103 μg·mL-1的母液,现配现用。
1.1.3 培养基 PDA培养基：马铃薯200 g、葡萄糖20 g、水琼脂20 g,加水1 L,用于菌株的分离、纯化、培养、保存以及菌丝生长速率的测定;水琼脂（water agar,WA）培养基：葡萄糖20 g、琼脂20 g,加水1 L,用于孢子萌发及芽管伸长的测定;VBC培养基[21]。
1.1.4 仪器 BX43型光学显微镜,日本Olympus公司;RXZ智能型人工气候箱,宁波江南仪器厂。
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长的影响 采用菌丝生长速率法测定[22]。在预试验的基础上,将4种供试杀菌剂母液稀释成系列浓度,与加热后冷却至50℃左右的PDA培养基混合,制成含系列浓度药剂的PDA平板。其中,戊唑醇、氟硅唑浓度为0.01875、0.0375、0.075、0.3、0.6、1 μg·mL-1,丙环唑、吡唑醚菌酯浓度为0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1 μg·mL-1,并以含丙酮最高浓度的吐温-80稀释液PDA平板为空白对照。将分离纯化所得颈腐根腐病菌在PDA平板上25℃培养7 d后,用打孔器在菌落边缘打取直径为8 mm的菌饼,接种在对照及含药PDA平板上,每处理重复4次。25℃下培养,待空白对照培养皿中菌丝生长至2/3时调查病原菌菌丝生长情况。使用十字交叉法测量菌落直径,计算各药剂处理对菌丝生长的抑制率,并以毒力最低的药剂为基准药剂计算其他药剂的相对毒力比值。菌落增长直径（mm）=菌落直径-菌饼直径
菌丝生长抑制率（%）=100×（对照菌落增长直径-处理菌落增长直径）/对照菌落增长直径
毒力比值=测试药剂EC50（或EC90）/基准药剂EC50（或EC90）
1.2.2 杀菌剂对分生孢子萌发的影响 采用孢子萌发法测定[22]。将番茄颈腐根腐病菌在PDA平板上25℃的条件下培养14 d,用灭菌去离子水10 mL洗下分生孢子,经灭菌纱布过滤到孢子悬浮液,用血球计数板将孢子悬浮液浓度调制为1×106个/mL。在预试验的基础上,将4种供试杀菌剂母液稀释成系列浓度,与加热后冷却至50℃左右的WA培养基混合,制成含系列浓度药剂的WA平板。其中,吡唑醚菌酯的浓度梯度为0.00032、0.0016、0.008、0.04、0.2、1 μg·mL-1,丙环唑的浓度梯度为0.0032、0.016、0.08、0.4、2、10 μg·mL-1,氟硅唑、戊唑醇的浓度梯度为0.016、0.08、0.4、2、10、50 μg·mL-1,并以含相应溶剂最高浓度的吐温-80稀释液PDA平板为空白对照,每处理重复2次。利用移液器吸取100 μL的孢子悬浮液滴到WA平板中,使用涂布器将孢子悬浮液涂布均匀。25℃黑暗培养,当对照平板内孢子萌发率达80%以上时进行镜检,芽管长度超过孢子长度的一半时视为萌发,每重复随机调查3个视野,共调查孢子总数不少于200个,最后计算孢子萌发的相对抑制率。
孢子萌发率（%）=100×孢子萌发数/孢子总数
处理组校正孢子萌发率（%）=100×处理组孢子萌发率/对照孢子萌发率
孢子萌发相对抑制率（%）=100×（对照孢子萌发率-处理组校正孢子萌发率）/对照孢子萌发率
1.2.3 杀菌剂对分生孢子芽管伸长的影响 试验方法同1.2.2,其中,氟硅唑的浓度梯度为0.0016、0.008、0.04、0.2、1、5 μg·mL-1,其他3种杀菌剂带药平板的浓度梯度不变,每处理重复2次。将分生孢子悬浮液涂布均匀后,25℃黑暗培养16 h后进行镜检,每重复随机调查20个分生孢子,记录分生孢子的芽管长度并计算芽管伸长的抑制率。
芽管伸长抑制率（%）=（对照芽管长度-处理芽管长度）/对照芽管长度
1.2.4 杀菌剂对番茄植株的安全性测定 盆栽用土均取自发病严重的温室大棚,后进行130℃灭菌72 h。使用430 g·L-1戊唑醇悬浮剂、8%氟硅唑水乳剂、50%丙环唑水乳剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油4种杀菌剂进行安全性测定。按照每盆用土2 kg将灭菌土装填于花盆中。当金鹏11-8番茄幼苗长至3—5叶期时,选择长势一致的植株移栽到花盆中继续培养。待其生长稳定后,测定植株的株高及茎粗,将定量杀菌剂溶于500 mL水中并进行灌根处理,设计清水对照处理,每处理设计3组重复,每组10株幼苗。4种杀菌剂的安全性及田间试验剂量均参考范怀峰田间施用剂量并在田间预试验下进行改进[20]。其中,戊唑醇剂量设为25、50 mg a.i./株,氟硅唑和丙环唑剂量设为5、10 mg a.i./株,吡唑醚菌酯剂量设为30、60 mg a.i./株,定植后施药一次。施药后7 d及15 d分别测量植株的株高及茎粗,同时观察药剂对叶色、植株形态的影响。计算株高及茎粗的增加量。
1.2.5 杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的温室盆栽防治效果 接种方法参考BENAOUALI等[1]。选取长势一致的3—5叶期番茄,在幼苗的茎基部切一个7 mm伤口,将伤口及植株根系在分生孢子悬浮液（分生孢子悬浮液的准备方法同1.2.2）中浸泡15 min,以无菌水接种为空白对照,将处理番茄盆栽置于18℃,相对湿度60%的RXZ智能型人工气候箱培养3 d,之后将番茄幼苗取出,移栽至花盆后进行灌根施药,施药剂量及方法按照1.2.4设计进行。处理完毕后,置于25℃日光温室进行培养观察。接菌7、15、30 d后调查发病植株数,统计病株率并计算防治效果。
病株率（%）=100×发病株数/调查总株数
防治效果（%）=100×（空白对照组病株率-药剂处理组病株率）/空白对照组病株率
1.2.6 杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的田间防治效果 田间药效试验在泰安市岱岳区大汶口镇番茄颈腐根腐病发病严重的日光温室进行,依据GB/T 17980.113—2004准则。试验于2015年8月16日开始,4种杀菌剂的安全性及田间试验剂量均参考范怀峰田间施用剂量并在温室盆栽安全性试验及田间预试验基础上进行[20]。番茄幼苗选用6—8叶期幼苗。于番茄定植后,将430 g·L-1戊唑醇悬浮剂稀释至16.7、33.3 mg·L-1,8%氟硅唑水乳剂与50%丙环唑水乳剂均稀释至3.3、6.7 mg·L-1,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油稀释至20、40 mg·L-1,保证杀菌剂有效成分用量不变,单株用水量由500 mL增至1.5 L,分3次进行浇灌,每次500 mL,以增加药剂扩散范围。设置清水对照。每处理4次重复,每重复50株,完全随机区组设计,设保护行。分别于施药后60、90、150 d进行全区调查,记录各处理的发病情况,计算病株率及防治效果。在番茄生长过程中记录单果重、单株结果数及产量,计算增产率。
病株率（%）=100×发病株数/调查总株数
防治效果（%）=100×（空白对照区病株率-药剂处理区病株率）/空白对照区病株率
1.3 数据分析
试验相关数据使用Excel 2003进行处理,采用DPSV6.55软件进行分析。各杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病菌不同生长阶段的室内毒力数据,通过分别计算杀菌剂质量浓度对数值与菌丝生长、孢子萌发及芽管伸长抑制率机率值之间的线性回归关系,求出毒力回归方程、相关系数、有效中浓度（EC50）、90%最大有效浓度（EC90）及95%置信限。温室盆栽试验及田间药效试验所测数据进行单因素方差分析,用平均值±标准误表示测定结果,并应用Duncan氏新复极差法对处理间的差异显著性进行检验,P<0.05表示差异显著。2 结果
2.1 4种杀菌剂对不同发育阶段番茄颈腐根腐病菌的毒力
2.1.1 对菌丝生长的抑制作用 4种杀菌剂抑制番茄颈腐根腐病菌菌丝生长的毒力相近,EC50（95%置信区间）的分布范围为0.055—0.078 μg·mL-1,其中,吡唑醚菌酯与丙环唑的毒力较高,EC50分别为0.055和0.058 μg·mL-1,戊唑醇与氟硅唑次之,EC50分别为0.075与0.078 μg·mL-1;综合各药剂的EC50、EC90,吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇对菌丝生长的抑制作用强,EC90分别为4.421与5.057 μg·mL-1,毒力比值分别为2.72与2.38（表1）。Table 1
表1
表14种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病菌菌丝生长的毒力
Table 1
| 杀菌剂 Fungicide | 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation (y=) | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | EC50 (μg·mL-1) (95% CL) | 毒力比值 Toxicity ratio | EC90 (μg·mL-1) (95% CL) | 毒力比值 Toxicity ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吡唑醚菌酯Pyraclostrobin | 5.8470+0.6733x | 0.9886 | 0.055 (0.040-0.076) | 1.42 | 4.421 (2.233-8.751) | 2.72 |
| 丙环唑Propiconazole | 5.6961+0.5616x | 0.9952 | 0.058 (0.046-0.073) | 1.34 | 11.025 (7.213-16.851) | 1.09 |
| 戊唑醇Tebuconazole | 5.7890+0.6997x | 0.9839 | 0.075 (0.057-0.101) | 1.04 | 5.057 (2.181-11.723) | 2.38 |
| 氟硅唑Flusilazole | 5.6493+0.5855x | 0.9850 | 0.078 (0.056-0.109) | 1.00 | 12.023 (4.567-31.652) | 1.00 |
新窗口打开|下载CSV
2.1.2 对分生孢子萌发的抑制作用 4种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病菌分生孢子萌发的毒力差异较大,吡唑醚菌酯毒力最高,EC50为0.012 μg·mL-1,EC90为0.284 μg·mL-1,毒力比值分别为38.10、113.52;其次为丙环唑,EC50 为0.060 μg·mL-1,EC90为10.603 μg·mL-1,毒力比值分别为7.62、3.21;而戊唑醇与氟硅唑的抑制作用相对低,EC50、EC90分别为0.255、32.239 μg·mL-1与0.457、13.885 μg·mL-1（表2）。
Table 2
表2
表24种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病原菌分生孢子萌发的毒力
Table 2
| 杀菌剂 Fungicide | 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation (y=) | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | EC50 (μg·mL-1) (95% CL) | 毒力比值Toxicity ratio | EC90 (μg·mL-1) (95% CL) | 毒力比值Toxicity ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吡唑醚菌酯Pyraclostrobin | 6.7863+0.9234x | 0.9894 | 0.012 (0.008-0.018) | 38.10 | 0.284 (0.123-0.658) | 113.52 |
| 丙环唑Propiconazole | 5.6962+0.5708x | 0.9884 | 0.060 (0.033-0.109) | 7.62 | 10.603 (4.018-27.978) | 3.21 |
| 戊唑醇Tebuconazole | 5.3619+0.6097x | 0.9898 | 0.255 (0.140-0.465) | 1.79 | 32.239 (15.506-67.031) | 1.00 |
| 氟硅唑Flusilazole | 5.2939+0.8644x | 0.9861 | 0.457 (0.276-0.756) | 1.00 | 13.885 (6.805-28.327) | 2.32 |
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2.1.3 对分生孢子芽管伸长的抑制作用 吡唑醚菌酯、丙环唑、氟硅唑对分生孢子芽管伸长的抑制作用均高于戊唑醇,EC50分别为0.010、0.011、0.013 μg·mL-1,毒力比值分别为45.50、41.36、35.00,EC90分别为0.513、3.091、1.503 μg·mL-1,毒力比值分别为22.57、3.75、7.70;戊唑醇EC50为0.455 μg·mL-1,EC90为11.577 μg·mL-1,毒力较低（表3）。
Table 3
表3
表34种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病原菌芽管伸长的毒力
Table 3
| 杀菌剂 Fungicide | 毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation (y=) | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | EC50 (μg·mL-1) (95% CL) | 毒力比值Toxicity ratio | EC90 (μg·mL-1) (95% CL) | 毒力比值 Toxicity ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吡唑醚菌酯Pyraclostrobin | 6.4970+0.7440x | 0.9848 | 0.010 (0.005-0.019) | 45.50 | 0.513 (0.293-0.900) | 22.57 |
| 丙环唑Propiconazole | 6.0244+0.5246x | 0.9862 | 0.011 (0.006-0.020) | 41.36 | 3.091 (0.596-16.045) | 3.75 |
| 氟硅唑Flusilazole | 6.1709+0.6252x | 0.9861 | 0.013 (0.007-0.027) | 35.00 | 1.503 (0.652-3.464) | 7.70 |
| 戊唑醇Tebuconazole | 5.3116+0.9119x | 0.9896 | 0.455 (0.244-0.850) | 1.00 | 11.577 (6.722-19.939) | 1.00 |
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2.2 4种杀菌剂对番茄植株的安全性评价
番茄幼苗使用戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑灌根处理后7 d的株高与对照处理差异显著;15 d后,50 mg a.i./株戊唑醇与10 mg a.i./株丙环唑的抑制作用最显著,株高增加量分别为4.51、3.98 cm,显著低于清水对照8.81 cm的株高增加量,只有吡唑醚菌酯处理无显著抑制效果。在药剂处理7 d时,戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑各处理对番茄植株的茎粗增加有显著促进作用。15 d时,仅戊唑醇25、50 mg a.i./株、丙环唑10 mg a.i./株与氟硅唑10 mg a.i./株处理对茎粗还存在显著的促进作用,茎粗的增加量分别为0.1567、0.2015、0.1713、0.1798 cm。所有药剂对株高抑制作用与对茎粗促进作用均表现为高剂量处理>低剂量处理（图1）。图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图14种杀菌剂对番茄植株的影响
相同颜色深度的不同字母表示经Duncan氏新复极差法检验在P<0.05水平差异显著。
Fig. 1Effect of 4 fungicides on increment of tomato plant
Different letters in the same color indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level by Duncan’s new multiple range test. The same as
2.3 4种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的温室盆栽防治效果
各药剂施用后7 d的防治效果均在79%以上,其中吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i. /株与戊唑醇50 mg a.i. /株的防治效果分别达到97.62%与97.22%;施药后15 d,戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株与丙环唑10 mg a.i./株表现出较高的防治效果,其中吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株的防治效果最高,为94.87%,显著高于其30 mg a.i./株、丙环唑5 mg a.i./株与氟硅唑5、10 mg a.i./株处理的防治效果;施药后30 d,吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株与丙环唑10 mg a.i./株的防治效果较高,其中吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株的防治效果最高,为87.12%,丙环唑10 mg a.i./株、戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株的防治效果分别为82.17%、79.40%。氟硅唑5 mg a.i./株的防治效果最低,仅为58.82%,10 mg a.i. /株的防治效果为71.67%;吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株、戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株、丙环唑10 mg a.i./株均表现出较高和较稳定的防治效果,而氟硅唑相对较低（表4）。Table 4
表4
表44种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的温室盆栽防治效果
Table 4
| 杀菌剂 Fungicide | 有效剂量 Dosage (mg a.i./plant) | 施药后7 d 7 DAT (%) | 施药后15 d 15 DAT (%) | 施药后30 d 30 DAT (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吡唑醚菌酯 Pyraclostrobin | 30 | 92.06±4.83ab | 79.85±2.93cd | 79.21±3.30abc |
| 60 | 97.62±2.38a | 94.87±2.56a | 87.12±2.68a | |
| 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole | 25 | 92.09±4.45ab | 87.36±2.75abc | 74.45±1.61bcd |
| 50 | 97.22±2.78a | 89.93±2.66ab | 79.40±2.81abc | |
| 丙环唑 Propiconazole | 5 | 81.99±2.63bc | 74.91±2.88d | 66.54±2.86de |
| 10 | 92.67±4.13ab | 90.11±2.20ab | 82.17±1.84ab | |
| 氟硅唑 Flusilazole | 5 | 79.40±2.81c | 77.47±4.48d | 58.82±3.02e |
| 10 | 89.90±2.10abc | 82.60±2.01bcd | 71.67±2.96cd | |
| 清水对照Control | — | — | — | — |
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2.4 4种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的田间防治效果
各药剂施用后60 d,吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株与戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株的防治效果较高,分别为94.10%与89.14%;施药后90 d,吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i. /株的防治效果最高,达90.36%,其次是戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株处理和丙环唑10 mg a.i./株处理,分别为84.20%、82.55%。氟硅唑的防治效果最低,5、10 mg a.i./株的防治效果分别为65.06%与72.69%,显著低于吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株、戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株、丙环唑10 mg a.i./株的防治效果。施药150 d后,各处理组防治效果均显著降低,除戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株防治效果为40.40%外,其他3种杀菌剂防治效果均低于30%（表5）。从清水对照处理的累积发病率来看（图2）,番茄颈腐根腐病在番茄的整个生长期内均可发病,总体呈现出番茄生长发育中期（61—90 d）的发病速度要快于前期（1—60 d）与后期（91—150 d）发病速度的现象。施药后60 d内所有药剂处理发病较轻,61—90 d各药剂处理表现出高剂量处理发病率要低于低剂量处理发病率的规律,表明各药剂高剂量处理对番茄颈腐根腐病的防治效果较稳定。91—150 d各药剂处理发病率普遍上升,其中,吡唑醚菌酯与氟硅唑处理高剂量的发病率要低于低剂量。根据图3,吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株的番茄产量最高,增产率高达50.63%,丙环唑5 mg a.i./株处理的产量最低,增产率为-2.61%,除戊唑醇处理外,其余各药剂处理均表现为高剂量处理产量要高于低剂量处理产量。各三唑类杀菌剂处理的成熟番茄单果重无显著差异,吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株处理的结果数最多,平均单株结果数达16.33个,显著高于戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株,丙环唑5、10 mg a.i./株以及氟硅唑5 mg a.i./株处理。Table 5
表5
表54种杀菌剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的田间防治效果
Table 5
| 杀菌剂 Fungicide | 有效剂量 Dosage (mg a.i./plant) | 施药后60 d 60 DAT | 施药后90 d 90 DAT | 施药后150 d 150 DAT | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 病株率 Incidence (%) | 防治效果 Control efficacy (%) | 病株率 Incidence (%) | 防治效果 Control efficacy (%) | 病株率 Incidence (%) | 防治效果 Control efficacy (%) | ||
| 吡唑醚菌酯Pyraclostrobin | 30 | 4.17±1.60bc | 84.03±5.60ab | 10.83±1.60cd | 79.16±3.43bc | 66.67±1.36b | 18.11±3.54b |
| 60 | 1.67±0.96c | 94.10±3.42a | 5.00±0.96e | 90.36±2.02a | 62.50±1.60bc | 23.33±2.61b | |
| 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole | 25 | 3.33±1.36bc | 85.76±6.95ab | 14.17±1.60bc | 72.78±3.56cd | 57.50±2.50c | 29.21±4.91ab |
| 50 | 2.50±0.83c | 89.14±3.72a | 8.33±0.96de | 84.20±1.45ab | 48.33±3.19d | 40.40±5.50a | |
| 丙环唑 Propiconazole | 5 | 7.50±0.83b | 69.59±3.28b | 16.67±1.36b | 68.32±2.02d | 66.67±3.00b | 17.99±5.47b |
| 10 | 4.17±0.83bc | 82.19±5.22ab | 9.17±1.60de | 82.55±2.90ab | 58.33±1.67c | 28.55±1.33ab | |
| 氟硅唑 Flusilazole | 5 | 5.83±1.60bc | 76.44±6.73ab | 18.33±0.96b | 65.06±1.32d | 66.67±3.04b | 18.23±4.10b |
| 10 | 4.17±2.10bc | 83.93±6.83ab | 14.17±1.59bc | 72.69±3.80cd | 64.17±2.85bc | 21.32±3.60b | |
| 清水对照Control | — | 25.00±2.15a | — | 52.50±2.09a | — | 81.67±2.15a | — |
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图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图24种杀菌剂处理后田间番茄颈腐根腐病的累积发病率
Fig. 2Accumulative incidence of tomato crown and root rot after 4 fungicides treatment in field
图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图34种杀菌剂处理对番茄产量的影响
Fig. 3Effect of 4 fungicides treatment on tomato yield
3 讨论
吡唑醚菌酯通过抑制线粒体能量的合成对病原真菌产生抑制作用,丙环唑、戊唑醇、氟硅唑通过干扰细胞膜重要成分麦角甾醇的合成抑制病原菌生长[9,15]。病原菌的孢子萌发是一个涉及到信号传导、水分吸收、大量物质代谢的复杂过程[23],孢子萌发过程中对能量的需求量很大,阻断其病原菌的能量合成是药剂产生抑制作用的关键,因此吡唑醚菌酯对孢子萌发的抑制毒力要显著高于3种三唑类药剂。芽管伸长与菌丝生长均属于细胞增长的过程,虽二者都涉及到能量的合成与细胞膜的形成,但芽管伸长试验调查时间较短,仅在涂布后16 h,可以忽略孢子对药剂的代谢,而菌丝生长试验周期较长,存在病菌对药剂的代谢,并且菌丝体与分生孢子对不同药剂的敏感程度存在差异[24],因此造成了各药剂对病原菌的3个生长阶段毒力不一致的现象,另外,3种三唑类杀菌剂虽然作用机理相同,但由于自身结构差异,造成病菌对药剂吸收能力、代谢能力等性质的差异,同样会造成毒力不一致的现象。吡唑醚菌酯抑菌谱广,对包括镰孢菌在内的多种病原菌均有较强的抑制作用。李梦娇等[13]研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯对芝麻尖镰孢菌丝生长的抑制作用较强,EC50为0.759 μg·mL-1;吴祥等[12]研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯EC在250 μg·mL-1剂量下对草莓枯萎病菌（F. oxysporum）的防治效果最高。在本研究中,吡唑醚菌酯对番茄颈腐根腐病菌的菌丝生长与孢子萌发均存在显著抑制作用;盆栽试验和田间试验中,以60 mg a.i./株的试验剂量对番茄进行定点灌根处理,吡唑醚菌酯均表现出较高的防治效果,对番茄植株安全且增产作用明显。据报道,吡唑醚菌酯增产的原因是提高硝酸盐还原酶的活性,增加作物对氮的吸收;降低乙烯合成,减缓植物衰老等[9]。陈雨等[25]报道了吡唑醚菌酯防治大豆炭疽病的同时对大豆也有显著增产作用,这与本研究吡唑醚菌酯对番茄颈腐根腐病防治效果高且增产结果是一致的。
三唑类的戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑等近年来也开始用于防治包括镰孢菌等病原菌引起的多种作物土传病害,氟硅唑与丙环唑对辣椒根腐病的防治效果优良[26],戊唑醇种衣剂对小麦纹枯病、全蚀病和根腐病有较高的防治效果[27]。在本研究中,戊唑醇、丙环唑对番茄颈腐根腐病的防治效果较高,且戊唑醇50 mg a.i./株的持效期长于吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株,展现出一定的应用潜力。不过三唑类杀菌剂能够抑制植物赤霉素和生长素的合成,引起矮化,根冠比增加[15],因此其对作物生长的抑制作用不可忽视。在盆栽试验中,戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑处理番茄幼苗对株高的抑制作用高于田间试验,其原因一方面是盆栽的苗龄（3—5叶期）低于田间（6—8叶期）,另一方面是在不改变单株施药量的前提下,田间试验用水量高,降低了土壤中药剂的相对浓度,不过这样也有利于扩大药剂在土壤中的分布范围。所以在保证防治效果的前提下,各处理单果重与清水对照相比无显著差异,而单株结果数显著提高,除丙环唑5 mg a.i./株处理外,均表现出一定的增产作用。因此,未来研究应侧重于药剂浓度的控制,如开发微囊缓释剂型并对用水量、施药部位等施药技术细节进行优化。
药剂在土壤中的稳定性影响其持效期。有报道吡唑醚菌酯在土壤中的消解半衰期为13.1—16.5 d[28],丙环唑为22.4 d[29],氟硅唑为5.59—7.13 d[30],戊唑醇为15.6 d[31],这也解释了氟硅唑与丙环唑对番茄颈腐根腐病菌的毒力相当,而盆栽及田间试验中对番茄颈腐根腐病的防治效果低于后者,并在番茄花果盛期无法有效控制病情的原因。由此可见,施药后随着时间的推移,防治效果逐步下降是由各药剂在土壤中的降解造成的,所以在实际生产中,为减轻番茄颈腐根腐病对生长中后期番茄的危害,还应在定植期施药后 50 d及100 d左右分别再次施药。根据本研究结果,初步形成的用药策略是在番茄颈腐根腐病发生严重的地块,幼苗定植期施用吡唑醚菌酯,在番茄盛花期后施用戊唑醇或丙环唑,以兼顾施药防治效果和对番茄植株的安全性。
吡唑醚菌酯作用位点单一,被杀菌剂抗性委员会（Fungicide Resistance Action Committee,FRAC）认定为“高抗性风险杀菌剂”,而戊唑醇、丙环唑抗性风险相对较低,为“中抗性风险杀菌剂”[32]。目前,尚无有关吡唑醚菌酯与三唑类杀菌剂存在交互抗性的报道。因此,可通过吡唑醚菌酯与三唑类药剂混用以延缓病原菌抗药性的产生。有报道吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑混合使用对引起马铃薯早疫病的茄丝核菌（Alternaria solani）有较高的联合毒力[33],对花生褐斑病也有较好的防治效果[34]。SPOLTI等[35]报道了吡唑醚菌酯与叶菌唑混用可提高对小麦赤霉病的防治效果。因此,吡唑醚菌酯与丙环唑、戊唑醇等三唑类杀菌剂混用防治番茄颈腐根腐病的可行性值得进一步探究。
由于连作等原因,番茄颈腐根腐病目前在山东潍坊、泰安等地蔬菜产区普遍发生,且呈逐年加重之势。而该病在国内尚未引起足够重视,生产上亟需高效、安全的防治技术。本研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯、丙环唑、戊唑醇灌根处理对防治番茄颈腐根腐病具有较大的应用潜力。从施药手段上分析,目前大水漫灌施药与单株定点灌根施药是防治设施蔬菜土传病害的常用手段。不过大水漫灌费水、费药,环境风险高,而单株定点灌根处理相对省水、省药,但费时、费力,人工成本高。因此,如果能够通过滴灌设施进行施药,实现水药一体化可以兼顾两者的优点,但在滴灌条件下药剂对番茄颈腐根腐病的防治效果仍需进一步评价。
4 结论
吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑4种杀菌剂抑制尖镰孢番茄颈腐根腐病专化型菌丝生长的毒力相近,吡唑醚菌酯对孢子萌发及芽管伸长的毒力高于其他3种三唑类药剂。吡唑醚菌酯、丙环唑及戊唑醇均可用于设施内番茄颈腐根腐病的防治,其中,吡唑醚菌酯60 mg a.i./株对该病害的防治效果相对较高,可以维持番茄的产量并对植株安全,而丙环唑与戊唑醇使用时应注意控制剂量。参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子
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When 42 isolates from 20 locations were inoculated to 4 differential tomato lines, the symptoms and pattern of infection were similar for all isolates and differed from those of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici races 1 and 2. When 15 hosts from 5 different families were inoculated, many legumes were moderately susceptible to the crown and root rot isolates while cucurbits, crucifers and cereals w...
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0412-0914.2012.05.001URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
对湖南省百合生长期鳞茎腐烂病的病原至今未见报道。受隆回县科技局委托，我们对该县鳞茎腐烂病病原进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定。研究结果为该病害的防治奠定了基础。
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对湖南省百合生长期鳞茎腐烂病的病原至今未见报道。受隆回县科技局委托，我们对该县鳞茎腐烂病病原进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定。研究结果为该病害的防治奠定了基础。
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综述了吡唑醚菌酯的理化性质、作用方式、毒理学与环境归趋,介绍了该杀菌剂的合成化学、应用研究及其开发进展。
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综述了吡唑醚菌酯的理化性质、作用方式、毒理学与环境归趋,介绍了该杀菌剂的合成化学、应用研究及其开发进展。
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为了明确句容地区草莓枯萎病病原菌的种类和寻找草莓枯萎病的防治方法,2013年10-11月,分别对句容地区草莓枯萎病病菌进行了田间调查、分离培养、形态学观察描述、DNA序列分析、致病性试验和药剂田间防治试验。结果表明,分离到381块真菌菌落,镰刀菌属的真菌(Fusarium)占72.4%。通过形态特征、DNA测序和致病性试验确认草莓枯萎病病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysoporum Schl.)。田间防治效果以250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC 2 000倍液最好,灌根后30 d的防治效果为100%,灌根后51 d的防治效果为93.11%;其次是1%申嗪霉素SC 900倍液,灌根后30 d的防治效果为100%,灌根后51 d的防治效果为58.63%,其他参试药剂1×109CFU/g多黏芽孢杆菌(JX-13)WP 1 000倍液、1 g含1×106个孢子的寡雄腐霉WP 7 000倍液、1 g含6×108有效活性菌数的哈茨木霉T-22GR 500倍液等均有一定的防治效果。
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为了明确句容地区草莓枯萎病病原菌的种类和寻找草莓枯萎病的防治方法,2013年10-11月,分别对句容地区草莓枯萎病病菌进行了田间调查、分离培养、形态学观察描述、DNA序列分析、致病性试验和药剂田间防治试验。结果表明,分离到381块真菌菌落,镰刀菌属的真菌(Fusarium)占72.4%。通过形态特征、DNA测序和致病性试验确认草莓枯萎病病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysoporum Schl.)。田间防治效果以250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC 2 000倍液最好,灌根后30 d的防治效果为100%,灌根后51 d的防治效果为93.11%;其次是1%申嗪霉素SC 900倍液,灌根后30 d的防治效果为100%,灌根后51 d的防治效果为58.63%,其他参试药剂1×109CFU/g多黏芽孢杆菌(JX-13)WP 1 000倍液、1 g含1×106个孢子的寡雄腐霉WP 7 000倍液、1 g含6×108有效活性菌数的哈茨木霉T-22GR 500倍液等均有一定的防治效果。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2014.16.024URL [本文引用: 3]
[目的]筛选出防治芝麻枯萎病的有效化学药剂.[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对芝麻尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用.[结果]室内毒力测定结果表明,8种杀菌剂在试验浓度下对芝麻尖孢镰刀菌的生长均有一定的抑制作用.氟硅唑对病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50仅为0.232 mg/L;其次是吡唑醚菌酯,EC50为0.759 mg/L,此外多菌灵和苯醚甲环唑对芝麻尖孢镰刀菌也有很强的抑制作用.[结论]为药剂混配和防治芝麻枯萎病提供药剂筛选的理论依据.
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[目的]筛选出防治芝麻枯萎病的有效化学药剂.[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对芝麻尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用.[结果]室内毒力测定结果表明,8种杀菌剂在试验浓度下对芝麻尖孢镰刀菌的生长均有一定的抑制作用.氟硅唑对病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50仅为0.232 mg/L;其次是吡唑醚菌酯,EC50为0.759 mg/L,此外多菌灵和苯醚甲环唑对芝麻尖孢镰刀菌也有很强的抑制作用.[结论]为药剂混配和防治芝麻枯萎病提供药剂筛选的理论依据.
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Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is caused by fungal populations belonging to the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). In this study, tebuconazole (a sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicide, DMI) was evaluated for FHB management in China using in vitro tests and field trials. Although tebuconazole has not been widely used in China, another DMI, triadimefon, has been constantly used to control wheat powdery mildew for more than 2002years. The sensitivity of 56 FGSC isolates collected from 2000 to 2002 and 107 FGSC isolates collected from 2012 to 2013 to tebuconazole were compared. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) values of the two groups of isolates ranged from 0.028 to 0.26202mg02L 611 and from 0.045 to 0.49702mg02L 611 , respectively, and statistically significant differences ( P 65<650.05) were found between them. During the 1302years, the EC 50 values for tebuconazole increased by a factor of 1.53. In 2012 and 2013 field trials, the control efficacy of tebuconazole was evaluated in fields where triadimefon had been constantly used for over 2002years. Tebuconazole at 125.0002g a.i. ha 611 decreased disease severity by 81.80 and 70.5402%, respectively, reduced the deoxynivalenol (DON) contents by 78.85 and 38.4302%, respectively, and the yield losses were much lower in both years. Therefore, despite the significant decrease in the sensitivity of in vitro tests, tebuconazole was still very effective in inhibiting FHB and DON, and accordingly in reducing yield losses. It can be used as an effective fungicide for the control of FHB of wheat in China.
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The results of experiments showed that synergism between tebuconazole and the bio-control strain of Bacillus subtilis B-916 possessed obvious increasing effects on the mycelia growth of Fusarium spp. and the disease development of faba bean Fusarium wilt. B-916 was marked with rifampicin and used for monitoring B-916 colonization in soil after cooperating. The results showed that tebuconazole can advance B-916 colonization in soil, weaken decline of B-916 quantity, and help showing of B-916 biological control. This was a part of the mechanism of increasing effect of synergism between tebuconazole and the bio-control strain B-916.
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The results of experiments showed that synergism between tebuconazole and the bio-control strain of Bacillus subtilis B-916 possessed obvious increasing effects on the mycelia growth of Fusarium spp. and the disease development of faba bean Fusarium wilt. B-916 was marked with rifampicin and used for monitoring B-916 colonization in soil after cooperating. The results showed that tebuconazole can advance B-916 colonization in soil, weaken decline of B-916 quantity, and help showing of B-916 biological control. This was a part of the mechanism of increasing effect of synergism between tebuconazole and the bio-control strain B-916.
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Abstract The methodology for the inclusion of tebuconazole (TBC) in beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD), spectroscopic characterization of the inclusion complex, and its activity for the control of a major soilborne disease of wheat caused by Fusarium culmorum are reported. Controlled release measured by chemical shift of the diagnostic protons H(3) and H(5) of betaCD confirmed stability of the complex at the solid state and in aqueous solution. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted on durum wheat (Triticum durum cv. Prometeo) sown in substrate or in soil artificially infested with a virulent strain of F. culmorum. The inclusion complex betaCD-TBC, applied as seed dressing in combination or not with carboxymethylcellulose, reduced the disease incidence caused by F. culmorum and improved grain yield, showing effects that were generally comparable to those observed upon application of a commercial formulation of TBC. In the field experiment, only seed treatment with the inclusion complex betaCD-TBC allowed yield that was not different from that obtained from the uninoculated control. These results prove that by the use of the betaCD-TBC complex it is possible to obtain release of TBC and bioavailabilty of the fungicide without compromising its effectiveness.
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报道一种新的简称为ＶＢＣ的培养基，其配方为：ＫＨ＿２ＰＯ＿４ｌｇ，ＫＮＯ＿３１ｇ，蔗糖０．５ｇ，复方维生素Ｂ片１片（含维生素Ｂ＿１３ｍｇ，维生素Ｂ＿２１．５ｍｇ，维生素Ｂ＿６０．２ｍｇ，烟酰胺１０ｍｇ，泛酸钙２ｍｇ），维生素Ｃ０．１ｇ，琼脂２０ｇ，蒸馏水１０００ｍＬ．试验结果表明该培养基能有效地促进镰孢属李瑟组７个供试菌株产生典型的、便于鉴定的大型分生孢子、小型分生孢子和产孢细胞．
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报道一种新的简称为ＶＢＣ的培养基，其配方为：ＫＨ＿２ＰＯ＿４ｌｇ，ＫＮＯ＿３１ｇ，蔗糖０．５ｇ，复方维生素Ｂ片１片（含维生素Ｂ＿１３ｍｇ，维生素Ｂ＿２１．５ｍｇ，维生素Ｂ＿６０．２ｍｇ，烟酰胺１０ｍｇ，泛酸钙２ｍｇ），维生素Ｃ０．１ｇ，琼脂２０ｇ，蒸馏水１０００ｍＬ．试验结果表明该培养基能有效地促进镰孢属李瑟组７个供试菌株产生典型的、便于鉴定的大型分生孢子、小型分生孢子和产孢细胞．
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DOI:10.1016/S0303-8467(97)82466-3URLPMID:13595645 [本文引用: 1]
Two aqueous suspensions, one containing crystals of uniform size and the other containing colloidal particles, were made with each of seven solid contact poisons (two DDT-analogues, DDT, rotenone, 2-bromomercurithiophen, dieldrin and endrin). The relative toxicity of each pair of suspensions was found in dipping or measured-drop tests on as many as possible of the species Oryzaephilus surinamennsis L., Tribolium castaneum Herbst and Tenebrio molitor L. In addition, some tests were made by injection of colloidal suspensions. In each test, insects were kept after treatment at two temperatures: 28 degrees C. and 11, 17 or 20 degrees C.; counts of kill were made after 24 hr. The tests measured three different kinds of temperature coefficient of insecticidal action. In the contact tests, the colloid was nearly always more toxic than the crystals. In all the tests, except those with dieldrin, the relative toxicity (colloid : crystals) was greater at the lower after-treatment temperature, i.e. the temperature coeficient of the relative toxicity was negative. But in the case of dieldrin, the coefficient was positive. The DDT-analogues, DDT, rotenone and endrin were more toxic at the lower after-treatment temperature, i.e. they had negative temperature coefficients of kill by contact action. In all these cases the temperature coefficient of kill by contact action was greater for colloid than for crystals. Dieldrin and 2-bromomercurithiophen had positive temperature coefficients of kill by contact action. With dieldrin, the temperature coefficient was greater for colloid than for crystals; but with 2-bromomercurithiophen, the reverse was true. The temperature coeficient of kill by injection was negative for DDT, but positive for dieldrin and endrin; the other poisons were not tested by injection. A possible explanation for the results of the contact tests is given in an Appendix. The explanation is based on a number of assumptions about the penetration of insect cuticle by solid poisons. These assumptions lead to the conclusion that the effect of temperature on the relative toxicity depends on the temperature coefficient of kill by internal action of the poison on the insect. This can be measured by injection tests. If it is negative or zero, the ratio of toxicities (colloid: crystals) by contact action, measured quite soon after treatment of the insects, will be greater at a low temperature after treatment than at a high temperature after treatment; but if the coefficient is positive, the effect of temperature on relative toxicity cannot be foretold. The experimental results seem to confirm the assumptions.
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辣椒根腐病(Fusariumoxysporum Schlecht.)是土传病害中发生较为严重的病害之一。田间药效试验表明,40%氟硅唑乳油、25%丙环唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑可分散粒剂、50%噻菌灵悬浮剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂均为防治辣椒根腐病的良好药剂。其中,40%氟硅唑乳油、25%丙环唑乳油两种药剂的防治效果最好,均达到80%以上。
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辣椒根腐病(Fusariumoxysporum Schlecht.)是土传病害中发生较为严重的病害之一。田间药效试验表明,40%氟硅唑乳油、25%丙环唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑可分散粒剂、50%噻菌灵悬浮剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂均为防治辣椒根腐病的良好药剂。其中,40%氟硅唑乳油、25%丙环唑乳油两种药剂的防治效果最好,均达到80%以上。
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Effects of five kinds of seed coating formulations were investigated to control the soil borne diseases in wheat. In summary, the control effect of 230 g/L imidacloprid·difenoconazole·fludioxonil FS at the recommended dose were 73.51%-95.05% on wheat sharp eyespot, 73.01%-87.41% on wheat take all, and 65.51%-92.09% on wheat root rot, followed by the efficacy of 60 g/L tebuconazole FS, 30 g/L difenoconazole FS, 25 g/L fludioxonil FS and 15% carbendazim·thiram FS. The five seed coating formulations were effective against the wheatsoil borne diseases till the dry white heading stage. In addition, treatment with 230 g/L imidacloprid·difenoconazole·fludioxonil FS could remarkably increase the wheat yield.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0529-1542.2014.04.035URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of five kinds of seed coating formulations were investigated to control the soil borne diseases in wheat. In summary, the control effect of 230 g/L imidacloprid·difenoconazole·fludioxonil FS at the recommended dose were 73.51%-95.05% on wheat sharp eyespot, 73.01%-87.41% on wheat take all, and 65.51%-92.09% on wheat root rot, followed by the efficacy of 60 g/L tebuconazole FS, 30 g/L difenoconazole FS, 25 g/L fludioxonil FS and 15% carbendazim·thiram FS. The five seed coating formulations were effective against the wheatsoil borne diseases till the dry white heading stage. In addition, treatment with 230 g/L imidacloprid·difenoconazole·fludioxonil FS could remarkably increase the wheat yield.
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78 A method was developed to determine pyraclostrobin residue in peanut and soil. 78 The results showed perfect linearity and precision. 78 The procedure was efficient, and the retention time was not more than 2min. 78 The dissipation and residue of pyraclostrobin were studied under field condition.
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建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS)检测土壤中丙环唑的方法。采用室内模拟实验,对不同土壤及含水率、微生物、有机质和pH等因素对丙环唑降解的影响进行了研究。结果表 明:土壤中有机质和微生物不是丙环唑在土壤中降解的主要影响因子。含水率和pH对丙环唑的降解产生显著影响,土壤的含水率越高,pH越小,土壤中丙环唑的 降解越快。丙环唑在土壤中的降解主要受pH的影响。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-9677.2015.09.043URL [本文引用: 1]
建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS)检测土壤中丙环唑的方法。采用室内模拟实验,对不同土壤及含水率、微生物、有机质和pH等因素对丙环唑降解的影响进行了研究。结果表 明:土壤中有机质和微生物不是丙环唑在土壤中降解的主要影响因子。含水率和pH对丙环唑的降解产生显著影响,土壤的含水率越高,pH越小,土壤中丙环唑的 降解越快。丙环唑在土壤中的降解主要受pH的影响。
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In order to clarify the synergistic interaction of pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole against ) of 2.05,and the 1∶2 mixture exhibited additive effect against conidial germination with of 1.29.The result of field trials on controlling efficacy showed that the tank mixture (1∶2, ) exhibited significantly higher efficacy in controlling potato early blight than single agent alone with the same rate of application and the other common fungicides,and the mixture gave 46.8% of the yield increase ratio of potato,significantly higher than that given by the fungicides as control.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7303.2011.06.06URL [本文引用: 1]
In order to clarify the synergistic interaction of pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole against ) of 2.05,and the 1∶2 mixture exhibited additive effect against conidial germination with of 1.29.The result of field trials on controlling efficacy showed that the tank mixture (1∶2, ) exhibited significantly higher efficacy in controlling potato early blight than single agent alone with the same rate of application and the other common fungicides,and the mixture gave 46.8% of the yield increase ratio of potato,significantly higher than that given by the fungicides as control.
URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]明确吡唑醚菌酯和苯醚甲环唑混合对花生褐斑病毒力增效作用。[方法]室内联合毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果]筛选得到吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑的增效型混剂。[结论]吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑以1：1混配对抑制菌丝生长增效最为明显,共毒系数为138.86。田间药效试验中,20%吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂对花生叶斑病的防治效果达到84.50%,显著优于2个单剂的防效。
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[目的]明确吡唑醚菌酯和苯醚甲环唑混合对花生褐斑病毒力增效作用。[方法]室内联合毒力测定和田间药效试验。[结果]筛选得到吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑的增效型混剂。[结论]吡唑醚菌酯与苯醚甲环唑以1：1混配对抑制菌丝生长增效最为明显,共毒系数为138.86。田间药效试验中,20%吡唑醚菌酯·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂对花生叶斑病的防治效果达到84.50%,显著优于2个单剂的防效。
DOI:10.1590/S1982-56762013000200001URL [本文引用: 1]
